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{{Short description|Iranian politician (1934–1990)}}
{{Short description|Iranian politician (1934–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Kazem Rajavi
| name = Kazem Radjavi
|image =
| image = Plaque Kazem Radjavi (Genève)-1.jpg
|imagesize =
| imagesize =
| caption = Plaque in memory of Kazem Radjavi, in Geneva{{efn|Born in 1934{{pb}} Human Rights Defender{{pb}} Lived in this house from 1967 to 1974{{pb}} He was felled on April 24, 1990 for freedom and democracy in Iran}}
|caption =
|office = Ambassador of Iran to the United Nations Office at Geneva
| office = Ambassador of Iran to the United Nations Office at Geneva
|president = [[Abulhassan Banisadr]]
| president = [[Abulhassan Banisadr]]
|primeminister = [[Mehdi Bazargan]]<br/>[[Mohammad-Ali Rajai]]
| primeminister = [[Mehdi Bazargan]]<br/>[[Mohammad-Ali Rajai]]
|term_start = 1979
| term_start = 1979
|term_end = 1980
| term_end = 1980
|predecessor = [[Jafar Nadim]] ([[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] era)
| predecessor = [[Jafar Nadim]] ([[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] era)
|successor = [[Mostafa Dabiri]]
| successor = [[Mostafa Dabiri]]
|birth_date = 8 February 1934
| birth_date = 8 February 1934
|birth_place = [[Tabas]], [[Iran]]
| birth_place = [[Tabas]], [[Iran]]
|death_date = 24 April 1990 (aged 56)
| death_date = 24 April 1990 (aged 56)
|death_place = [[Coppet]], [[Switzerland]]
| death_place = [[Coppet]], [[Switzerland]]
|party = [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]]
| death_cause = [[Assassination| Assassination by gunshot]]
| party = [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]]
⚫
|spouse =
|children =
| spouse =
|alma_mater =
| children =
⚫
| alma_mater =
}}
}}


'''Kazem Rajavi''' ({{lang-fa|کاظم رجوی}}) (8 February 1934 – 24 April 1990) was a university professor known for his work as a human rights advocate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/swiss-to-drop-30-year-old-case-of-murder-of-iranian-opposition-leader/45828562|title=Swiss to drop 30-year-old murder case of Iranian opposition leader|website=SWI swissinfo.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Chris|last=Hollington|title=Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal|isbn=978-1611450262|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8LHU4f_hkQC&q=KAZEM+RAJAVI+renowned&pg=PA313}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=After five years of French exile, Massoud Rajavi has taken his Ira|work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/d8ce0978097b30ee6d032066609b4e1e }}</ref> He was also the elder brother of Iranian [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|Mujahedin]] leader [[Massoud Rajavi]].<ref name=unhcr>{{cite web|title=Iran: Chronology of Events: June 1989 - July 1994|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,COUNTRYREP,IRN,,3ae6a8170,0.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=11 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010211832/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,COUNTRYREP,IRN,,3ae6a8170,0.html|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> When, in 1971, Massoud Rajavi was arrested and sentenced to death, Kazem Rajavi managed to prevent the execution by forming an international campaign and changing the verdict to life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-25|title=Biography of Massoud Rajavi|url=https://patch.com/california/san-diego/biography-massoud-rajavi|access-date=2020-06-15|website=San Diego, CA Patch|language=en}}</ref>
'''Kazem Radjavi''' ({{langx|fa|کاظم رجوی}}) (8 February 1934 – 24 April 1990) was an [[Iran|Iranian]] university professor known for his work as a human rights advocate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/swiss-to-drop-30-year-old-case-of-murder-of-iranian-opposition-leader/45828562|title=Swiss to drop 30-year-old murder case of Iranian opposition leader|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|date=11 June 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=Chris|last=Hollington|title=Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal|isbn=978-1-61145-026-2|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8LHU4f_hkQC&q=KAZEM+RAJAVI+renowned&pg=PA313}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=After five years of French exile, Massoud Rajavi has taken his Ira|work=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/d8ce0978097b30ee6d032066609b4e1e }}</ref> He was also the elder brother of Iranian [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|Mujahedin]] leader [[Massoud Rajavi]].<ref name=unhcr>{{cite web|title=Iran: Chronology of Events: June 1989 - July 1994|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,COUNTRYREP,IRN,,3ae6a8170,0.html|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=11 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010211832/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,IRBC,COUNTRYREP,IRN,,3ae6a8170,0.html|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> When, in 1971, Massoud Rajavi was arrested and sentenced to death, Kazem Rajavi managed to prevent the execution by forming an international campaign and changing the verdict to life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-25|title=Biography of Massoud Rajavi|url=https://patch.com/california/san-diego/biography-massoud-rajavi|access-date=2020-06-15|website=San Diego, CA Patch|language=en}}</ref>


He engaged in international endeavors to defend [[human rights in Iran]],<ref>{{cite news|title= KILLING OF IRANIAN DISSENTERS: 'BLOODY TRAIL BACK TO TEHRAN' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/21/killing-of-iranian-dissenters-bloody-trail-back-to-tehran/0a28474b-9ab1-485f-9949-fc18882fa909/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> held graduate degrees in law, sociology and political science, and was a "major opposition voice to the fundamentalist government of Iranian".<ref>{{cite news|title= IN IRAN, THE TERROR AND TORTURE GO ON
He engaged in international endeavors to defend [[human rights in Iran]],<ref>{{cite news|title= KILLING OF IRANIAN DISSENTERS: 'BLOODY TRAIL BACK TO TEHRAN' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/21/killing-of-iranian-dissenters-bloody-trail-back-to-tehran/0a28474b-9ab1-485f-9949-fc18882fa909/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> was a "major opposition voice to the fundamentalist government of Iranian".<ref>{{cite news|title= IN IRAN, THE TERROR AND TORTURE GO ON
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/07/22/in-iran-the-terror-and-torture-go-on/62dfa736-c0fe-4cfc-bc7c-561477f24870/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IRAN NOBODY'S FRIEND|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/07/22/in-iran-the-terror-and-torture-go-on/62dfa736-c0fe-4cfc-bc7c-561477f24870/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=IRAN NOBODY'S FRIEND|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1991/01/13/iran-nobodys-friend/2bbbeda3-98a6-407c-aa77-136bf694168b/
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1991/01/13/iran-nobodys-friend/2bbbeda3-98a6-407c-aa77-136bf694168b/
}}</ref> He was a political science professor at Geneva University. He is believed to have been assassinated by [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] agents.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1= Ronen|date= August 2018 |title= The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy|journal= Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages= 1000–1014|doi= 10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813|s2cid= 149542445}}</ref>
}}</ref> He held a PhD in from the [[Graduate Institute of International Studies]] in Geneva<ref>{{cite book | url=https://repository.graduateinstitute.ch/record/180?ln=en | title=La dictature du prolétariat et le dépérissement de l'Etat de Marx à Lénine | year=1975 | publisher=Ed. Anthropos }}</ref> and was a political science professor at Geneva University. He is believed to have been assassinated by [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] agents.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1= Ronen|date= August 2018 |title= The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy|journal= Middle Eastern Studies |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages= 1000–1014|doi= 10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813|s2cid= 149542445}}</ref>


==Career==
==Career==
Kazem Rajavi was Iran's first [[Ambassador]] to the [[United Nations]] headquarters in [[Geneva]] following the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref name=blee>{{cite web|author1=Brian Champion|author2=Lee Crowther|title=Appendix 1: Selected, allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to kill Iranian expatriates, 1979-2012|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2579&context=facpub|publisher=BYU Scholars Archive|page=20|date=12 March 2013
Kazem Rajavi was Iran's first [[Ambassador]] to the [[United Nations]] headquarters in [[Geneva]] following the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref name=blee>{{cite web|author1=Brian Champion|author2=Lee Crowther|title=Appendix 1: Selected, allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to kill Iranian expatriates, 1979-2012|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2579&context=facpub|publisher=BYU Scholars Archive|page=20|date=12 March 2013
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035410/https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2579&context=facpub|archivedate=7 March 2021}}</ref> However, he left the post just after one year.<ref name=blee/>
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035410/https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2579&context=facpub|archive-date=7 March 2021}}</ref> However, he left the post just after one year.<ref name=blee/>


Rajavi was also a orator and well-known human rights activist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swiss orders arrest of Iranian ex-minister|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-orders-arrest-of-iranian-ex-minister/5116960l|publisher=Swiss Info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=John|last=Follain|title=Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal|isbn=978-1611450262|publisher=Arcade |year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkNHAwAAQBAJ&q=kazem+rajavi&pg=PT315}}</ref> He became the representative of the [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] (NCRI) in [[Switzerland]] where each year he headed the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] delegation to the United Nations Human Rights Commission, and was "vocal in the campaign against repression in Iran". Rajavi also held a professorship and taught at the School of Law at Geneva University for nearly 10 years.<ref name="Swiss Christian Science Monitor">{{cite magazine|title=Assassination Bares The Other Face Of 'Moderate' Iran |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1990/0525/ehug25.html|work=Swiss Christian Science Monitor|date=25 May 1990 }}</ref>
Rajavi was also a orator and well-known human rights activist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swiss orders arrest of Iranian ex-minister|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-orders-arrest-of-iranian-ex-minister/5116960l|publisher=Swiss Info}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=John|last=Follain|title=Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal|isbn=978-1-61145-026-2|publisher=Arcade |year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DkNHAwAAQBAJ&q=kazem+rajavi&pg=PT315}}</ref> He became the representative of the [[National Council of Resistance of Iran]] (NCRI) in [[Switzerland]] where each year he headed the [[People's Mujahedin of Iran]] delegation to the United Nations Human Rights Commission, and was "vocal in the campaign against repression in Iran". Rajavi also held a professorship and taught at the School of Law at Geneva University for nearly 10 years.<ref name="Swiss Christian Science Monitor">{{cite magazine|title=Assassination Bares The Other Face Of 'Moderate' Iran |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1990/0525/ehug25.html|magazine=Swiss Christian Science Monitor|date=25 May 1990 }}</ref>

162 members of Congress referred to Kazem Rajavi as "a great advocate of human rights, who had dedicated his life to establishment of democracy in his homeland."<ref name="Palgrave Macmillan">{{cite book|authors=Alireza Jafarzadeh|title=The Iran Threat: President Ahmadinejad and the Coming Nuclear Crisis|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=XVIII|isbn=978-0230601284|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/iranthreatpresid00jafa}}</ref>{{COI source|date=September 2020}}


Rajavi had received several threats from agents of the Islamic Republic of Iran, but continued his work as a dissident and human rights activist.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
Rajavi had received several threats from agents of the Islamic Republic of Iran, but continued his work as a dissident and human rights activist.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>


==Assassination==
==Death==
Although Dr Rajavi had been threatened more than once by Islamic Republic agents, he had continued his work that led to the UN General Assembly and Human Rights Committee to condemn Iran for making violations. On 24 April 1990, Kazem Rajavi was killed in [[Geneva]].<ref name=unhcr/> He was shot in the head at close range, with the assassins escaping the scene.<ref name="Swiss Christian Science Monitor"/> After Dr Rajavi's assassination, 162 American Congress members condemned the murder while praising Rajavi for "his devotion to human rights and the cause of democracy in Iran - for which he had sacrificed his life". The congressmen's letter also said that the Iranian government was responsible for the murder, also pointing out that Iranian government press had warned governments in the west to "prohibit Mojahedin activities in their territories". Also the European Parliament issued a statement condemning the Islamic Republic "both for the assassination and the continuous violations of human rights inside and outside the country". Two months after the assassination, Swiss security agencies made the assumption that Iranian officials holding "service passports" were responsible for the murder.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Ronen|date=August 2018|title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=54|issue=6|pages=1008|doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813|s2cid=149542445}}</ref>
Although Dr Rajavi had been threatened more than once by Islamic Republic agents, he had continued his work that led to the UN General Assembly and Human Rights Committee to condemn Iran for making violations. On 24 April 1990, Kazem Rajavi was killed in [[Geneva]].<ref name=unhcr/> He was shot in the head at close range, with the assassins escaping the scene.<ref name="Swiss Christian Science Monitor"/> After Dr Rajavi's assassination, 162 American Congress members condemned the murder while praising Rajavi for "his devotion to human rights and the cause of democracy in Iran - for which he had sacrificed his life". The congressmen's letter also said that the Iranian government was responsible for the murder, also pointing out that Iranian government press had warned governments in the west to "prohibit Mojahedin activities in their territories". Also the European Parliament issued a statement condemning the Islamic Republic "both for the assassination and the continuous violations of human rights inside and outside the country". Two months after the assassination, Swiss security agencies made the assumption that Iranian officials holding "service passports" were responsible for the murder.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Ronen|date=August 2018|title=The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=54|issue=6|page=1008|doi=10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813|s2cid=149542445}}</ref>


Swiss authorities and the U.S State Department held the Iran regime responsible for Kazem Rajavi's assassination.<ref name="Katzman 2001 104">{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Katzman |chapter=Iran: The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran |title = Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country? |publisher = [[Nova]] |year=2001 |editor-first = Albert V. |editor-last = Benliot |isbn = 978-1-56072-954-9|page=104}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2020}} According to a Washington Post report in 1993, Kazem Rajavi's assassination, presumably provides the clearest example of Tehran connection.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Atkinson|first=Rick|date=1993-11-21|title=KILLING OF IRANIAN DISSENTERS: 'BLOODY TRAIL BACK TO TEHRAN'|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/21/killing-of-iranian-dissenters-bloody-trail-back-to-tehran/0a28474b-9ab1-485f-9949-fc18882fa909/|access-date=2020-06-16|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=SANCTON|first=THOMAS|date=2001-06-24|title=The Tehran Connection|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,164031,00.html|access-date=2020-06-16|issn=0040-781X}}</ref>
Swiss authorities and the U.S State Department held the Iran regime responsible for Kazem Rajavi's assassination.<ref name="Katzman 2001 104">{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Katzman |chapter=Iran: The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran |title = Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country? |publisher = [[Nova]] |year=2001 |editor-first = Albert V. |editor-last = Benliot |isbn = 978-1-56072-954-9|page=104}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2020}} According to a ''[[The Washington Post|Washington Post]]'' report in 1993, Kazem Rajavi's assassination, presumably provides the clearest example of Tehran connection.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Atkinson|first=Rick|date=1993-11-21|title=KILLING OF IRANIAN DISSENTERS: 'BLOODY TRAIL BACK TO TEHRAN'|language=en-US|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/21/killing-of-iranian-dissenters-bloody-trail-back-to-tehran/0a28474b-9ab1-485f-9949-fc18882fa909/|access-date=2020-06-16|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=SANCTON|first=THOMAS|date=2001-06-24|title=The Tehran Connection|language=en-US|magazine=Time|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,164031,00.html|access-date=2020-06-16|issn=0040-781X}}</ref>


==Pursuit of perpetrators==
==Pursuit of perpetrators==


The U.S. government imposed visa restrictions on 13 Iranian officials whom they accused of involvement in Rajavi's killing. According to [[Mike Pompeo]], the Iranian officials acted "under the highest orders of their government to silence opposition and show that no one is safe from the Iranian regime".<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|title=U.S. imposes visa restrictions on 14 Iranians over human rights violations |date=21 August 2020 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-designations-idUSKBN25H2AL|work=Reuters}}</ref> According to the State Department "These 13 individuals, who posed as Iranian diplomats, were acting under the highest orders of their government to silence opposition and show that no one is safe from the Iranian regime, no matter where they live". The suspects included Sadegh Baba’i.e., Ali Reza Hamadani, Said Danesh, Ali Hadavi, Saeed Hemati, Mohammad Reza Jazayeri, Moshen Esfahani, Ali Moslehiaraghi, Naser Pourmirzai, Mohsen Pourshafiee, Mohammad Rezvani, Mahmoud Sajadian and Yadollah Samadi.<ref>{{cite web|title=US names 14 sanctioned Iranian 'human rights violators' |date=26 August 2020 |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/the-americas/us-names-14-sanctioned-iranian-human-rights-violators-1.1068393|publisher=The National}}</ref> Also implicated in the assassination were Mohammad Hossein Malaek (Iranian ambassador to Switzerland) and Karim-Abadi (Iran's consul-general in Geneva).<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Assassination Bares The Other Face Of 'Moderate' Iran|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1990/0525/ehug25.html|work=Swiss Christian Science Monitor|date=25 May 1990 }}</ref>
The U.S. government imposed visa restrictions on 13 Iranian officials whom they accused of involvement in Rajavi's killing. According to [[Mike Pompeo]], the Iranian officials acted "under the highest orders of their government to silence opposition and show that no one is safe from the Iranian regime".<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|title=U.S. imposes visa restrictions on 14 Iranians over human rights violations |date=21 August 2020 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-designations-idUSKBN25H2AL|work=Reuters}}</ref> According to the State Department "These 13 individuals, who posed as Iranian diplomats, were acting under the highest orders of their government to silence opposition and show that no one is safe from the Iranian regime, no matter where they live". The suspects included Sadegh Baba'i.e., Ali Reza Hamadani, Said Danesh, Ali Hadavi, Saeed Hemati, Mohammad Reza Jazayeri, Moshen Esfahani, Ali Moslehiaraghi, Naser Pourmirzai, Mohsen Pourshafiee, Mohammad Rezvani, Mahmoud Sajadian and Yadollah Samadi.<ref>{{cite web|title=US names 14 sanctioned Iranian 'human rights violators' |date=26 August 2020 |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/the-americas/us-names-14-sanctioned-iranian-human-rights-violators-1.1068393|publisher=The National}}</ref> Also implicated in the assassination were Mohammad Hossein Malaek (Iranian ambassador to Switzerland) and Karim-Abadi (Iran's consul-general in Geneva).<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Assassination Bares The Other Face Of 'Moderate' Iran|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1990/0525/ehug25.html|magazine=Swiss Christian Science Monitor|date=25 May 1990 }}</ref>


In November 1992, two of the suspects, Mohsen Sharif Esfahani and Ahmad Taheri, were arrested in France, and in February, the high court in Paris ruled that the two men should be extradited to Switzerland. The government in France, however, secretly deported the two suspects back to Iran.<ref name="The Independent">{{cite web|title=Swiss fury as French let murder suspects go|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/swiss-fury-as-french-let-murder-suspects-go-1403982.html|work=The Independent|date=January 1994 }}</ref>
In November 1992, two of the suspects, Mohsen Sharif Esfahani and Ahmad Taheri, were arrested in France, and in February, the high court in Paris ruled that the two men should be extradited to Switzerland. The government in France, however, secretly deported the two suspects back to Iran.<ref name="The Independent">{{cite web|title=Swiss fury as French let murder suspects go|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/swiss-fury-as-french-let-murder-suspects-go-1403982.html|work=The Independent|date=January 1994 }}</ref>
Line 56: Line 55:
Informed sources said that Paris had taken seriously "Iranian threats of launching a new wave of terrorist operations in France but also against French interests and citizens in both Iran and Lebanon if Paris decided to extradite the two to Switzerland."<ref name="The Independent"/>
Informed sources said that Paris had taken seriously "Iranian threats of launching a new wave of terrorist operations in France but also against French interests and citizens in both Iran and Lebanon if Paris decided to extradite the two to Switzerland."<ref name="The Independent"/>


The culprits of Kazem Rajavi's killing have gone unpunished to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Switzerland risks giving Iran the impression it can commit acts of terror with impunity |date=24 June 2020 |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/06/24/switzerland-risks-giving-iran-the-impression-it-can-commit-acts-of-terror-with-impunity-vi|publisher=Euronews}}</ref> On 29 May 2020 Swiss justice system sent a letter to Rajavi's family saying that it would drop the investigation relating to Rajavi's assassination, with the letter saying that "the criminal investigation must be closed because the statute of limitations has been reached".<ref>{{Cite web|last=AFP/ts|title=Swiss to drop 30-year-old murder case of Iranian opposition leader|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-to-drop-30-year-old-case-of-murder-of-iranian-opposition-leader/45828562|access-date=2020-06-15|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|language=en}}</ref>
The culprits of Kazem Rajavi's killing have gone unpunished to date.<ref>{{cite web|title=Switzerland risks giving Iran the impression it can commit acts of terror with impunity |date=24 June 2020 |url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/06/24/switzerland-risks-giving-iran-the-impression-it-can-commit-acts-of-terror-with-impunity-vi|publisher=Euronews}}</ref> On 29 May 2020 Swiss justice system sent a letter to Rajavi's family saying that it would drop the investigation relating to Rajavi's assassination, with the letter saying that "the criminal investigation must be closed because the statute of limitations has been reached".<ref>{{Cite web|last=AFP/ts|title=Swiss to drop 30-year-old murder case of Iranian opposition leader|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/swiss-to-drop-30-year-old-case-of-murder-of-iranian-opposition-leader/45828562|access-date=2020-06-15|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|date=11 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>


The decision of the Swiss prosecutor's office was strongly protested by the National Council of Resistance of Iran which issued a statement condemning it, and demanded that the case be kept open.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=NCRI protests Swiss decision to drop investigation into murder of opposition figure|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/06/10/NCRI-protests-Swiss-decision-to-drop-investigation-into-murder-of-opposition-figure.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en}}</ref> NCRI also called for Issuance of international arrest warrants for Seyyed Ali Khamenei, [[Hassan Rouhani]], then secretary of Iran's Supreme Security Council, and Ali Akbar Velayati, the then foreign minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=تصمیم سوئیس برای پایان تحقیق درباره ترور "کاظم رجوی" مورد اعتراض قرار گرفت {{!}} صدای آمریکا فارسی|url=https://ir.voanews.com/persiannewsiran/ncri-rajavi|access-date=2020-06-15|website=ir.voanews.com|language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=radiofarda|title=دادستانی سوئیس پرونده ترور برادر رهبر سازمان مجاهدین خلق را مختومه میکند|url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/swiss-set-to-close-case-of-1990-killing-of-iranian-opposition-figure/30663712.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=رادیو فردا|language=fa}}</ref>
The decision of the Swiss prosecutor's office was strongly protested by the National Council of Resistance of Iran which issued a statement condemning it, and demanded that the case be kept open.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=NCRI protests Swiss decision to drop investigation into murder of opposition figure|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/06/10/NCRI-protests-Swiss-decision-to-drop-investigation-into-murder-of-opposition-figure.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Al Arabiya English|language=en}}</ref> NCRI also called for Issuance of international arrest warrants for Seyyed Ali Khamenei, [[Hassan Rouhani]], then secretary of Iran's Supreme Security Council, and Ali Akbar Velayati, the then foreign minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=تصمیم سوئیس برای پایان تحقیق درباره ترور "کاظم رجوی" مورد اعتراض قرار گرفت {{!}} صدای آمریکا فارسی|url=https://ir.voanews.com/persiannewsiran/ncri-rajavi|access-date=2020-06-15|website=ir.voanews.com|date=9 June 2020 |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=radiofarda|title=دادستانی سوئیس پرونده ترور برادر رهبر سازمان مجاهدین خلق را مختومه میکند|url=https://www.radiofarda.com/a/swiss-set-to-close-case-of-1990-killing-of-iranian-opposition-figure/30663712.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=رادیو فردا|date=10 June 2020 |language=fa}}</ref>


=== Letter to the Deputy Attorney General of the Swiss Confederation ===
=== Letter to the Deputy Attorney General of the Swiss Confederation ===
In a letter to the Deputy Attorney General of the Swiss Confederation, [[Canton of Vaud|Vaud Canton]]'s Prosecutor suggested that the assassination of Prof. Kazem Rajavi should be investigated as a case of [[Crimes against humanity|crime against humanity]] and not just as a typical homicide.<ref name="swissinfo.ch">{{Cite web|title=Should Switzerland close the case of a murdered Iranian diplomat?|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/should-swiss-close-case-of-murdered-iranian-diplomat--/45846454|access-date=2020-09-20|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|language=en}}</ref> He therefore suggested the case to be transferred to the Attorney General, since genocide and crimes against humanity fall exclusively within the jurisdiction of the Swiss Confederation. In April, ten politicians and personalities in Geneva signed an article in the Tribune de Genève criticizing impunity in Rajavi's case, with [[Jean Ziegler]] saying that closing this case would constitute "'impunity for assassins' on Swiss soil."<ref name="swissinfo.ch"/>
In a letter to the Deputy Attorney General of the Swiss Confederation, [[Canton of Vaud|Vaud Canton]]'s Prosecutor suggested that the assassination of Prof. Kazem Rajavi should be investigated as a case of [[Crimes against humanity|crime against humanity]] and not just as a typical homicide.<ref name="swissinfo.ch">{{Cite web|title=Should Switzerland close the case of a murdered Iranian diplomat?|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/should-swiss-close-case-of-murdered-iranian-diplomat--/45846454|access-date=2020-09-20|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|date=20 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> He therefore suggested the case to be transferred to the Attorney General, since genocide and crimes against humanity fall exclusively within the jurisdiction of the Swiss Confederation. In April, ten politicians and personalities in Geneva signed an article in the Tribune de Genève criticizing impunity in Rajavi's case, with [[Jean Ziegler]] saying that closing this case would constitute "'impunity for assassins' on Swiss soil."<ref name="swissinfo.ch"/>


==See also==
==See also==
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==References==
==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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[[Category:Iranian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:Iranian people murdered abroad]]
[[Category:People murdered in Switzerland]]
[[Category:People murdered in Switzerland]]
[[Category:People's Mujahedin of Iran members]]
[[Category:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran members]]
[[Category:University of Geneva alumni]]
[[Category:University of Geneva alumni]]
[[Category:Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Iran–Switzerland relations]]
[[Category:Iran–Switzerland relations]]
[[Category:People killed in Ministry of Intelligence (Iran) operations]]
[[Category:People killed in Ministry of Intelligence (Iran) operations]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1990]]
[[Category:Iranian human rights activists]]

Latest revision as of 08:56, 10 November 2024

Kazem Radjavi
Plaque in memory of Kazem Radjavi, in Geneva[a]
Ambassador of Iran to the United Nations Office at Geneva
In office
1979–1980
PresidentAbulhassan Banisadr
Prime MinisterMehdi Bazargan
Mohammad-Ali Rajai
Preceded byJafar Nadim (Shah era)
Succeeded byMostafa Dabiri
Personal details
Born8 February 1934
Tabas, Iran
Died24 April 1990 (aged 56)
Coppet, Switzerland
Manner of death Assassination by gunshot
Political partyNational Council of Resistance of Iran

Kazem Radjavi (Persian: کاظم رجوی) (8 February 1934 – 24 April 1990) was an Iranian university professor known for his work as a human rights advocate.[1][2][3] He was also the elder brother of Iranian Mujahedin leader Massoud Rajavi.[4] When, in 1971, Massoud Rajavi was arrested and sentenced to death, Kazem Rajavi managed to prevent the execution by forming an international campaign and changing the verdict to life imprisonment.[5]

He engaged in international endeavors to defend human rights in Iran,[6] was a "major opposition voice to the fundamentalist government of Iranian".[7][8] He held a PhD in from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva[9] and was a political science professor at Geneva University. He is believed to have been assassinated by Islamic Republic of Iran agents.[10]

Career

[edit]

Kazem Rajavi was Iran's first Ambassador to the United Nations headquarters in Geneva following the 1979 Iranian Revolution.[11] However, he left the post just after one year.[11]

Rajavi was also a orator and well-known human rights activist.[12][13] He became the representative of the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) in Switzerland where each year he headed the People's Mujahedin of Iran delegation to the United Nations Human Rights Commission, and was "vocal in the campaign against repression in Iran". Rajavi also held a professorship and taught at the School of Law at Geneva University for nearly 10 years.[14]

Rajavi had received several threats from agents of the Islamic Republic of Iran, but continued his work as a dissident and human rights activist.[10]

Death

[edit]

Although Dr Rajavi had been threatened more than once by Islamic Republic agents, he had continued his work that led to the UN General Assembly and Human Rights Committee to condemn Iran for making violations. On 24 April 1990, Kazem Rajavi was killed in Geneva.[4] He was shot in the head at close range, with the assassins escaping the scene.[14] After Dr Rajavi's assassination, 162 American Congress members condemned the murder while praising Rajavi for "his devotion to human rights and the cause of democracy in Iran - for which he had sacrificed his life". The congressmen's letter also said that the Iranian government was responsible for the murder, also pointing out that Iranian government press had warned governments in the west to "prohibit Mojahedin activities in their territories". Also the European Parliament issued a statement condemning the Islamic Republic "both for the assassination and the continuous violations of human rights inside and outside the country". Two months after the assassination, Swiss security agencies made the assumption that Iranian officials holding "service passports" were responsible for the murder.[15]

Swiss authorities and the U.S State Department held the Iran regime responsible for Kazem Rajavi's assassination.[16][failed verification] According to a Washington Post report in 1993, Kazem Rajavi's assassination, presumably provides the clearest example of Tehran connection.[17][18]

Pursuit of perpetrators

[edit]

The U.S. government imposed visa restrictions on 13 Iranian officials whom they accused of involvement in Rajavi's killing. According to Mike Pompeo, the Iranian officials acted "under the highest orders of their government to silence opposition and show that no one is safe from the Iranian regime".[19] According to the State Department "These 13 individuals, who posed as Iranian diplomats, were acting under the highest orders of their government to silence opposition and show that no one is safe from the Iranian regime, no matter where they live". The suspects included Sadegh Baba'i.e., Ali Reza Hamadani, Said Danesh, Ali Hadavi, Saeed Hemati, Mohammad Reza Jazayeri, Moshen Esfahani, Ali Moslehiaraghi, Naser Pourmirzai, Mohsen Pourshafiee, Mohammad Rezvani, Mahmoud Sajadian and Yadollah Samadi.[20] Also implicated in the assassination were Mohammad Hossein Malaek (Iranian ambassador to Switzerland) and Karim-Abadi (Iran's consul-general in Geneva).[21]

In November 1992, two of the suspects, Mohsen Sharif Esfahani and Ahmad Taheri, were arrested in France, and in February, the high court in Paris ruled that the two men should be extradited to Switzerland. The government in France, however, secretly deported the two suspects back to Iran.[22]

Christian Dunant (Swiss Chargé d'Affaires) made a formal protest to the French Foreign Ministry saying "the French action violated European extradition treaties and a European accord against terrorism."[23] The decision to repatriate the suspects caused protests throughout France and was condemned by the U.S.[19][16] The European Parliament "condemned the Islamic Republic both for the assassination and for the continuous violation of human rights inside and outside the country."[10]

Informed sources said that Paris had taken seriously "Iranian threats of launching a new wave of terrorist operations in France but also against French interests and citizens in both Iran and Lebanon if Paris decided to extradite the two to Switzerland."[22]

The culprits of Kazem Rajavi's killing have gone unpunished to date.[24] On 29 May 2020 Swiss justice system sent a letter to Rajavi's family saying that it would drop the investigation relating to Rajavi's assassination, with the letter saying that "the criminal investigation must be closed because the statute of limitations has been reached".[25]

The decision of the Swiss prosecutor's office was strongly protested by the National Council of Resistance of Iran which issued a statement condemning it, and demanded that the case be kept open.[26] NCRI also called for Issuance of international arrest warrants for Seyyed Ali Khamenei, Hassan Rouhani, then secretary of Iran's Supreme Security Council, and Ali Akbar Velayati, the then foreign minister.[27][28]

Letter to the Deputy Attorney General of the Swiss Confederation

[edit]

In a letter to the Deputy Attorney General of the Swiss Confederation, Vaud Canton's Prosecutor suggested that the assassination of Prof. Kazem Rajavi should be investigated as a case of crime against humanity and not just as a typical homicide.[29] He therefore suggested the case to be transferred to the Attorney General, since genocide and crimes against humanity fall exclusively within the jurisdiction of the Swiss Confederation. In April, ten politicians and personalities in Geneva signed an article in the Tribune de Genève criticizing impunity in Rajavi's case, with Jean Ziegler saying that closing this case would constitute "'impunity for assassins' on Swiss soil."[29]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Born in 1934
    Human Rights Defender
    Lived in this house from 1967 to 1974
    He was felled on April 24, 1990 for freedom and democracy in Iran
  1. ^ "Swiss to drop 30-year-old murder case of Iranian opposition leader". SWI swissinfo.ch. 11 June 2020.
  2. ^ Hollington, Chris (2008). Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal. Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-1-61145-026-2.
  3. ^ "After five years of French exile, Massoud Rajavi has taken his Ira". Associated Press.
  4. ^ a b "Iran: Chronology of Events: June 1989 - July 1994". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  5. ^ "Biography of Massoud Rajavi". San Diego, CA Patch. 25 March 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  6. ^ "KILLING OF IRANIAN DISSENTERS: 'BLOODY TRAIL BACK TO TEHRAN'". The Washington Post.
  7. ^ "IN IRAN, THE TERROR AND TORTURE GO ON". The Washington Post.
  8. ^ "IRAN NOBODY'S FRIEND". The Washington Post.
  9. ^ La dictature du prolétariat et le dépérissement de l'Etat de Marx à Lénine. Ed. Anthropos. 1975.
  10. ^ a b c Cohen, Ronen (August 2018). "The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy". Middle Eastern Studies. 54 (6): 1000–1014. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813. S2CID 149542445.
  11. ^ a b Brian Champion; Lee Crowther (12 March 2013). "Appendix 1: Selected, allegedly Iran-sponsored attempts to kill Iranian expatriates, 1979-2012". BYU Scholars Archive. p. 20. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021.
  12. ^ "Swiss orders arrest of Iranian ex-minister". Swiss Info.[permanent dead link]
  13. ^ Follain, John (2011). Jackal: The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist, Carlos the Jackal. Arcade. ISBN 978-1-61145-026-2.
  14. ^ a b "Assassination Bares The Other Face Of 'Moderate' Iran". Swiss Christian Science Monitor. 25 May 1990.
  15. ^ Cohen, Ronen (August 2018). "The Mojahedin-e Khalq versus the Islamic Republic of Iran: from war to propaganda and the war on propaganda and diplomacy". Middle Eastern Studies. 54 (6): 1008. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1478813. S2CID 149542445.
  16. ^ a b Katzman, Kenneth (2001). "Iran: The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran". In Benliot, Albert V. (ed.). Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country?. Nova. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-56072-954-9.
  17. ^ Atkinson, Rick (21 November 1993). "KILLING OF IRANIAN DISSENTERS: 'BLOODY TRAIL BACK TO TEHRAN'". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  18. ^ SANCTON, THOMAS (24 June 2001). "The Tehran Connection". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  19. ^ a b "U.S. imposes visa restrictions on 14 Iranians over human rights violations". Reuters. 21 August 2020.
  20. ^ "US names 14 sanctioned Iranian 'human rights violators'". The National. 26 August 2020.
  21. ^ "Assassination Bares The Other Face Of 'Moderate' Iran". Swiss Christian Science Monitor. 25 May 1990.
  22. ^ a b "Swiss fury as French let murder suspects go". The Independent. January 1994.
  23. ^ "Swiss, Iranian Opposition Protest French Expulsions". Associated Press.
  24. ^ "Switzerland risks giving Iran the impression it can commit acts of terror with impunity". Euronews. 24 June 2020.
  25. ^ AFP/ts (11 June 2020). "Swiss to drop 30-year-old murder case of Iranian opposition leader". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  26. ^ "NCRI protests Swiss decision to drop investigation into murder of opposition figure". Al Arabiya English. 10 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  27. ^ "تصمیم سوئیس برای پایان تحقیق درباره ترور "کاظم رجوی" مورد اعتراض قرار گرفت | صدای آمریکا فارسی". ir.voanews.com (in Persian). 9 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  28. ^ radiofarda (10 June 2020). "دادستانی سوئیس پرونده ترور برادر رهبر سازمان مجاهدین خلق را مختومه میکند". رادیو فردا (in Persian). Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  29. ^ a b "Should Switzerland close the case of a murdered Iranian diplomat?". SWI swissinfo.ch. 20 June 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
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