Eliza Orzeszkowa: Difference between revisions

Eliza Orzeszkowa
Eliza Orzeszkowa
Born	6 June 1841; Miĺkaŭščyna, Russian Empire (now Belarus)
Died	18 May 1910 (aged 68); Hrodna, Russian Empire (now Belarus)
Occupation	Novelist, essayist, publisher
Notable works	Meir Ezofowicz, Nad Niemnem, Cham, Bene nati
Spouse	Piotr Orzeszko; Stanisław Nahorski
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Eliza Orzeszkowa (6 June 1841 – 18 May 1910) was a Polish novelist and a leading writer^[1] of the Positivism movement during foreign Partitions of Poland. In 1905, together with Henryk Sienkiewicz, she was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Life and career

She was born in Milkowszczyzna^[2] (then in the Russian Empire, now in Belarus) to a noble Pawłowski family, and died in Hrodna (now in Belarus) nearby.^[3] From 1852 to 1857, she lived in Warsaw, where she attended school. There she met another future Polish writer Maria Konopnicka. After returning to Milkowszczyzna, at the age of sixteen, Eliza married Piotr Orzeszko, a Polish nobleman twice her own age, who was exiled to Siberia after the January Uprising of 1863.^[4] They were legally separated in 1869.^[5] She married again in 1894, after a 30-year-long relationship with Stanisław Nahorski, who died a few years later.^[6] In 1866, she moved to Hrodna and turned novelist.^[2]

Orzeszkowa wrote a series of 30 novels and 120 powerful sketches, dramas and novellas, dealing with the social conditions of her occupied country. Her novel Eli Makower (1875) describes the relations between the Jews and the Polish nobility; and Meir Ezofowicz (1878), the conflict between Jewish orthodoxy and modern liberalism.^[4] In 1888 Orzeszkowa wrote two novels about the Niemen River (now part of Belarus): Cham (The Boor) focused on the life of fishermen; and her most famous novel, Nad Niemnem (On the Niemen)—often compared to Pan Tadeusz—dealing with the issues of Polish aristocracy against the backdrop of political and social order. Her study on patriotism and cosmopolitanism appeared in 1880.^[5] A uniform edition of her works was published in Warsaw between 1884 and 1888.^[4] Much of her output is available also in German translation.

In 1905, together with Henryk Sienkiewicz and Leo Tolstoy, Orzeszkowa was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature. The prize was awarded to Sienkiewicz. According to official records of the Nobel Prize committee, the idea of dividing the prize was rejected as an act of disparagement, and only the latter ended up as the laureate.^[7]

Remembrance

In 1929, the statue of Orzeszkowa was unveiled in Grodno (present-day Belarus). In 1938, Eliza Orzeszkowa's bust designed by Henryk Kuna was unveiled in Warsaw's Praski Park.

In 1978, a biographical film titled Ty pójdziesz górą... devoted to Orzeszkowa was directed by Zygmunt Skonieczny with Hanna Maria Giza portraying the novelist. The film was part of a cycle of films Figures of Polish literature and premiered in 1980.^[8]

In 2023, during the 12th edition of the National Reading Day, her book Nad Niemnem was read in numerous public places. The President of Poland Andrzej Duda as well as the First Lady of Poland Agata Kornhauser-Duda took part in the campaign.^[9]

Selected works

Obrazek z lat głodowych 1866
Ostatnia miłość, 1868
Z życia realisty, 1868
Na prowincji, 1870
W klatce, 1870
Cnotliwi, 1871
Pamiętnik Wacławy, 1871
Pan Graba, 1872
Na dnie sumienia, 1873
Marta, 1873
Eli Makower, 1875
Rodzina Brochwiczów, 1876
Pompalińscy, 1876
Maria, 1877
Meir Ezofowicz, 1878
Z różnych sfer, 1879–1882
Widma, 1881
Sylwek Cmentarnik, 1881
Zygmunt Ławicz i jego koledzy, 1881
Bańka mydlana, 1882–1883
Pierwotni, 1883
Niziny, 1885
Dziurdziowie, 1885
Mirtala, 1886
Nad Niemnem (On the Niemen), 1888
Cham (The Boor), 1888
Panna Antonina (collection of novels), 1888
W zimowy wieczór (collection of novels), 1888
Czciciel potęgi, 1891
Jędza, 1891
Bene nati, 1891
Westalka, 1891
Dwa bieguny, 1893
Melancholicy, 1896
Australczyk, 1896
Iskry (collection of novels), 1898
Argonauci (The Argonauts),^[10] 1900
Ad astra. Dwugłos, 1904
I pieśń niech zapłacze, 1904
Gloria victis (collection of novellas), 1910

Journalism for social justice

Kilka słów o kobietach (On women),^[11] 1870
Patriotyzm i kosmopolityzm, 1880
O Żydach i kwestii żydowskiej, 1882

References

^ Eliza Orzeszkowa, Britannica, Retrieved 5 June 2016.
^ ^a ^b HARGREAVES-MAWDSLEY, W.N (1968). Everyman's Dictionary of European Writers. Loondon: Aldine press. p. 400.
^ "Eliza Orzeszkowa" from the Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c Chisholm 1911.
^ ^a ^b Prof. dr hab. Józef Bachórz, Eliza Orzeszkowa. Virtual Library of Polish Literature. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ Eliza Orzeszkowa. Słownik pisarzy polskich. Brykowisko. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
^ The Nobel Prize in Literature: Nominations and Reports 1901–1950
^ "Ty pójdziesz górą". filmpolski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ "The National Reading Day in Poland". explore-poland.eu. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
^ Project Gutenberg's "The Argonauts" by Eliza Orzeszko (aka Orzeszkowa). Translator: Jeremiah Curtin, 1901.
^ "Kilka słów o kobietach" by E. Orzeszkowa. Kujawsko-Pomorska Digital Library. Retrieved 23 September 2011.

Attribution:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Orzeszko, Eliza". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 343.

External links

Works by Eliza Orzeszkowa at Project Gutenberg
Works by Eliza Orzeszkowa at Faded Page (Canada)
Works by or about Eliza Orzeszkowa at the Internet Archive
Szlakiem Elizy Orzeszkowej

[brit-1] Eliza Orzeszkowa, Britannica, Retrieved 5 June 2016.

[:0-2] HARGREAVES-MAWDSLEY, W.N (1968). Everyman's Dictionary of European Writers. Loondon: Aldine press. p. 400.

[britannica.com-3] "Eliza Orzeszkowa" from the Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 September 2011.

[FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-4] Chisholm 1911.

[ug.edu.pl-5] Prof. dr hab. Józef Bachórz, Eliza Orzeszkowa. Virtual Library of Polish Literature. Retrieved 22 September 2011.

[6] Eliza Orzeszkowa. Słownik pisarzy polskich. Brykowisko. Retrieved 22 September 2011.

[nobelprize.org-7] The Nobel Prize in Literature: Nominations and Reports 1901–1950

[8] "Ty pójdziesz górą". filmpolski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[9] "The National Reading Day in Poland". explore-poland.eu. Retrieved 20 September 2023.

[gutenberg.org-1-10] Project Gutenberg's "The Argonauts" by Eliza Orzeszko (aka Orzeszkowa). Translator: Jeremiah Curtin, 1901.

[umk.pl-11] "Kilka słów o kobietach" by E. Orzeszkowa. Kujawsko-Pomorska Digital Library. Retrieved 23 September 2011.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Polish novelist (1841–1910)}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
 {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
 | name         = Eliza Orzeszkowa
 | image        = Eliza Orzeszkowa.PNG
 | birth_date    = {{birth date|1841|6|6|df=y}}
+| birth_place   = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getRawValue|P19|{{{birth_place|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}, [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Belarus]])
-| birth_place   = Milkowszczyzna
 | death_date    = {{death date and age|1910|5|18|1841|6|6|df=y}}
-| death_place   = [[Grodno]]
+| death_place   = [[Hrodna]], Russian Empire (now Belarus)
 | spouse       = Piotr Orzeszko<br>Stanisław Nahorski
 | notableworks = ''Meir Ezofowicz'', ''[[Nad Niemnem]]'', ''Cham'', ''Bene nati''
-| occupation   = [[novelist]], [[essayist]], [[publisher]]
+| occupation   = [[Novelist]], [[essayist]], [[publisher]]
 | influences   =
 | influenced   =
+| signature    = Orzeszkowa Eliza signature.gif
 }}
-'''Eliza Orzeszkowa''' (6 June 1841 – 18 May 1910) was a Polish [[novelist]] and a leading writer<ref name=brit>[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Eliza-Orzeszkowa Eliza Orzeszkowa], Britannica, Retrieved June 5, 2016</ref> of the [[Positivism in Poland|Positivism]] movement during [[Partitions of Poland|foreign Partitions]] of [[Poland]]. In 1905, together with [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] she was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].
+'''Eliza Orzeszkowa''' (6 June 1841{{snd}}18 May 1910) was a Polish [[novelist]] and a leading writer<ref name=brit>[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Eliza-Orzeszkowa Eliza Orzeszkowa], Britannica, Retrieved 5 June 2016.</ref> of the [[Positivism in Poland|Positivism]] movement during [[Partitions of Poland|foreign Partitions]] of [[Poland]]. In 1905, together with [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]], she was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].
-==Biography==
+==Life and career==
+[[File:Dom-muzeum Elizy Orzeszkowej.jpg|thumb|left|House of Eliza Orzeszkowa in Hrodna, currently a museum]]
-She was born at Milkow-szczyzna<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Everyman's Dictionary of European Writers|last=HARGREAVES-MAWDSLEY|first=W.N|publisher=Aldine press|year=1968|isbn=|location=Loondon|pages=400}}</ref> to a noble Pawłowski family in Milkowszczyzna, and died in [[Grodno]] (now in [[Belarus]]) nearby.<ref name="britannica.com">[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Eliza-Orzeszkowa  "Eliza Orzeszkowa" from the Encyclopædia Britannica.] Retrieved September 22, 2011.</ref> At the age of sixteen, Eliza married Piotr Orzeszko, a Polish [[szlachta|nobleman]] twice her own age, who was exiled to [[Siberia]] after the [[January Uprising|January Uprising of 1863]]. They were legally separated in 1869.<ref name="ug.edu.pl">Prof. dr hab. Józef Bachórz, [http://literat.ug.edu.pl/autors/orzeszk.htm  Eliza Orzeszkowa.] ''Virtual Library of Polish Literature.'' Retrieved September 22, 2011.</ref>  She married again in 1894, after a 30-year-long loving relationship with Stanisław Nahorski who died a few years later.<ref>[http://www.bryk.pl/s%C5%82owniki/s%C5%82ownik_pisarzy/85210-orzeszkowa_eliza_1841_1910.html  Eliza Orzeszkowa. ''Słownik pisarzy polskich.''] Brykowisko. Retrieved September 22, 2011.</ref> In 1866 she moved to Grodno and turned novelist<ref name=":0" />
+She was born in Milkowszczyzna<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Everyman's Dictionary of European Writers|last=HARGREAVES-MAWDSLEY|first=W.N|publisher=Aldine press|year=1968|location=Loondon|pages=400}}</ref> (then in the [[Russian Empire]], now in [[Belarus]]) to a noble Pawłowski family, and died in [[Hrodna]] (now in Belarus) nearby.<ref name="britannica.com">[http://www.britannica.com/biography/Eliza-Orzeszkowa  "Eliza Orzeszkowa" from the Encyclopædia Britannica.] Retrieved 22 September 2011.</ref> From 1852 to 1857, she lived in [[Warsaw]], where she attended school. There she met another future Polish writer [[Maria Konopnicka]]. After returning to Milkowszczyzna, at the age of sixteen, Eliza married Piotr Orzeszko, a Polish [[szlachta|nobleman]] twice her own age, who was exiled to [[Siberia]] after the [[January Uprising|January Uprising of 1863]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} They were legally separated in 1869.<ref name="ug.edu.pl">Prof. dr hab. Józef Bachórz, [http://literat.ug.edu.pl/autors/orzeszk.htm  Eliza Orzeszkowa.] ''Virtual Library of Polish Literature.'' Retrieved 22 September 2011.</ref> She married again in 1894, after a 30-year-long relationship with Stanisław Nahorski, who died a few years later.<ref>[http://www.bryk.pl/s%C5%82owniki/s%C5%82ownik_pisarzy/85210-orzeszkowa_eliza_1841_1910.html  Eliza Orzeszkowa. ''Słownik pisarzy polskich.''] Brykowisko. Retrieved 22 September 2011.</ref> In 1866, she moved to Hrodna and turned novelist.<ref name=":0" />
-Orzeszkowa wrote a series of 30 [[novel]]s and 120 powerful [[sketch story|sketches]], dramas and [[novella]]s, dealing with the social conditions of her occupied country. Her novel ''Eli Makower'' (1875) describes the relations between the [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]] and the Polish [[Szlachta|nobility]]; and ''Meir Ezofowicz'' (1878), the conflict between Jewish orthodoxy and modern liberalism. In 1888 Orzeszkowa wrote two novels about the [[Niemen]] River (now part of Belarus): ''Cham'' (The Boor) focused on the life of fishermen; and her most famous novel, ''[[Nad Niemnem]]'' (On the Niemen) – often compared to ''[[Pan Tadeusz]]'' – dealing with the issues of Polish aristocracy against the backdrop of political and social order. Her study on [[patriotism]] and [[cosmopolitanism]] appeared in 1880.<ref name="ug.edu.pl" /> A uniform edition of her works was published in [[Warsaw]] between 1884–1888.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
+Orzeszkowa wrote a series of 30 [[novel]]s and 120 powerful [[sketch story|sketches]], dramas and [[novella]]s, dealing with the social conditions of her occupied country. Her novel ''Eli Makower'' (1875) describes the relations between the [[History of the Jews in Poland|Jews]] and the Polish [[Szlachta|nobility]]; and ''Meir Ezofowicz'' (1878), the conflict between Jewish orthodoxy and modern liberalism.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} In 1888 Orzeszkowa wrote two novels about the [[Niemen]] River (now part of Belarus): ''Cham'' (The Boor) focused on the life of fishermen; and her most famous novel, ''[[Nad Niemnem]]'' (On the Niemen)—often compared to ''[[Pan Tadeusz]]''—dealing with the issues of Polish aristocracy against the backdrop of political and social order. Her study on [[patriotism]] and [[cosmopolitanism]] appeared in 1880.<ref name="ug.edu.pl" /> A uniform edition of her works was published in [[Warsaw]] between 1884 and 1888.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}
 Much of her output is available also in German translation.
+[[File:Бюст Э. Ажэшкі.JPG|thumb|250px|Monument to Eliza Orzeszkowa in [[Grodno]], Belarus]]
+In 1905, together with [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]], Orzeszkowa was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. The prize was awarded to Sienkiewicz. According to official records of the Nobel Prize committee, the idea of dividing the prize was rejected as an act of disparagement, and only the latter ended up as the laureate.<ref name="nobelprize.org">[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-nobel-prize-in-literature-nominations-and-reports-1901-1950/ The Nobel Prize in Literature: Nominations and Reports 1901–1950<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+==Remembrance==
-In 1905 together with [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] and [[Leo Tolstoy]], Eliza Orzeszkowa was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. The prize was awarded to Sienkiewicz. According to official records of the Nobel Prize committee, the idea of dividing the prize was rejected as an act of disparagement, and only the latter ended up as the laureate.<ref name="nobelprize.org">[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/literature/svensen/index.html The Nobel Prize in Literature: Nominations and Reports 1901–1950<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+In 1929, the statue of Orzeszkowa was unveiled in [[Grodno]] (present-day Belarus). In 1938, Eliza Orzeszkowa's bust designed by [[Henryk Kuna]] was unveiled in Warsaw's Praski Park.
+In 1978, a biographical film titled ''Ty pójdziesz górą...'' devoted to Orzeszkowa was directed by Zygmunt Skonieczny with Hanna Maria Giza portraying the novelist. The film was part of a cycle of films ''Figures of Polish literature'' and premiered in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php?film=124245 |language=pl |title=Ty pójdziesz górą |website=filmpolski.pl |access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref>
+In 2023, during the 12th edition of the National Reading Day, her book ''[[Nad Niemnem]]'' was read in numerous public places. The President of Poland [[Andrzej Duda]] as well as the First Lady of Poland [[Agata Kornhauser-Duda]] took part in the campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://explore-poland.eu/the-national-reading-in-poland |title=The National Reading Day in Poland |website=explore-poland.eu |access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref>
 ==Selected works==
+[[File:Nad Niemnem - manuscript.jpg|thumb|Manuscript of the novel ''[[Nad Niemnem]]'']]
+[[File:1928 La Interrompita Kanto.jpeg|thumb|Work of Orzeszkowa translated in [[Esperanto]].]]
 {{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
 * ''Obrazek z lat głodowych'' 1866
@@ Line 65: / Line 78: @@
 * ''[[Gloria victis (novella)|Gloria victis]]'' <small>(collection of novellas)</small>, 1910
 '''Journalism for social justice'''
-* ''Kilka słów o kobietach'' (On women),<ref name="umk.pl">[http://kpbc.umk.pl/publication/802 "Kilka słów o kobietach" by E. Orzeszkowa. ''Kujawsko-Pomorska'' Digital Library.] Retrieved September 23, 2011.</ref> 1870
+* ''Kilka słów o kobietach'' (On women),<ref name="umk.pl">[http://kpbc.umk.pl/publication/802 "Kilka słów o kobietach" by E. Orzeszkowa. ''Kujawsko-Pomorska'' Digital Library.] Retrieved 23 September 2011.</ref> 1870
 * ''Patriotyzm i kosmopolityzm'', 1880
 * ''O Żydach i kwestii żydowskiej'', 1882
@@ Line 71: / Line 84: @@
 ==References==
-[[File:1928 La Interrompita Kanto.jpeg|thumb|Work of Orzeszkowa translated in [[Esperanto]].]]
 {{Reflist}}
-;Attribution
+'''Attribution:'''
-*{{EB1911|wstitle=Orzeszko, Eliza}}
+*{{EB1911|wstitle=Orzeszko, Eliza|volume=20|page=343}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 80: / Line 93: @@
 * {{FadedPage|id=Orzeszkowa, Eliza|name=Eliza Orzeszkowa|author=yes}}
 * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Eliza Orzeszkowa}}
-*http://mojepodrozeliterackie.blogspot.com/2014/02/szlakiem-elizy-orzeszkowej.html
+* [http://mojepodrozeliterackie.blogspot.com/2014/02/szlakiem-elizy-orzeszkowej.html Szlakiem Elizy Orzeszkowej]
 {{Authority control}}
@@ Line 87: / Line 100: @@
 [[Category:1842 births]]
 [[Category:1910 deaths]]
-[[Category:People from Hrodna District]]
+[[Category:People from Grodno District]]
-[[Category:People from Grodno Governorate]]
+[[Category:People from Grodnensky Uyezd]]
 [[Category:Clan of Korwin]]
 [[Category:19th-century Polish novelists]]
 [[Category:20th-century Polish novelists]]
-[[Category:Polish essayists]]
 [[Category:Polish political writers]]
 [[Category:Polish Theosophists]]
@@ Line 100: / Line 112: @@
 [[Category:19th-century Polish writers]]
 [[Category:20th-century Polish women writers]]
-[[Category:20th-century Polish writers]]
 [[Category:19th-century essayists]]
-[[Category:20th-century essayists]]
+[[Category:20th-century Polish essayists]]
+[[Category:Polish positivists]]

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