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{{Short description|Oto-Pamean language of central Mexico}}
{{see also|Chichimeca}}
{{See also|Chichimeca}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Chichimeca
| name = Chichimeca
|altname=Jonaz
| altname = Jonaz
|nativename=''Eza'r''
| nativename = {{lang|pei|Eza{{saltillo}}r}}
|states=[[Mexico]]
| states = [[Mexico]]
|region=[[Guanajuato]]
| region = [[Guanajuato]]
|ethnicity=[[Chichimeca Jonaz people|Chichimeca Jonaz]]
| ethnicity = [[Chichimeca Jonaz people|Chichimeca Jonaz]]
|speakers = {{sigfig|2190|2}}
| speakers = {{sigfig|2364|2}}
|date=2010 census
| date = 2020 census
| ref = <ref>[http://cuentame.inegi.org.mx/hipertexto/todas_lenguas.htm Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020] INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.</ref>
|ref=inali
|familycolor=American
| familycolor = oto-manguean
|fam1=[[Oto-Manguean]]
| fam1 = [[Oto-Manguean]]
|fam2=[[Oto-Pamean|Oto-Pame]]
| fam2 = [[Oto-Pamean|Oto-Pame]]
|iso3=pei
| iso3 = pei
|glotto=chic1272
| glotto = chic1272
|glottorefname=Chichimeca-Jonaz
| glottorefname = Chichimeca-Jonaz
|notice=IPA
| notice = IPA
}}
}}


'''Chichimeca''' or '''Chichimeca Jonaz''' is an [[Languages of Mexico|indigenous language of Mexico]] spoken by around 200 [[Chichimeca Jonaz]] people in Misión de Chichimecas near [[San Luis de la Paz]] in the state of [[Guanajuato]], [[Mexico]]. The Chichimeca Jonaz language belongs to the [[Oto-Pamean]] branch of the [[Oto-Manguean languages|Oto-Manguean]] language family. The Chichimecos self identify as ''úza'' and call their language ''eza'r''.
'''Chichimeca''' or '''Chichimeca Jonaz''' is an [[Languages of Mexico|indigenous language of Mexico]] spoken by around 200 [[Chichimeca Jonaz people|Chichimeca Jonaz]] people in Misión de Chichimecas near [[San Luis de la Paz]] in the state of [[Guanajuato]]. The Chichimeca Jonaz language belongs to the [[Oto-Pamean]] branch of the [[Oto-Manguean languages|Oto-Manguean]] language family. The Chichimecos self identify as ''úza'' and call their language ''eza'r''.


==Distribution==
==Distribution==


The language is currently spoken only in San Luis de la Paz ([[Guanajuato]]), in the settlements of Berlín, Buenavista (El Cuernito), Cerro Blanco, Colonia Benito Juárez [Plan Benito Juárez], Ejido Santa Ana y Lobos (Fracción de Lourdes), El Desmonte, El Sauz Tres, El Tepetate, Exhacienda de Ortega (Ejido Ortega), Garibaldi (El Cerrito), La Ciénega, La Curva, La Huerta, La Laguna (La Lagunita), La Leona, La Mesa de Jesús, La Norita, Los Dolores (Las Quince Letras), Lourdes (Estación de Lourdes), Maguey Blanco, Manzanares, Mesa de Escalante, Mesa de la Estacada, Mesa del Pueblo, Misión de Chichimecas, Norita del Refugio, Parajes, Paso Colorado, Piedras de Lumbre, Pozo Hondo (Exhacienda de Pozo Hondo), Puerto de la Virginita, Puerto del Gato, Rancho Nuevo de las Trojes, San Antonio Chiquito, San Antonio Primero, San Ignacio, San Isidro de Pozos (San Isidrito), San José del Carmen, and San Pedro de los Pozos (Mineral de Pozos).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inali.gob.mx/clin-inali/html/v_chichimeco_jonaz.html | title=Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales }}</ref> In 1934, [[Jacques Soustelle]] counted 452 chichimecas, 63 of whom were children who attended the local school.
The language is currently spoken only in San Luis de la Paz ([[Guanajuato]]), on the ''rancho'' of Misión de Chichimecas, which is located on a small town to the east of the town. In 1934, [[Jacques Soustelle]] counted 452 chichimecas, 63 of which were children which attended the local school.
Prior to that point the language was spoken in five other locations:<ref name=deangulo>{{Cite journal
Prior to that point the language was spoken in five other locations:<ref name=deangulo>{{Cite journal
| volume = 7
| volume = 7
Line 35: Line 36:
| doi=10.1086/463802
| doi=10.1086/463802
| jstor=1262948
| jstor=1262948
| s2cid = 224807733
}}</ref>
}}</ref>


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# Misión de las Palmas ([[Querétaro]]), along the Etorax river, which arises near Victoria.
# Misión de las Palmas ([[Querétaro]]), along the Etorax river, which arises near Victoria.
# Misión de Santa Rosa, to the north of Victoria.
# Misión de Santa Rosa, to the north of Victoria.
# [[Municipio de Tolimán (Querétaro)|San Pedro Tolimán]], where a mission was established in the 18th century, which failed, however, and the chichimecas abandoned the area. It was later repopulated with [[Otomi people|Otomís]].
# [[San Pedro Tolimán]], where a mission was established in the 18th century, which failed, however, and the chichimecas abandoned the area. It was later repopulated with [[Otomi people|Otomís]].
# Villa Colón (Querétaro), to the south of Tolimán.
# Villa Colón (Querétaro), to the south of Tolimán.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Chichimeca Jonaz is a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] language and distinguishes high and low level tones.<ref>Suaréz 1983 p. 51</ref>
Chichimeca Jonaz is a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] language and distinguishes high and low level tones.<ref>Suaréz 1983 p. 51</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowels
|+Vowels
!
!
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
!Front
![[Central vowel|Central]]
!Back
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
|-
!Close
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|i}}
|i
|{{IPAlink|y}}
|u
|
|{{IPAlink|u}}
|-
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
!Near-close
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|e}}
|ɪ
|
|
|{{IPAlink|o}}
|-
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
!Mid
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|æ}}
|e
|{{IPAlink|a}}
|o
|-
|
!Open
|æ
|ɑ
|}
|}
In addition, Chichimeca Jonaz has nasal counterparts of these vowels, which are {{IPA|/ĩ ɪ̃ ũ ẽ õ œ̃ ɑ̃/}}.<ref name=":0">Lastra 1984 p. 23</ref>
* In addition, Chichimeca Jonaz has nasal counterparts of these vowels, which are /{{IPAlink|ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ õ æ̃ ã}}/.<ref name=":0">Lastra 1984 p. 23</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Consonants
|-
! colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! {{small|plain}} || {{small|[[Sibilant|sib.]]}}
! {{small|plain}} || {{small|[[Labialization|lab.]]}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
! rowspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! {{small|[[Fortis and lenis|fortis]]}}
|m
| {{IPA link|m}}
|n
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
Line 86: Line 94:
|
|
|-
|-
! {{small|[[Fortis and lenis|lenis]]}}<ref name=":0" />
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!{{Small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|mː}}
| {{IPA link|nː}}
|p
|
|
|
|
|
|t
|
|
|k
|ʔ
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]
!{{Small|voiced}}
! {{small|plain}}
|b
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|t͡s}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|kʷ}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|d
| {{IPA link|kʷʰ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Ejective consonant|ejective]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʼ}}
| {{IPA link|tʼ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡sʼ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃʼ}}
| {{IPA link|kʼ}}
|
|
|g
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
! rowspan="3" | [[Fricative]]
!{{Small|voiceless}}
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|s
|ʃ
|
|
|h
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
|-
!{{Small|voiced}}
! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|β}}
|
| {{IPA link|z}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| {{IPA link|ɣʷ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[Nasalization|nasal]]}}
| {{IPA link|β̃}}
|
|
|
|
|
|z
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |Affricate
! rowspan="3" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
! {{small|[[Trill consonant|trill]]}}
!{{Small|voiceless}}
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|t͡s
|t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! {{small|[[Tap and flap consonants|tap]]}}
!{{Small|voiced}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|d͡ʒ
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! {{small|[[Nasalization|nasal]]}}
! colspan="2" |Trill
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ̃}}
|
|
|
|
|r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|l
|
|
| {{IPA link|w}}
|w
|
|
|
|}
|}

There are also fortis-lenis versions of the nasal consonants: <u>m</u> and <u>n</u>.<ref name=":0" />
Sounds {{IPA|/β, ɾ/}} are heard as voiced stops {{IPA|[b, d]}} when after a nasal consonant.<ref>Lizárraga Navarro (2018)</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==References==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. If indent param. is used, Pls use a colon (:) instead of asterisk (*) for bullet markers in the references list -->
{{Refbegin|indent=yes}}<!--BEGIN biblio format. -->
: {{cite book |author=Suaréz, Jorge A. |authorlink=Jorge A. Suaréz |year=1983 |title=The Mesoamerian Indian Languages |series=Cambridge Languages Surveys |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-22834-4 |oclc=8034800 |url=https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanindi0009suar }}
* {{cite book |author=Suaréz, Jorge A. |author-link=Jorge A. Suaréz |year=1983 |title=The Mesoamerian Indian Languages |series=Cambridge Languages Surveys |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-22834-4 |oclc=8034800 |url=https://archive.org/details/mesoamericanindi0009suar}}
: {{cite book |author=Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda |authorlink=Yolanda Lastra|year=1984 |chapter=Chichimeco Jonaz |pages=20–43 |title=[[Handbook of Middle American Indians|Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 2: Linguistics]] |editor=[[Munro Edmonson|Munro S. Edmonson]] (Volume ed.), with Patricia A. Andrews |others=[[Victoria Bricker|Victoria Reifler Bricker]] (General Editor) |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin |isbn=0-292-77593-8 |oclc=10207920}}
* {{cite book |author=Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda |author-link=Yolanda Lastra |year=1984 |chapter=Chichimeco Jonaz |pages=[https://archive.org/details/supplementtohand00edmo/page/20 20–43] |title=[[Handbook of Middle American Indians|Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 2: Linguistics]] |editor=[[Munro Edmonson|Munro S. Edmonson]] (Volume ed.), with Patricia A. Andrews |others=[[Victoria Bricker|Victoria Reifler Bricker]] (General Editor) |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin |isbn=0-292-77593-8 |oclc=10207920}}
*{{Cite book |last=Lizárraga Navarro |first=Glenda Zoé |title=Morfología verbal de persona y número en chichimeco jonaz |publisher=El Colegio de México |year=2018}}
*{{Cite web |url=https://site.inali.gob.mx/Micrositios/estadistica_basica/estadisticas2015/V_familia_oto_mangue.html |title=Estadística básica de la población hablante de lenguas indígenas nacionales 2015 |website=site.inali.gob.mx |access-date=2019-10-26}}
{{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style -->
{{Refend}}<!-- END biblio format style -->
{{Oto-Pamean languages}}
{{Oto-Pamean languages}}
{{Oto-Manguean languages}}
{{Oto-Manguean languages}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Chichimeca Jonaz Language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chichimeca Jonaz Language}}

Latest revision as of 19:15, 15 December 2024

See also: Chichimeca
Chichimeca
Jonaz
Ezaꞌr
Native toMexico
RegionGuanajuato
EthnicityChichimeca Jonaz
Native speakers
2,400 (2020 census)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3pei
Glottologchic1272
ELPChichimeca-Jonaz
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Chichimeca or Chichimeca Jonaz is an indigenous language of Mexico spoken by around 200 Chichimeca Jonaz people in Misión de Chichimecas near San Luis de la Paz in the state of Guanajuato. The Chichimeca Jonaz language belongs to the Oto-Pamean branch of the Oto-Manguean language family. The Chichimecos self identify as úza and call their language eza'r.

Distribution

[edit]

The language is currently spoken only in San Luis de la Paz (Guanajuato), in the settlements of Berlín, Buenavista (El Cuernito), Cerro Blanco, Colonia Benito Juárez [Plan Benito Juárez], Ejido Santa Ana y Lobos (Fracción de Lourdes), El Desmonte, El Sauz Tres, El Tepetate, Exhacienda de Ortega (Ejido Ortega), Garibaldi (El Cerrito), La Ciénega, La Curva, La Huerta, La Laguna (La Lagunita), La Leona, La Mesa de Jesús, La Norita, Los Dolores (Las Quince Letras), Lourdes (Estación de Lourdes), Maguey Blanco, Manzanares, Mesa de Escalante, Mesa de la Estacada, Mesa del Pueblo, Misión de Chichimecas, Norita del Refugio, Parajes, Paso Colorado, Piedras de Lumbre, Pozo Hondo (Exhacienda de Pozo Hondo), Puerto de la Virginita, Puerto del Gato, Rancho Nuevo de las Trojes, San Antonio Chiquito, San Antonio Primero, San Ignacio, San Isidro de Pozos (San Isidrito), San José del Carmen, and San Pedro de los Pozos (Mineral de Pozos).[2] In 1934, Jacques Soustelle counted 452 chichimecas, 63 of whom were children who attended the local school. Prior to that point the language was spoken in five other locations:[3]

  1. Misión Arnedo (Guanajuato) to the east of San Luis, near Villa Victoria.
  2. Misión de las Palmas (Querétaro), along the Etorax river, which arises near Victoria.
  3. Misión de Santa Rosa, to the north of Victoria.
  4. San Pedro Tolimán, where a mission was established in the 18th century, which failed, however, and the chichimecas abandoned the area. It was later repopulated with Otomís.
  5. Villa Colón (Querétaro), to the south of Tolimán.

Phonology

[edit]

Chichimeca Jonaz is a tonal language and distinguishes high and low level tones.[4]

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i y u
Mid e o
Open æ a
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain sib. plain lab.
Nasal fortis m n
lenis[5] mː nː
Plosive/
Affricate 		plain p t t͡s t͡ʃ k kʷ ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ kʰ kʷʰ
ejective pʼ tʼ t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ kʼ
Fricative voiceless s h
voiced β z ɣ ɣʷ
nasal β̃
Rhotic trill r
tap ɾ
nasal ɾ̃
Approximant l w

Sounds /β, ɾ/ are heard as voiced stops [b, d] when after a nasal consonant.[6]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
  2. ^ "Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales".
  3. ^ de Angulo, Jaime (1933). "The Chichimeco language (Central Mexico)". International Journal of American Linguistics. 7 (3/4): 152–194. doi:10.1086/463802. JSTOR 1262948. S2CID 224807733.
  4. ^ Suaréz 1983 p. 51
  5. ^ a b Lastra 1984 p. 23
  6. ^ Lizárraga Navarro (2018)

References

[edit]


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