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DrugScience initially focused on reviewing official risk estimates for [[psychedelic drugs]], [[ecstasy (drug)|ecstasy]] and [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], and increasing warnings of the dangers of [[ketamine]].<ref name=FinTimes/>
DrugScience initially focused on reviewing official risk estimates for [[psychedelic drugs]], [[ecstasy (drug)|ecstasy]] and [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], and increasing warnings of the dangers of [[ketamine]].<ref name=FinTimes/>

== [https://drugscience.org.uk/ Timeline] ==
'''2009:''' Drug Science was founded by Professor David Nutt following his removal from post as Chair of the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, DrugScience is the only completely independent, science-led drugs charity, uniquely bringing together leading drugs experts from a wide range of specialisms to carry out groundbreaking original research into drug harms and effects.<ref>https://drugscience.org.uk/our-story/ Our Story - DrugScience </ref>

'''October 30, 2009:''' David Nutt sacked for telling the truth about drugs. "I worry that the dismissal of Professor Nutt will discourage academic and clinical experts from offering their knowledge and time to help the Government in the future" <ref>{{cite news |last1=Tran |first1=Mark |title=Government drug adviser David Nutt sacked |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/oct/30/drugs-adviser-david-nutt-sacked |work=The Guardian |date=30 October 2009}}</ref>

'''December 1, 2009 - March 31, 2010:''' Drug Science convenes a conference to estimate drug harms using MCDA approach which results in a paper in the Lancet - A Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) comparing drug harms in the UK.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nutt |first1=David J. |last2=King |first2=Leslie A. |last3=Phillips |first3=Lawrence D. |title=Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis |journal=The Lancet |date=6 November 2010 |volume=376 |issue=9752 |pages=1558–1565 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/fulltext |language=English |issn=0140-6736}}</ref>

'''October 2010:''' Prof David Nutt voted as one of the top 100 British Scientists by the Times Eureka science magazine – the only psychiatrist on the list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/d.nutt}}</ref>

'''November 1, 2010:'''MCDA modelling showed that heroin, crack cocaine, and methamphetamine were the most harmful drugs to individuals (part scores 34, 37, and 32, respectively), whereas alcohol, heroin, and crack cocaine were the most harmful to others (46, 21, and 17, respectively). Overall, alcohol was the most harmful drug (overall harm score 72), with heroin (55) and crack cocaine (54) in second and third places. Ecstasy, LSD and mushrooms were shown to be least harmful. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nutt |first1=David J. |last2=King |first2=Leslie A. |last3=Phillips |first3=Lawrence D. |title=Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis |journal=The Lancet |date=6 November 2010 |volume=376 |issue=9752 |pages=1558–1565 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61462-6/fulltext |language=English |issn=0140-6736}}</ref>

'''2012:''' [[Medical Research Council]] funded Professor Nutt £500,000+ for his research into psilocybin for treatment resistant depression.

'''January 23, 2012:''' Prof Nutt told BBC News that magic mushrooms, LSD, ecstasy, cannabis and mephedrone all have potential therapeutic applications. However, he said they were not being studied because of the restrictions placed on researching illegal drugs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pallab |title=Mind-altering drugs research call |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-16678322 |work=BBC News |date=23 January 2012}}</ref>

'''November 26, 2012:''' Drugs Live: The Ecstasy Trial was broadcast in two parts on 26 & 27 September 2012, about MDMA. The main guests were Professor Valerie Curran and Professor David Nutt. <ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs Live: The Ecstasy Trial |url=https://www.renegadepictures.co.uk/program/drugs-live-the-ecstasy-trial_741.aspx |website=www.renegadepictures.co.uk}}</ref>

'''2013:''' Prof David Nutt wins the John Maddox Prize for Standing up for Science in recognition of the impact his thinking and actions have had in influencing evidence-based classification of drugs, in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the world. <ref>{{cite web |title=David Nutt wins the 2013 John Maddox Prize for Standing up for Science {{!}} Imperial News {{!}} Imperial College London |url=https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/134466/david-nutt-wins-2013-john-maddox/ |website=Imperial News |language=en}}</ref>

'''2013:''' EU Directorate of Justice funds Drug Science to replicate UK Multi-criterior decision analysis of drug harms – 30 experts from 20 European countries, virtually identical findings published. Leads to: Paper: European rating of drug harms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Amsterdam |first1=Jan |last2=Nutt |first2=David |last3=Phillips |first3=Lawrence |last4=van den Brink |first4=Wim |title=European rating of drug harms |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |date=June 2015 |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=655–660 |doi=10.1177/0269881115581980 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881115581980 |language=en |issn=0269-8811}}</ref>

'''June 2013:''' [[Nicotine]] products MCDA demonstrates vaping is more than 20 times less harmful that cigarettes. PHE uses as part of it's influential report encouraging vaping over cigarettes: Nutt DJ, Phillips LD, Balfour D, Curran HV, Dockrell M, Foulds J, Fagerstrom K, LetlapeK, Milton A, Polosa R, Ramsey J, SweanorD (2014) Estimating the harms of nicotine-containing products using the MCDA approach.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nutt |first1=David J. |last2=Phillips |first2=Lawrence D. |last3=Balfour |first3=David |last4=Curran |first4=H. Valerie |last5=Dockrell |first5=Martin |last6=Foulds |first6=Jonathan |last7=Fagerstrom |first7=Karl |last8=Letlape |first8=Kgosi |last9=Milton |first9=Anders |last10=Polosa |first10=Riccardo |last11=Ramsey |first11=John |last12=Sweanor |first12=David |title=Estimating the harms of nicotine-containing products using the MCDA approach |journal=European Addiction Research |date=2014 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=218–225 |doi=10.1159/000360220 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24714502/ |issn=1421-9891}}</ref>

'''2014:''' Prof David Nutt's book [[‘Drugs Without the Hot Air’]] wins the Transmission book prize for Communication of Ideas.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Transmission Prize |url=https://www.foyles.co.uk/public/biblio/prizedetails.aspx?prizeid=1039 |website=Foyles}}</ref>

'''March 3, 2015:''' Drugs Live: The Cannabis Trial, with Val Curran.<ref>{{cite web |title=Drugs Live: Cannabis on Trial Channel 4 |url=https://www.channel4.com/press/news/drugs-live-cannabis-trial |website=www.channel4.com}}</ref>

'''April 28, 2015:''' European rating of drug harms. Journal of Psychopharmacology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nutt |first1=David J. |last2=Phillips |first2=Lawrence D. |last3=Balfour |first3=David |last4=Curran |first4=H. Valerie |last5=Dockrell |first5=Martin |last6=Foulds |first6=Jonathan |last7=Fagerstrom |first7=Karl |last8=Letlape |first8=Kgosi |last9=Milton |first9=Anders |last10=Polosa |first10=Riccardo |last11=Ramsey |first11=John |last12=Sweanor |first12=David |title=Estimating the harms of nicotine-containing products using the MCDA approach |journal=European Addiction Research |date=2014 |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=218–225 |doi=10.1159/000360220 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24714502/ |issn=1421-9891}}</ref>

'''November 10, 2015:''' MCDA of different [[opioid]] products leads to the paper: "Ranking the harm of non-medically used prescription opioids in the UK."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Amsterdam |first1=Jan |last2=Phillips |first2=Lawrence |last3=Henderson |first3=Graeme |last4=Bell |first4=James |last5=Bowden-Jones |first5=Owen |last6=Hammersley |first6=Richard |last7=Ramsey |first7=John |last8=Taylor |first8=Polly |last9=Dale-Perera |first9=Annette |last10=Melichar |first10=Jan |last11=van den Brink |first11=Wim |last12=Nutt |first12=David |title=Ranking the harm of non-medically used prescription opioids in the UK |journal=Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology: RTP |date=December 2015 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=999–1004 |doi=10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.014 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26382614/ |issn=1096-0295}}</ref>

'''May 18, 2016:''' "[[Psilocybin]] for treatment-resistant [[depression]]: a feasibility study" published in Lancet Psychiatry.  According to standard criteria for determining remission, eight (67%) of the 12 patients achieved complete remission at 1 week and seven patients (58%) continued to meet criteria for response at 3 months, with five of these (42%) still in complete remission. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carhart-Harris |first1=R. L. |last2=Bolstridge |first2=M. |last3=Day |first3=C. M. J. |last4=Rucker |first4=J. |last5=Watts |first5=R. |last6=Erritzoe |first6=D. E. |last7=Kaelen |first7=M. |last8=Giribaldi |first8=B. |last9=Bloomfield |first9=M. |last10=Pilling |first10=S. |last11=Rickard |first11=J. A. |last12=Forbes |first12=B. |last13=Feilding |first13=A. |last14=Taylor |first14=D. |last15=Curran |first15=H. V. |last16=Nutt |first16=D. J. |title=Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: six-month follow-up |journal=Psychopharmacology |date=8 November 2017 |volume=235 |issue=2 |pages=399–408 |doi=10.1007/s00213-017-4771-x |url=https://www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/pdfs/S2215036616300657.pdf}}</ref>

'''October 14, 2016:''' Cannabis Review for the attention of the WHO. Drug Science's cannabis report prompted the first WHO cannabis review in 80 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=WHO {{!}} The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use |url=https://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/cannabis_report/en/index12.html |website=WHO}}</ref>

'''November 11, 2016:''' [[WHO]] agree to review cannabis health benefits and harms for 1st time since 1935.

'''July 14, 2017:''' "Still no harm reduction?" - a critical review of the UK Government’s new Drug Strategy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Still no harm reduction? A critical review of the UK Government's new Drug Strategy {{!}} National AIDS Trust - NAT |url=https://www.nat.org.uk/publication/still-no-harm-reduction-critical-review-uk-governments-new-drug-strategy |website=www.nat.org.uk}}</ref>

'''September 2017:''' “A society where cannabis replaced alcohol would be a nicer place to live and would have better health benefits and less health harms, and should be considered,” Professor David Nutt testified in the High Court in Pretoria, giving 42 hrs evidence to a constitutional court on cannabis. This evidence helps see cannabis decriminalized.<ref>{{cite news |last1=News24 |first1=Alex Mitchley |title=Cannabis would do less harm than alcohol - Prof Nutt |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/cannabis-would-do-less-harm-than-alcohol-prof-nutt-20170804 |work=News24 |language=en}}</ref>

'''February 19, 2018:''' A multi-criterion decision analysis applied to alcohol and cannabis regulation in collaboration with Norwegian experts and funded by Norwegian research council.<ref>{{cite web |title=A multi-criterion decision analysis applied to alcohol and cannabis regulation |url=https://drugscience.org.uk/a-multi-criterion-decision-analysis-applied-to-alcohol-and-cannabis-regulation/ |website=drugscience.org.uk |date=11 February 2018}}</ref>

'''March 2018''': Australian MCDA conducted and submitted for publication.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonomo |first1=Yvonne |last2=Norman |first2=Amanda |last3=Biondo |first3=Sam |last4=Bruno |first4=Raimondo |last5=Daglish |first5=Mark |last6=Dawe |first6=Sharon |last7=Egerton-Warburton |first7=Diana |last8=Karro |first8=Jonathan |last9=Kim |first9=Charles |last10=Lenton |first10=Simon |last11=Lubman |first11=Dan I |last12=Pastor |first12=Adam |last13=Rundle |first13=Jill |last14=Ryan |first14=John |last15=Gordon |first15=Paul |last16=Sharry |first16=Patrick |last17=Nutt |first17=David |last18=Castle |first18=David |title=The Australian drug harms ranking study |journal=Journal of Psychopharmacology |date=1 July 2019 |volume=33 |issue=7 |pages=759–768 |doi=10.1177/0269881119841569 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0269881119841569 |language=en |issn=0269-8811}}</ref>

'''July 3, 2018:''' Medicinal cannabis has proven therapeutic benefits and doctors should be able to prescribe it, the government’s chief medical adviser has said. In the first part of an evidence review ordered by the home secretary, Sajid Javid, Professor Dame Sally Davies recommended medicinal cannabis should be moved out of schedule one – a group of drugs considered to have no medical purposes that cannot be legally possessed or prescribed. Dame Sally’s comments are the first time the government has formally acknowledged that cannabis can have health benefits.<ref>{{cite news |title=Doctors 'should be able to prescribe medicinal cannabis', says UK's chief adviser |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/medical-cannabis-legalise-uk-prescribe-epilepsy-dame-sally-davies-doctors-a8429231.html |work=The Independent |date=3 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

'''September 2018:''' SA Constitutional Court makes cannabis legal for personal use.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nel |first1=Mary |title=South Africa’s legalization of [[marijuana]] use is a big win for privacy |url=https://qz.com/africa/1395773/is-marijuana-legal-in-south-africa-landmark-ruling-allows-private-use/ |work=Quartz Africa |language=en}}</ref>

'''October 2018:''' Prof David Nutt receives an academy honorary award from the International Crime and Punishment Film Society for his contribution to research and development in evidence-based drug policy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Crime, punishment films screened at International Crime and Punishment Film Festival |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/crime-punishment-films-screened-at-international-crime-and-punishment-film-festival-137988 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |language=en}}</ref>

'''January 2019:''' Psilocybin for major depression: A randomised control trial begins - the design of this trial is a DB-RCT in major depressive disorder. We will use fMRI to compare the treatment mechanisms of six weeks of daily Escitalopram (SSRI antidepressant) with two doses of psilocybin. The trial commenced as of January 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Study of Psilocybin for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov |url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03866174 |website=clinicaltrials.gov |language=en}}</ref>


== Drug harm comparison ==
== Drug harm comparison ==

Revision as of 17:37, 16 June 2020

"ICDH" redirects here. For the school in Haiti, see Institution Chretienne D'Haiti.
DrugScience
FormationJanuary 15, 2010; 14 years ago (2010-01-15)
Key people
Barry Everitt, David Nutt
Websitewww.drugscience.org.uk
Formerly called
Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD)

DrugScience or Drug Science (originally called the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD)) is a UK-based drugs advisory committee proposed and initially funded by hedge fund manager Toby Jackson.[1][2] It is chaired by Professor David Nutt and was officially launched on 15 January 2010 with the help of the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies. The primary aim of the committee is to review and investigate the scientific evidence of drug harms without the political interference that could result from government affiliation.[1][3][4][5]

The establishment of the committee followed the controversial sacking of Professor Nutt, on 30 October 2009 as chair of the UK's statutory Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs by UK Home Secretary, Alan Johnson after the Equasy controversy.[6][7] The controversy followed his Eve Saville Memorial Lecture (2009) at the Centre.[8]

DrugScience initially focused on reviewing official risk estimates for psychedelic drugs, ecstasy and cannabis, and increasing warnings of the dangers of ketamine.[2]

Drug harm comparison

In 2010, DrugScience produced a ranking of drug harms in the UK, the results of which garnered significant media attention.[9][10][11][12] Drugs were assessed on two metrics – harm to users and harms to society. The report found heroin, crack cocaine, and methamphetamine to be the most harmful drugs to individuals, with alcohol, heroin, and crack cocaine as the most harmful to others. Overall, alcohol was the most harmful drug, with heroin and crack cocaine in second and third places. Most notably, it found the legal status of most drugs bears little relation to the harms associated with them – several class A drugs including ecstasy (MDMA), LSD and magic mushrooms featured at the very bottom of the list. Similar findings were found by a Europe-wide study conducted by 40 drug experts in 2015.

A ranking of common recreational drugs in the UK – assessed by harm to user and harm to society. Alcohol, heroin and crack cocaine are the three most harmful drugs
A ranking of common recreational drugs in the UK – assessed by harm to user and harm to society. Alcohol, heroin and crack cocaine are the three most harmful drugs

E-cigarette analysis

Using a similar multi-criteria decision analysis process as the 2010 drug harm ranking, DrugScience looked to rank the harms of all nicotine-containing products, including cigarettes, cigars, nicotine patches and e-cigarettes. The report concluded that e-cigarettes are 95% less harmful than conventional cigarettes, advice which was subsequently used in a report[13] by Public Health England on e-cigarettes and now forms part of the evidence-base for the positions of the UK Government[14] and the National Health Service. This figure was widely reported on in the press,[15][16] but remains controversial as the long-term harms of e-cigarettes remain unknown. More recent systematic reviews suggest that e-cigarettes are considerably less harmful that cigarettes, but that the difference may be smaller than previously estimated.

A multi-criteria decision analysis ranking of nicotine-containing product harm. Cigarettes and cigars are the most harmful by a considerable degree, with e-cigarettes some 95% less harmful than cigarettes.

Drugs Live

Drugs Live: the ecstasy trial is a two-part TV documentary aired on Channel 4 on the 26 and 27 September 2012. The program showed an fMRI study on the effects of MDMA (ecstasy) on the brain, which was funded by Channel 4. The main researchers on the study were DrugScience's Val Curran and David Nutt who also appeared as guests on the show. Curran and Nutt oversaw research at Imperial College London, in which volunteers took part in a double blind study, taking either 83 mg of MDMA or a placebo before going into the fMRI scanner.

The documentary was presented by Christian Jessen and Jon Snow, and included debate on the harms of MDMA, as well as exhibiting the findings of the study. Some participants in the study also appeared on the show, including a vicar, an ex-soldier, writer Lionel Shriver, actor Keith Allen and former Liberal Democrat MP Evan Harris.

Nutt and colleagues have said they are preparing to run the UK's first clinical trial of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of PTSD, based on the research from the study.[17]

DrugScience publications

  • Rogeberg, Ole; Bergsvik, Daniel; Phillips, Lawrence D.; Amsterdam, Jan van; Eastwood, Niamh; Henderson, Graeme; Lynskey, Micheal; Measham, Fiona; Ponton, Rhys (2018). "A new approach to formulating and appraising drug policy: A multi-criterion decision analysis applied to alcohol and cannabis regulation". International Journal of Drug Policy. 56: 144–152. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2018.01.019. PMID 29459211.
  • Singh, Ilina; Morgan, Celia; Curran, Valerie; Nutt, David; Schlag, Anne; McShane, Rupert (May 2017). "Ketamine treatment for depression: opportunities for clinical innovation and ethical foresight". The Lancet Psychiatry. 4 (5): 419–426. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30102-5. hdl:10871/30208. PMID 28395988.
  • Taylor, Polly; Nutt, David; Curran, Val; Fortson, Rudi; Henderson, Graeme (26 March 2016). "Ketamine—the real perspective". The Lancet. 387 (10025): 1271–1272. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00681-4. PMID 26975791.
  • Nutt, David J.; Phillips, Lawrence D.; Balfour, David; Curran, H. Valerie; Dockrell, Martin; Foulds, Jonathan; Fagerstrom, Karl; Letlape, Kgosi; Milton, Anders (2014). "Estimating the Harms of Nicotine-Containing Products Using the MCDA Approach". European Addiction Research. 20 (5): 218–225. doi:10.1159/000360220. ISSN 1022-6877. PMID 24714502.
  • Ragan, C. I., Bard, I., Sing, I, Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD) (2013). "What should we do about student use of cognitive enhancers? An analysis of current evidence". Neuropharmacology. 64: 588–595. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.016. PMID 22732441.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Celia J. A. Morgan, H. Valerie Curran, the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD) (2011). "Ketamine use: a review". Addiction. 107 (1): 27–38. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x. PMID 21777321. S2CID 11064759.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Phillips, L. D. (2011). "Drugs and harm to society- Authors' reply". The Lancet. 377 (9765): 555. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60199-2.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Nutt, D. J., King, L. A., & Phillips, L. D., on behalf of the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD) (2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis". The Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6. PMID 21036393.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Sacked scientist promises impartial drugs advice The New Scientist, January 2010
  2. ^ a b Jack, Andrew (16 January 2010). "Hedge fund chief backs drugs panel". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 12 July 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  3. ^ David Nutt (15 January 2010). "The best scientific advice on drugs". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  4. ^ http://www.drugscience.org.uk/ Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs Homepage
  5. ^ Nutt, D. J.; King, L. A.; Phillips, L. D. (2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis". The Lancet. 376 (9752): 1558–1565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.690.1283. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6. PMID 21036393. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help)
  6. ^ Nutt, D. (2008). "Equasy – an overlooked addiction with implications for the current debate on drug harms". Journal of Psychopharmacology. 23 (1): 3–5. doi:10.1177/0269881108099672. PMID 19158127. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |lay-url= ignored (help)
  7. ^ "Support the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs". The center for crime and justice studies. 15 January 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010.
  8. ^ http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio4/tls/tls_20120918-0930a.mp3 David Nutt on The Life Scientific with Jim Al-Khalili, September 2012, BBC Radio 4
  9. ^ "Study compares drug harms". nhs.uk. November 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  10. ^ "Alcohol 'harms more than heroin'". BBC News. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  11. ^ "Scoring drugs". The Economist. 2 November 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  12. ^ Boseley, Sarah (1 November 2010). "Alcohol 'more harmful than heroin or crack'". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  13. ^ "Public Health England e-cigarette update" (PDF). n.d.
  14. ^ "E-cigarettes around 95% less harmful than tobacco estimates landmark review". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  15. ^ "E-cigarettes are 95 percent less harmful than tobacco: UK study". Reuters. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  16. ^ Roberts, Michelle (28 April 2016). "Give e-cigs to smokers, say doctors". BBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  17. ^ "Drugs Live: The Ecstasy Trial. Presenting original research on Channel 4 : Scientific progress, and a televisual first". The Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. 27 October 2013. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.

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