Kikatapula
Kikatapula | |
|---|---|
.png) Painting of Kikatapula by Thomas Bock | |
| Born | c. 1800 |
| Died | 13 May 1832 |
| Other names | Kickerterpoller, Black Tom, Black Tom Birch, Kikatamana |
| Spouse | Pagerly (Tuererningher) |
Kikatapula (c. 1800 – 13 May 1832) was a leading Indigenous figure during the British invasion and colonisation of Van Diemen's Land, later known as Tasmania. Also called Kickerterpoller or Black Tom Birch, he spent part of his youth living with the colonists, learning English and being baptised as a Christian. During the 1820s, he withdrew from British ways, and became a feared and formidable leader of Indigenous resistance during the early stages of the Black War.
He was eventually caught and jailed and, with limited options, he agreed to act as a guide for a roving party of armed colonists to capture other Aboriginal Tasmanians or Palawa as they are also known. Kikatapula was then ordered to accompany George Augustus Robinson on his 'friendly mission' to round up the remaining Indigenous people and exile them to Flinders Island. After the successful removal of the most notable Palawa (including himself), Kikatapula died guiding Robinson during a later expedition in 1832.[1]
Early life
Kikatapula was born around the year 1800 into the Paytirami clan of the Oyster Bay people from Eastern Tasmania. As a young child, he witnessed the arrival of the first European sailing vessel his clan had seen. It anchored off Maria Island, with his people running away from it, not knowing what it could be.[2]
British sealers arrived in the region soon after, rapidly obtaining a reputation for brutality and the kidnapping of young Palawa women and girls to be used as their sex slaves. Some of Kikatapula's female kin were abducted in this manner, and his clan destroyed the sealers' furs and huts in revenge.[1]
By the 1810s, convict bushrangers and pastoral settlers had entered the Oyster Bay region, bringing further violence and displacement upon his people. Kikatapula also experienced conflict with displaced traditional enemy tribes, such as the Tyerrernotepanner while still a youth. He bore a large notable scar in the middle of his forehead, inflicted from an unknown source during his harsh upbringing.[1]
Household of Thomas Birch
At some stage during his adolescence, Kikatapula became closely associated with Thomas Birch, a prominent British colonist who arrived in Hobart in 1808. Birch had significant whaling and sealing interests in eastern Tasmania, having an outpost at Grindstone Bay in the heart of Kikatapula's Paytirami homeland. In late 1818, there was severe conflict between the Paytirami and Birch's men, and it seems that Kikatapula arrived or was taken to Hobart around this time, as he is recorded as being in the hospital at Hobart in early 1819.[1]
Thomas Birch and his wife Sarah, took a keen interest in and became quite fond of Kikatapula. They accommodated him in their Hobart mansion, teaching him to read and write English, letting him take care of their children, and baptising him in the Christian faith. He was given his patron's name of Tom Birch, but was more commonly known as Black Tom.[1]
In 1820, the Birches put Kikatapula to work on their Duck Hole Farm near Richmond and he also briefly worked as a guide for a British surveying team. In 1821, Thomas Birch died and with it Kikatapula lost one of his main sources of protection in the colonial world that he was transplanted into. He was subsequently treated poorly by the other workers at the farm.[1]
In late 1822, an Aboriginal man from New South Wales who had been sent to Van Diemen's Land for resisting British occupation in the Sydney region, camped at Duck Hole Farm. His name was Musquito, and he was the leader of a group of refugee Palawa men and women called the "tame mob". Musquito convinced Kikatapula to leave the British lifestyle, return to his people and join his mob.[1]
Insurgency against the British
With their combined grievances against the British, and having a gang of Aboriginal followers which at times numbered above 100, Musquito and Kikatapula came to be a significant force against the colonists.
In November 1823, their "tame mob" were camped back at Grindstone Bay, which had been a favourite hunting ground for the Oyster Bay people but was now part of Silas Gatehouse's sheep property. Musquito bartered with the stockmen there and arranged for three Aboriginal women to provide sexual services for the stockmen in exchange for food. When the women were returned, a stockmen shot one of them in the back. The "tame mob" exacted their revenge by killing two of the stockmen and severely wounding another.[1]
A punitive expedition tracked down and dispersed the mob near Swansea. By December though, they managed to regroup and raid a settler property at Mayfield Bay, setting fire to the house and killing a servant. They then raided farms at Cranbrook before retreating into the interior.[1]
Musquito encouraged Kikatapula to leave the mob and return to Hobart, perhaps so that he could avoid further responsibility for their attacks. On arriving in the town, Kikatapula was arrested and it was organised for him to be transported to the Macquarie Harbour Penal Station in the remote west of the colony. However, Sarah Birch intervened on his behalf and he was released from custody. He immediately fled the settlement and returned to rejoin Musquito and his mob. The gang of insurgents then continued raiding farms and killing settlers throughout the southeast and central parts of the island, with Kikatapula being clearly identified as a leader.[1]
In June 1824, the gang were preparing to ransack the homestead at Lovely Banks near Colebrook, when Sarah Birch came out of the house and begged Kikatapula to desist. Unaware that Sarah had moved there from Hobart, Kikatapula broke off the attack. Sarah convinced him to leave the gang and join her at Lovely Banks as a farmhand. Kikatapula agreed and stayed at the property. Musquito and the gang continued raiding but in August 1824, Musquito was finally captured and held in custody at Old Hobart Gaol.[1]
Hearing of Musquito's incarceration, Kikatapula left Lovely Banks in October, and was almost certainly the leader of a group of 64 members of the Oyster Bay tribe who courageously entered Hobart to solicit Musquito's release. Although Governor George Arthur was receptive to their entreaties and ordered some huts to be built at Kangaroo Point to accommodate them, Musquito remained incarcerated and the disappointed Oyster Bay people soon returned to the bush and continued their insurgency.[1]
After Musquito and another Aboriginal man named Black Jack were both found guilty and hanged to death in February 1825, followed by another two of Kikatapula's kinsmen being executed in 1826, Kikatapula became furious. With the concurrent continued violent expansion of the British into Palawa lands, Kikatapula and other leaders of the resistance stepped up their operations resulting in the conflict becoming even more bloody, evolving into what is known as the Black War.[3]
Capture and release
Kikatapula considered his people who had died at the hands of the British as martyrs and was determined that it was his patriotic duty to inflict injury upon the white man.[3] Throughout 1825 and 1826 he led many raids against the colonists, which resulted in over a dozen settlers being killed, some of which Kikatapula had personal emnities with.[1]
By late 1826, colonial newspapers were calling not only for his capture, but for the extermination of all 'the natives' from the island, and large punitive expeditions were massacring dozens of Palawa.[1]
In November of that year, a detachment of constables and soldiers of the 40th Regiment caught up with Kikatapula's gang at Bank Head Farm near Orielton. In a morning attack, the soldiers killed 14 Palawa and captured another 10, including Kikatapula.[1]
Kikatapula was placed in Richmond Gaol, where Governor Arthur came to visit him. Probably because Kikatapula spoke English quite well and had been baptised making him eligible to give evidence under oath at court, Arthur was reluctant to charge him with any crime. If Kikatapula was placed on trial, he would give sworn statements of the widespread killings of Aboriginal people by the colonists which would embarrass and in turn bring legal charges against those in authority. Arthur therefore, to the ire of the colonial press, released Kikatapula without charge in January 1827.[1]
Continued conflict and re-imprisonment
Kikatapula returned to the war-zone and continued the fight against colonisation throughout 1827. In a skirmish with the British in April that possibly killed 30 Palawa, Kikatapula was reported as being shot dead, but this proved false and the raids continued.[1]
In November 1827, at Bryn Estyn near New Norfolk, Kikatapula was recaptured by local constables and transferred to Hobart Gaol. The same problems of charging him with any crimes and his giving of disturbing evidence still existed, so the authorities held him without charge.[1]
In the meantime, the Black War continued to worsen during his incarceration, with Governor Arthur declaring that 'the natives' should be driven from settled districts altogether. Bands of armed 'roving parties' were deployed to extirpate the Palawa from wherever they were found. Other Palawa leaders such as Tongerlongeter, Montpelliatta and Umarrah took the fight up against the British.[1]
On 17 July 1828, just he was previously, Kikatapula was formally discharged from custody. This time though, with the hostile intent of the colonists at large being overt and probably assuming he would be shot dead on the streets of Hobart, Kikatapula refused to leave the jail. He petitioned Governor Arthur to send him to England, where he would be safe from colonial retribution, but instead Arthur kept him locked up.[1]
While continuing his stay in jail, Kikatapula met with George Augustus Robinson, an English builder and evangelical Christian, who would regularly minister the prisoners, with Kikatapula assisting him in church services. Robinson helped Kikatapula to become conciliated with British rule and when Governor Arthur suggesed that Kikatapula become a mediator between the remaining Palawa and the colonists, Kikatapula agreed. Arthur then installed the former resistance leader in the role of a guide to one of the 'roving parties' tasked with capturing his former comrades.[1]
'Roving party' guide
Kikatapula was posted to guide the 'roving party' of Gilbert Robertson, the son of a wealthy Scottish plantation owner and his black slave mistress. With six soldiers of the 40th Regiment, Robertson and Kikatapula set out from Richmond in November 1828 to hunt down 'the blacks'.[1]
They soon tracked a group of Palawa near Little Swanport and after a brief skirmish, captured five people, including Umarrah who was a leading figure of the Tyerrernotepanner tribe. It is perhaps not surprising that Kikatapula led the soldiers to these people who were his traditional enemies. Governor Arthur was pleased with Kikatapula and this outcome, and held Umarrah in jail not as a criminal but as a prisoner of war.[1]
Kikatapula continued to be a guide for Robertson's 'roving party' for much of 1829, but being employed to track down and capture his own people became disconcerting to him. He therefore became non-compliant and obstructive in guiding the soldiers to Palawa hideouts. Much to the frustration of Robertson, his 'roving party' failed to capture a single Aborigine for the whole of 1829. Blame was directly placed on Kikatapula and the other Palawa guides for being duplicitous and Kikatapula was removed from the role in December 1829.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Cox, Robert (2021). Broken Spear. Mile End: Wakefield Press. ISBN 9781743058671.
- ^ Plomley, NJB; Robinson, GA (2008). Friendly Mission, the Tasmanian journals and papers of George Augustus Robinson. Hobart: Quintus. ISBN 9780977557226.
- ^ a b Clements, Nicholas (2014). The Black War. St Lucia: UQP. ISBN 9780702250064.