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Unification Movement International

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Template:Koreanname noimage The Unification movement is a religious organization founded in 1954 by Sun Myung Moon, a Korean minister who fled from North Korea during the Korean War.

The original name was The Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (HSA-UWC), reflecting Moon's original vision as an ecumenical movement. However, in the face of opposition by established churches it developed its own identity and became known as the Unification Church. In the 1990s Moon began to establish various peace organizations, including the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification (nicknamed "family fed"), which took over many of the spiritual and organizational functions of the Unification Church. In many parts of the world, the movement was incorporated as HSA-UWC, and that name remains on legal documents.

Members were initially dubbed "Moon Children" by the U.S. media around 1973-1974, although this nickname was quickly shortened to "Moonies", a term now primarily used by critics. Members active in ecumenical and interfaith activities often call themselves Unificationists.

The Unification movement is among the more controversial religious organizations in the United States and other nations. Although the US government recognized it as a bona fide religion entitled to organize as tax exempt status, it has attracted a number of opponents who denounce it as a money-laundering cult. The Japanese Supreme Court upheld a 1997 fraud charge against the Unification Church of Japan with regard to certain fundraising practices, but it has also upheld the church's status as a religion whose members have a right to practice their beliefs. Courts in several European countries have also recognized the church as a bona fide religion.

Members generally consider Rev. Moon to be the new Messiah. While some consider the movement non-Christian because of this belief, Unification Church members who follow Moon cite the example of Jesus' followers, who included faithful Jews. Followers from other religious backgrounds consider Moon and his wife to be fulfilling the ideals of their teachings. Members honor them as True Parents, a term that transcends sectarian bounds.

In 2002, the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification published a message which it says describes a conference at which all the historical founders of all other religions have recently, in heaven, proclaimed Moon's messiahship (see Clouds of Witnesses). Christian Fundamentalists, however, view Moon as a "false Christ" and believe that the only true Messiah is Jesus Christ; they cite the Gospel of John 14:1-6.

History

According to Unification Church (UC) tradition, Jesus appeared to a 15-year-old Korean boy named Moon Yong-myung at Easter time in 1935. He asked the boy to help him with the accomplishment of the work left unaccomplished after his crucifixion. After a period of prayer and consideration the boy accepted the mission, later changing his name to Moon Sun-myung (i.e., Sun Myung Moon). Confusion as to the age of the young man, and the year of his visitation, stem from use of the Lunar Calendar, which causes the date of his birthday to change from year to year, as seen on the western Julian calendar.

The authenticity of this encounter has been vigorously challenged by Christian theologians and church leaders. Some of these challengers interpret the UC view as a claim that Jesus "failed" and take great umbrage at this claim. The UC sometimes calls this interpretation a misunderstanding and insists that Jesus did not "fail", although Moon himself has strongly affirmed that he is greater than Jesus (see Jesus and John the Baptist).

The beginnings of the Church's official teaching, the Divine Principle, are said to have seen written form as early as 1945 (though Wolli Hesul, Explanation of the Divine Principle, is listed as having been officially published in 1957). Sun Myung Moon preached in northern Korea after the end of World War II, and was imprisoned by the communist regime in North Korea in 1946. He was liberated from prison, along with many North Koreans, with the advance of American and United Nations forces during the Korean War.

The date commonly cited for the foundation of the organization is May 1, 1954, with the foundation by Moon of the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity in Seoul, Korea. The formal name indicates the original intention of Reverend Moon's organization to be a unifying force for all Christian denominations, rather than a separate, divisive or antagonistic force against established churches. In 1958 he sent missionaries to Japan and in 1959 to America. Moon himself moved to the United States in 1971. UC missionaries found success in San Francisco first, then quickly spread to most of the nation's most populous cities.

Critics of the Unification Church have accused the organization of being closely involved with covert CIA-authored operations against Communism in Korea during the 1960s, largely due to similarity in names of the actual Korean CIA director and Won Pil Kim, the teenage follower who accompanied Sun Myung Moon on his journey from North Korea to the safety of Pusan during the Korean War. The Church is known to have been involved with weapon and munitions manufacturing in Korea since the 1960s, as documented in a 1978 United States Congressional Report on the Unification Church. The explanation given by Korean Unification Church members is that all manufacturers seeking to do business in South Korea were required to supply the military, and the actual products made were shell casings.

Moon took a full-page ad in major newspapers defending President Richard M. Nixon at the height of the Watergate Controversy, based on the principle that God works through designated central figures throughout history, and that America played a crucial central role in the ongoing Providence of God on the world level. His message of "Forgive, Love, Unite" was predictably not well received, and Rev. Moon sent out missionaries to 120 countries to act in part as "lightning rods" to receive persecution. Since that time, the Moon organization has been seen as continually trying to court and influence the conservative right. Despite critics' attempts to portray him as a man acting in his own interests, Moon continued to proclaim a vision of the world coming toward a peaceful unity following a time of trial and tribulation.

The theme of anti-communism was clearly expressed in two rallies, first in New York, followed in September on the grounds the Washington Memorial in the nation's capital in the bi-centenniel year 1976, where Reverend Moon spoke of God's Hope for America. Standing as God's spokesman, he called on America to take responsibility for freedom in the world.

Theology

The church differentiates itself from traditional Christianity through its novel view of the Trinity and by its strong denial that Jesus' death was a preordained necessity. Like other traditional Christians, however, they do believe that his death serves as a redemption of humanity's sins and that his resurrection was a victory over death for all eternity.

The church further teaches that:

  • God appointed Jesus to establish the Kingdom of Heaven on earth, preferably in his lifetime. Due to the failure of the Jewish people to accept "him whom He had sent" (John 6:29), Jesus had to go the alternate course of dying on the cross. (See the section on the role of Elijah below.)
  • With the mission of establishing God's kingdom unfulfilled, He will appoint another Messiah to accomplish His purpose. "I have purposed, and I will do it. I have spoken, and I will bring it to pass." (Isaiah 46:11).
  • Another teaching of the church, at odds with most of the rest of Christianity, is that in the Last Days, Satan will be brought to repentance and become a good angel again.

The role of Elijah

The church's understanding of the role of Elijah is important in terms of Jesus and his claim to be the Messiah.

Based on biblical texts (especially in Matthew), the church believes that Jesus was appointed by God to be the Messiah, not only for the Jewish people but for all of humanity. Elijah, understood to come before the Messiah, had the role of harbinger or forerunner. He was to reveal to Israel and the world the identity of the Messiah and work with him to usher in the kingdom of Heaven.

In particular, John the Baptist was to play the role of Elijah in relation to his kinsman Jesus. The prophecies concerning his ministry ("in the spirit and power of Elijah" and "make ready for the Lord a people prepared") are held by the church to support this view. Indeed, John's perceived failure to provide active support for Jesus is seen as the primary reason that the Jewish people did not recognize Jesus as the Messiah.

Celibacy and marriage

The Unification Church uses the term "absolute sex" to refer to its teaching about sexual morality, which is essentially abstinence before marriage and fidelity thereafter.

During the church's period of early growth (1970-1985 in America), most church members lived in intentional communities.

The vast majority of members' marriages were arranged by Rev. Moon personally. In recent years this rule was relaxed, with parents often helping to arrange their children's choice of spouse and church leaders suggesting matches for members.

Many members considered it the ultimate test of their faith to accept a match arranged by Moon, and the church's increasingly large marriage blessings have attracted much notice. These group weddings, known as "mass marriage," have been Moon's calling card, and he has presided over mass marriages of groups of hundreds or even (in a few special cases) of thousands of couples at once. Many of the arranged marriages paired people from different countries, races and cultures. Moon teaches that such "exchange marriages" will help build connections among the divided human family, as people stretch their hearts to love spouse, in-laws and children. The church has been accused of arranging international marriages because of immigration rules. Opposing religious groups, and several governments (most notably the government of Japan), have refused to accept the legitimacy of these mass marriages. Moon's critics and opponents claim that the impersonality of large numbers of people all being married by a single minister negates the intimacy and person-to-person emotional and spiritual connection between the participants in the ceremony; some have considered Moon's mass marriages to be a "mockery" of the institution of marriage. For participants, it is an expression of faith to entrust the choice of one's spouse to a parental figure through whom they believe God works. Moon teaches that his Blessing cleanses believers of original sin.

Candidates for matching are educated, counseled, interviewed and screened by church elders. The application form includes a disclosure about past relationships, in the form of a confession, and a commitment to purity and living for the sake of others. After being matched, people consult with each other and decide whether to accept the match. Critics claim instances of violence, pedophilia, and even bestiality -- situations that were disclosed to the Church in the written confession to Moon but were not made known to the prospective spouse. However, some people did not disclose their past. Furthermore, not everyone is able to carry out their commitment to change. The Church states that its members enter into arranged marriage as a free choice. Critics state that Moon has been known to become enraged if his suggestion is not accepted and to refuse to provide alternative partners for the member who has rejected his advice. However, people have requested and obtained an alternate match.

Some members consider the church poorly understood by outsiders, who have found it hard to imagine how people could marry strangers under the direction of the church leader. The passionate and sudden dedication of thousands of American young people, whom critics referred disparagingly to as "Moonies", to this new religious movement led to accusations, government investigations and a negative press image.

The principle of Indemnity

A little-known church teaching is that by willingly enduring mistreatment (the principle of Indemnity), one can receive God's blessing. The principle seemed to be bearing fruit in the 1980s, after Rev. Moon served 13 months of an 18-month sentence for what the church considers trumped-up charges of tax evasion and conspiracy to obstruct justice. Christian ministers, particularly from the black community, rallied around Rev. Moon. However, by the 1990s the Unification Church was recruiting very few new members.

Theology and philosophy

theology, fall of man, theory of education, love, God's Message to the United Nations

Church publications

Divine Principle

The Divine Principle is seen as the foundation of the Unification Church. The earliest manuscript was lost in North Korea during the Korean War. Upon arriving as a refugee in Pusan, Moon wrote and dictated a manuscript called Wolli Wonbon (Original Text of the Divine Principle). He then guided Hyo Won Eu, the first president of the Unification Church of Korea, to prepare more systematic presentations of his teachings with biblical, historical and scientific illustrations. Moon gave Eu special instruction regarding the content of these texts and then checked them over meticulously. These efforts resulted in Wolli Hesul (Explanation of the Divine Principle), published in 1957, and Wolli Kangron (Exposition of the Divine Principle), published in 1966. Since then, Wolli Kangron has been the text of Moon's basic teaching. According to its Preface, Exposition of the Divine Principle expresses a truth which is universal; it inherits and builds upon the core truths which God revealed through the Jewish and Christian scriptures and encompasses the wisdom from the Orient.

Heavenly Scripture

The Cheong Seong Gyeong (Heavenly Scripture) is a recent compilation of the speeches Moon selected as representing his core thought and legacy. Each day, wherever Moon is, this is read aloud at hoon dok hae, the gatherings for reading and learning from 5:00 to 6:30 am. Cheong Seong Gyeong is being translated into English and other languages.

Master Speaks

Many of Moon's sermons, speeches, and directives have been collected and archived by the Unification Church. Access to Moon speeches from the 1960s and early 1970s, known in the Church as Master Speaks, was once strictly controlled by the organization. Quotations and excerpts of the Master Speaks series became the source of many of the more controversial claims regarding Moon's teachings. Critics of the Unification Church claimed that Master Speaks took precedence over both the organization's publicized Divine Principle and even the Bible, and that it is the true doctrine of the organization -- a doctrine that is not often revealed to outsiders, when it is revealed at all. However, by the 1990s Moon's speeches were as readily available to the public as they were to his own church members. Except for speeches prepared in advance for official events, the English versions of Moon's speeches are transcribed from consecutive or simultaneous translation, often in summary form, and distributed without verification of the accuracy of the translation.

The Unification Church (and Rev. Moon personally) has accumulated an enormous quantity of money, invested much of it, and consequently has a controlling interest in many companies, including Pyonghwa Motors. It is considered to be among the strongest forces in South Korean politics, among other causes in favor of a closer relationship with North Korea.

The UC is also something of a force in American politics. It established and continues to own and fund the right-wing Washington Times and also UPI newswire, and has also established many prominent groups to advocate sexual abstinence until marriage and fidelity in marriage. In general the positions supported by the UC are similar to those of more mainstream conservative Christians.

In the United States the church owns fishing interests, which are for-profit businesses and pay taxes, even in years when they lose money. The biggest are in Gloucester, Massachusetts, Alaska and Alabama. In Kodiak, Alaska the church "runs a fleet of fishing boats ... [and is] the largest private employer" in Kodiak. [1]

The church also runs a variety of other business including Atlantic Video, a Massachusetts Avenue video post-production facility; the University of Bridgeport in Bridgeport, Connecticut; a cable television channel called the Goodlife TV Network and the New Yorker Hotel in Manhattan.

See also: ICUS.

Journalism

The church owns the Washington Times newspaper, a generally conservative and right-wing publication that, along with such smaller political publications as Insight magazine, further the organization's political views. Critics claim that the Washington Times has never turned a profit and continually loses money, but the Church continues to finance the paper because it gives the organization a political mouthpiece in Washington D.C. and Congress. In a similar vein, the purchase of the UPI news network by the Unification Church gives the organization a press seat aboard Air Force One.

The Unification Church was a major financial backer of the World Anti-Communist League.

Controversy

Some critics downplay or even dismiss entirely the religious aspects of the Unification Church. Many detractors in the US have branded it a "cult", claiming it has no other purpose than to enrich Rev. Moon personally or to advance his political aspirations. Moon claims he has no political aspirations and dismisses the idea that his followers are stupid enough to sacrifice themselves for his personal aggrandizement: "They are smart, idealistic and determined." (Newsweek International interview with Chesnoff and Nagorsky, 1973).

Perhaps the most serious charges have concerned the sexual abuse of female members by Moon in the early days of the Unification Church. These accusations have been hotly contested by Moon's representatives. However, Moon fathered at least two illegitimate children: one, named Hee-Jin, by a Korean student who is euphemistically referred to as Moon's "second" wife, although they were never married, and another whose identity was disclosed by Nan Sook Hong in her book (referenced below). There are claims of others (e.g. Myung-Shik Woo). Moreover, former Unification Church leaders have claimed that Moon and his wife had an enormous row in London in 1978 after their daughter found out about his plans to father children by yet another woman.

Rep. Donald Fraser asserted that the Unification Church and other related groups constitute a single, monolithic "Moon organization". Like-minded critics accuse the church of working to further a political agenda in both the Far East and in the United States. Sun Myung Moon's controversial religious and political Unification Movement, which includes not only the Unification Church but an enormous constellation of civic organizations, including the Washington Times foundation, allied politically with such Washington, D.C. evangelical Christians as Jerry Falwell and Tim LaHaye. Advocates adhering to this point of view have challenged the church's tax-exempt status in the US, arguing that the political activities of church-related groups comprise an impermissible intrusion of the church into political areas.

Defenders of the church dismiss this argument, on the grounds that the Unification movement is properly divided into distinct organizations, each of which should be judged by the laws relating to its type. Thus, church-owned businesses pay taxes, while the church itself largely need not. It has been claimed that church missionaries who decided to campaign for Ronald Reagan, had to resign from the church (at least on paper) while conducting their non-church political activities (private communication from Dan Peterson and Tom Carter). However, Moon himself has boasted that his order to Unification Church members to support the 1980 Reagan campaign in New York City was instrumental in winning the Big Apple for the Gipper.

The church-related Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles (CARP), which has a different type of tax-exempt charter, has more freedom than the church itself to engage in political speech and hold demonstrations on political topics. Church treasurer Kevin Smith said (in 1992) that the church is not permitted by US law to give any money to CARP, a fact that even some low-level church leaders might not even be aware of (see talk).

Some critics of the Unification Church have complained about Moon declaring himself to be the Messiah, which they consider self-aggrandizement on his part, as as well suggesting that Moon's intentions for his church are to place himself above all other religious figures, including Jesus.

"In early July I spoke in five cities around Korea at rallies held by the Women's Federation for World Peace. There, I declared that my wife, WFWP President Hak Ja Han Moon, and I are the True Parents of all humanity. I declared that we are the Savior, the Lord of the Second Advent, the Messiah." -- Reverend Moon, Unification News, August 24, 1992

Some see Moon as the Messiah and others see him as an evil genius. However, these are not the only possibilities. People from many faith traditions have come to respect him as a teacher bringing a message from heaven to a troubled world. Critics say Moon might suffer from delusions resulting from a mental illness; he might be perfectly sincere and yet perfectly mad too.

Accusations of anti-Semitism

In 1976, the American Jewish Committee accused Reverend Moon of anti-Semitism, based on his writings. Members of the Unification Church stoutly reject such accusations, and feel they have no merit. They felt the issue was so important that they issued a statement making their pro-Judaism and pro-Israeli position clear. See Unification Church and anti-Semitism. Moon has made many explicitly racist statements about white people, and particularly about American women, but he does not seem to regard Jews as being any worse than members of other races that he also considers inferior. This criticism should be tempered with his staunch support in word and "matchings" of interracial couples.

Recruitment

In the United States in the 1970s Unificationists gained a reputation for high-pressure recruitment, and critics charged that they separated vulnerable college students from their families via alleged brainwashing or mind control.

Rev. Moon called these criticisms nonsense and claimed in 1976 that he had received many thank-you letters from parents whose children became closer to them after joining the movement. (In 1977, Moon had a notice posted in all Unification Churches in America, mandating that all members write their families no less than once every 10 days.)

Europe and Japan have been less welcoming. Moon and his wife remain banned from entry into Germany and the other 14 Schengen treaty countries, on the grounds that they are leaders of a sect that endangered the personal and social development of young people.[2] Japan refuses to issue a visa on the grounds that Rev. Moon is a convicted felon (see Moon tax case).

In 1978, Moon's group was the focus of a Congressional investigation that alleged widespread fraud as well as ties to the Koreagate influence-peddling scandal.

South America

Authorities in Brazil and Paraguay have expressed concerns over the Church's purchases in recent years of enormous amounts of land in South America, ranging in the hundreds of thousands of acres.

In May of 2002, federal police in Brazil conducted a number of raids on organizations linked to Sun Myung Moon. In a statement, the police stated that the raids were part of a broad investigation into allegations of tax evasion and immigration violations by Moon's organization. The Moon-funded Association of Families for Unification and World Peace was the target of the raids, which took place in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and the personal residence of Moon's primary representative in Brazil, Reverend Kim Yoon-sang.

References

  • Nansook Hong: In the Shadow of the Moons. Little Brown & Company; ISBN 0316348163; (August 1998). The book is written by the ex-wife of Hyo Jin Moon, Rev. Moon's son (to whom she was married, handpicked by Rev. Moon, at 15 years of age) and details various abuses she claims to have suffered from members of the Moon family.

See also

Supportive views

Opposing views

News

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