Semicolon

The semicolon (;) is a punctuation mark with several uses. The Italian printer Aldus Manutius the Elder established the practice of using the semicolon to separate words of opposed meaning and to indicate interdependent statements.^[1] "The first printed semicolon was the work of ... Aldus Manutius" in 1494.^[2] Ben Jonson was the first notable English writer to use the semicolon systematically. The modern uses of the semicolon relate either to the listing of items or to the linking of related clauses.

According to the British writer on grammar, Lynne Truss, many non-writers avoid the colon and semicolon for various reasons: "They are old-fashioned", "They are middle-class", "They are optional", "They are mysteriously connected to pausing", "They are dangerously addictive" according to University of Hull student Shauna Furse and (vide Virginia Woolf)", and "The difference between them is too negligible to be grasped by the brain of man".^[3]

In English

File:SemicolonFreq.png

The frequency of semicolons in English texts from 1500-2008

While terminal marks (i.e., full stops, exclamation marks, and question marks) mark the end of a sentence, the comma, semicolon and colon are normally sentence internal, making them secondary boundary marks. Semicolons are intermediate in strength between terminal marks and commas; their strength is equal to that of the colon.^[4]

Constraints

When a semicolon marks the right boundary of a constituent (e.g., a clause or a phrase), the left boundary is marked by punctuation of equal or greater strength.
When two or more semicolons are used within a single construction, all constituents are at the same level, unlike commas which can separate, for example, subordinate clauses from main clauses.

Usage

Semicolons are followed by a lower case letter, unless that letter is the first letter of a proper noun. Modern style guides recommend no space before them, and one space after. Modern style guides also typically recommend placing semicolons outside of ending quotation marks—although this was not always the case. For example, the first edition of the Chicago Manual of Style (1906) recommended placing the semicolon inside ending quotation marks.^[5] Applications of the semicolon in English include:

Between items in a series or listing containing internal punctuation, especially parenthetic commas, where the semicolons function as serial commas:
- She saw three men: Jamie, who came from New Zealand; John, the milkman's son; and George, a gaunt kind of man.
- Several fast food restaurants can be found within the cities: London, England; Paris, France; Dublin, Ireland; and Madrid, Spain.
- Examples of familiar sequences are: one, two, and three; a, b, and c; and first, second, and third.
- (Fig. 8; see also plates in Harley 1941, 1950; Schwab 1947).

This is by far the most frequent use currently.^[6]

Between closely related independent clauses not conjoined with a coordinating conjunction
- I went to the basketball court; I was told it was closed for cleaning.
- I told Kate she's running for the hills; I wonder if she knew I was joking.
- Nothing is true; everything is permitted.
- A man chooses; a slave obeys.
- I told John that his shoe was untied; he looked.

Between independent clauses and semi clauses linked with a transitional phrase or a conjunctive adverb
- Everyone knows he is guilty of committing the crime; of course, it will never be proven.^[7]
- It can occur in both melodic and harmonic lines; however, it is subject to certain restraints.
- Of these patients, 6 were not enrolled; thus, the cohort was composed of 141 patients at baseline.

This is the least common use, and is mostly confined to academic texts.^[8]

Other languages

Arabic

In Arabic, the semicolon is called Fāṣila Manqūṭa (Template:Lang-ar) which means literally "a dotted comma", and is written inverted ( ؛ ). In Arabic, the semicolon has several uses:

It can be used between two phrases, in which the first phrase causes the second.

Example: "He played much; so, his clothes became dirty". (Template:Lang-ar)

It can be used in two phrases, where the second is a reason for the first.

Example: "Your sister did not get high marks; because she didn't study sincerely". (Template:Lang-ar)

Greek and Church Slavonic

In Greek and Church Slavonic, a semicolon indicates a question, similar to a Latin question mark.^[2] To indicate a long pause or separate sections, each with commas (the semicolon's purpose in English), Greek uses an ano teleia ( · ).

Examples:

Greek: Με συγχωρείτε· πού είναι οι τουαλέτες; (Excuse me; where are the toilets?)

Church Slavonic: гдѣ єсть рождeйсѧ царь їудeйскій; (Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? - Matthew 2:1)

Literature

"Just as there are writers who worship the semicolon, there are other high stylists who dismiss it – who label it, if you please, middle-class."

Lynne Truss, Eats, Shoots, and Leaves.^[9]

Some authors have spurned the semicolon throughout their works. Lynne Truss stated that "Samuel Beckett spliced his way merrily through such novels as Molloy and Malone Dies, thumbing his nose at the semicolon all the way," "James Joyce preferred the colon, as more authentically classical; P. G. Wodehouse did an effortlessly marvellous job without it; George Orwell tried to avoid the semicolon completely in Coming up for Air, (1939)," "Martin Amis included just one semicolon in Money (1984)," and "Umberto Eco was congratulated by an academic reader for using no semicolons in The Name of the Rose (1983)."^[10]

Kurt Vonnegut in A Man Without a Country (2005) stated: "Here is a lesson in creative writing. First rule: Do not use semicolons. They are transvestite hermaphrodites representing absolutely nothing. All they do is show you've been to college." In response to Vonnegut and Truss, Ben MacIntyre, columnist in The Times (London), wrote: "Americans have long regarded the semi-colon with suspicion, as a genteel, self-conscious, neither-one-thing-nor-the other sort of punctuation mark, with neither the butchness of a full colon nor the flighty promiscuity of the comma. Hemingway and Chandler and Stephen King wouldn’t be seen dead in a ditch with a semi-colon (though Truman Capote might). Real men, goes the unwritten rule of American punctuation, don’t use semi-colons."^[11]

Computing usage

The semicolon is represented by Unicode and ASCII character U+003B ; SEMICOLON. The EBCDIC semicolon character is 94 or 0x5E. Scripts comprising wide characters, such as kanji, use a full-width equivalent, ;, located at Unicode code point U+FF1B (fullwidth semicolon).

In computer programming, the semicolon is often used to separate multiple statements (for example, in Perl, Pascal, PL/I, and SQL). In other languages, semicolons are called terminators^[12] and are required after every statement (such as in Java, and the C family). Other languages (for instance, some assembly languages and LISP dialects) use semicolons to mark the beginning of comments. Additionally, the semicolon stands for a NOP (no operation or null command) in C/C++, useful in busy waiting synchronization loops.

Example C++ code:

int main(void) 
{
  int x, y;
  x = 1; y = 2;   // Two statements are separated by the semicolon
  std::cout << x << std::endl;
 
  while (wait_event()) ;
 
  return 0;
}

Conventionally, in many languages, each statement is written on a separate line, but this is not typically a requirement of the language. In the above example, two statements are placed on the same line; this is legal, since the semicolon separates the two statements.

The semicolon is often used to separate elements of a string of text. For example, multiple e-mail addresses in the "To" field in some e-mail clients have to be delimited by a semicolon.

The semicolon is commonly used as parts of emoticons, in order to indicate winking.

In Microsoft Excel, the semicolon is used as a list separator, especially in cases where the decimal separator is a comma, such as 0,32; 3,14; 4,50, instead of 0.32, 3.14, 4.50.

In MATLAB, the semicolon can be used as a row separator when defining a vector or matrix (whereas a comma separates the columns within a row of a vector or matrix) or to execute a command silently, without displaying the resulting output value in the console.

In HTML, a semicolon is used to terminate a character entity reference, either named or numeric.

Mathematics

In the argument list of a mathematical function $f(x_{1},x_{2},\dots ;a_{1},a_{2},\dots )$ , a semicolon may be used to separate variables and parameters.

In differential geometry, a semicolon preceding an index is used to indicate the covariant derivative of a function with respect to the coordinate associated with that index.

References

^ Truss, Lynne (2003). Eats, Shoots & Leaves. p. 77. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.
^ ^a ^b Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 111. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.
^ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. pp. 109–110. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.
^ The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Chapter 19, §7.
^ David Spencer (15 February 2011). "Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition". Type Desk. Matador. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
^ http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/?c=bnc&q=8899086
^ http://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/semicolons_before_transitional_phrases.htm Semicolon before a transitional phrase. "Everyone knows he is guilty; of course, it will never be proved. (The transitional phrase "of course" acts like a bridge between the first half and the second half.)"Date accessed: 17 September 2010.
^ http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/?c=bnc&q=8899010
^ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 107. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.
^ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. pp. 88, 108–109. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.
^ MacIntyre, Ben (November 19, 2005). "Is it worth busting your (Lynne) truss over a comma with a hat on?". The Times. London.
^ Mössenböck, H. "Introduction to C# - The new language for Microsoft .NET" (PDF). www.uni-linz.ac.at: University of Linz, Austria. p. 34. Retrieved 2011-07-29. Empty statement: ; // ; is a terminator, not a separator {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help)

Hacker, Diana (2002). The Bedford Handbook (6th ed. ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 0-312-41281-9. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

External links

Celebrating the Semicolon in a Most Unlikely Location - New York Times, Feb. 18, 2008.
Has modern life killed the semicolon? - Slate, June 20, 2008.
The end of the line? - The Guardian, April 4, 2008.
The Use of Semicolons in Written English
How to use a Semicolon The Oatmeal

[truss-1] Truss, Lynne (2003). Eats, Shoots & Leaves. p. 77. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.

[Truss_2004_111-2] Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 111. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.

[3] Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. pp. 109–110. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.

[4] The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Chapter 19, §7.

[5] David Spencer (15 February 2011). "Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition". Type Desk. Matador. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

[6] ttp://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/?c=bnc&q=8899086

[7] ttp://www.grammar-monster.com/lessons/semicolons_before_transitional_phrases.htm Semicolon before a transitional phrase. "Everyone knows he is guilty; of course, it will never be proved. (The transitional phrase "of course" acts like a bridge between the first half and the second half.)"Date accessed: 17 September 2010.

[8] ttp://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/?c=bnc&q=8899010

[9] Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 107. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.

[10] Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoot & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. pp. 88, 108–109. ISBN 1-592-40087-6.

[11] MacIntyre, Ben (November 19, 2005). "Is it worth busting your (Lynne) truss over a comma with a hat on?". The Times. London.

[12] Mössenböck, H. "Introduction to C# - The new language for Microsoft .NET" (PDF). www.uni-linz.ac.at: University of Linz, Austria. p. 34. Retrieved 2011-07-29. Empty statement: ; // ; is a terminator, not a separator {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help)

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