Professional Association of Diving Instructors
 | This article contains promotional content. (July 2014) |
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| Abbreviation | PADI |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1966 |
| Headquarters | Rancho Santa Margarita, California, United States |
Region served | International |
| Membership | ~128,000 dive professionals, 6,600+ dive centers and resorts |
| Leader | Drew Richardson |
Parent organization | PADI Worldwide Corp.[1] |
| Affiliations | DSAT PADI AWARE Emergency First Response Current Publishing |
| Website | www |
The Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) is a recreational diving membership and diver training organization founded in 1966 by John Cronin and Ralph Erickson.[2] PADI courses range from entry level to advanced recreational diver certification. Further, they provide several diving skills courses connected with specific equipment or conditions, some diving related informational courses and a range of recreational diving instructor certifications. They also offer various technical diving courses. As of 2020, PADI claims to have issued 28 million scuba certifications. The levels are not specified and may include minor specialisations.[3] Some of the certifications align with WRSTC and ISO standards, and these are recognised worldwide. Some other certification is unique to PADI and has no equivalence anywhere, or may be part of other agencies' standards for certification for more general diving skill levels.
History
[edit]In 1966, PADI was founded by John Cronin and Ralph Erickson.[2] Cronin was originally a NAUI instructor who decided to form his own organization with Erickson, and to break diver training down into several modular courses instead of the single universal course then prevalent.[4] Erickson developed continuing education scuba courses during this time and wrote the initial issue of the first trade magazine for scuba instructors, The Undersea Journal. Cronin got the idea for PADI's Positive Identification Card at a trade show. PADI established the Master Scuba Diver certification, the industry's first certification awarded for accumulation of specified certification and experience, and not based on a specific training program,[Note 1] in 1973, later launching the modular scuba program. By 1979, PADI was producing 100,000 certifications a year after previously hitting 25,000 a year. PADI was the first organization to use confined water or pool dives for training new divers and introduced the PADI Rescue Diver course and manual for rescue training during the 1980s.[5][6][7]
In 1989, PADI founded Project AWARE to help conserve underwater environments.[8] In 1992, Project AWARE Foundation became a registered nonprofit organization with an environmental mission and purpose.[8] PADI continues to partner with PADI AWARE, supporting the organization with in-kind services, donations through its processes and connection to the PADI network of divers, dive professionals and dive centers.[9] PADI AWARE information has been integrated in most courses and divers are offered the chance to exchange their normal certification card for an AWARE-certification card by making a donation to the program when sending in their application for a new certification.[10]
In 2006, PADI was severely criticized by a Coroner's court in the United Kingdom for providing what experts regarded as short and insufficient training.[11] Although PADI training standards differ from those formerly prevalent in the United Kingdom under the BSAC system, PADI training standards are consistent with World Recreational Scuba Training Council standards.[12]
On 9 August 2012, Lincolnshire Management and Providence Equity Partners jointly acquired PADI from Seidler Equity Partners.[13] In 2015, Providence Equity Partners acquired majority stake of PADI from Lincolnshire Management.
In 2017, Providence Equity Partners LLC sold PADI[14] to Canadian investment firm Altas Partners and French private equity firm Florac for 700 million USD, through an entity called Mandarin fish Holding.[15]
In 2018, PADI launched PADI Travel, an online dive travel resource and booking platform for dive resort and live-aboard packages.[16]
In 2021, PADI reported it had a membership of over 128,000 professional members and 6,600 dive centers, and had awarded more than 28 million diving certifications internationally. PADI operates in 186 countries and territories.[3] From 2015-2020, the average male to female membership split was approximately 63% to 37% respectively. The organization hosts Women's Dive Day events across the globe in an effort to increase awareness for women divers.[clarification needed][17]
Training system
[edit]PADI courses are performance-based diver training[Note 2] programs, and at the introductory level emphasizes practical knowledge, safety and motor skills. The basics of diving physics and physiology are introduced during entry level programs. The details of these concepts are left for later courses when they are necessary for the required competences of the specific training. According to PADI, these practices fall within current modern learning philosophies and receive regular updates via peer review.[18][19]
The PADI training system is composed of modules with standardized learning objectives divided into theory and practical skills development. Each module is a stand-alone course for which certification is provided to the participant on successful completion of the course. Theory is mainly conveyed by way of self-study using books or digital training using PADI E-Learning.[20] All study options are supplemented with video and, in most cases, live instruction to help the participant visualize what they have read.[21] Confirmation of the student diver's level of competence in standardized knowledge review sessions is carried out by a scuba instructor using both written tests and personal observation during dives to verify the student's knowledge and skills. Practical skills are obtained through confined water training (pools or relatively shallow water) and performance evaluations in open water.
PADI courses target four progressive experience demographics, designated by PADI as "Youth", "Beginner", "Continuing Education" and "Professional".[22] Options are available for students or instructors to attain additional certifications across a range of categories, including "Essentials",[Note 3] "Safety Focus",[Note 4] "Advanced Skills",[Note 5] "Cold Water",[Note 6] "Conservation",[Note 7] "Photography", "Discovery",[Note 8] "Freediving" and "Technical Diving".
For the youth demographic, the Padi Seal Team and Bubblemaker Programs are provided for students ages 8+.[22]
As of 2023, the courses in "Beginner", "Continuing Education" and "Professional" categories include:[22]
| Beginner | Continuing Education | Professional | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Essentials |
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| Safety Focus |
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| Advanced Skills |
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| Cold Water |
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| Conservation | Padi AWARE Speciality |
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| Photography |
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| Discovery |
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| Freediving |
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| Technical |
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Training standards
[edit]PADI training standards are generally inaccessible to the public via internet search, making an informed decision on whether a specific training course is appropriate to the diver's needs difficult. Those few programs which comply with ISO standards can be assumed to at least nominally include all the requirements of the ISO standard, but not necessarily anything more. Some PADI courses, i.e. those which have no actual diving component, may be presented and assessed by a PADI Divemaster registered with PADI to run the specific course. Some additional training and course attendance is required. These courses do not include actual diving skills, just skills or knowledge that may be useful while diving or interesting in the context of diving.[27]
Some PADI training standards have been found to be ambiguous of contradictory, For example, the PADI Advanced Open Water Diver course does not require direct instructor supervision of a student during "adventure dives", which may include a diver's first experience using a dry suit, while the standard for the PADI Dry Suit Diver course requires not only direct supervision of the student by the instructor, during open water dives, but also that open water dives must be preceded by a theory class, and a confined water skills training session, both of which must be satisfactorily completed before venturing into open water.[28][29]
A PADI Open Water Instructor can be registered as a specialty instructor for several specialties, without demonstrating competence to teach or even perform those specialties, including Dry Suit Diver, which requires a significant skill set and understanding of the principles to be done safely.[28][29][30]
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Workplace programs
[edit]PADI offers a specialty program called Public Safety Diver for divers who are either employed in or serve as volunteers in the public safety diving sector principally within the United States.[31] This certification is not recognised in some countries which have national standards for occupational diving qualifications and require registration with a national body.
First aid programs
[edit]PADI, via its subsidiary, Emergency First Response, Corp, distributes the following programs in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and first aid for both divers and non-divers:[clarification needed][32] These may not be recognised by health and safety authorities in some jurisdictions where workplace first aid certification must be through a nationally or state accredited training provider.
- Primary Care (CPR)
- Secondary Care (First Aid)
- Care for Children[clarification needed]
- Region-specific workplaces courses for countries including Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States.[33][34]
Accreditation and memberships
[edit]PADI courses are recognized, recommended and cited by the institutions and organizations listed below for both recreational diving and vocational training.
PADI courses[clarification needed] are recommended for college credit in the US by ACE.[35] PADI is a member of the United States Recreational Scuba Training Council (RSTC).[36]
Recognition's and equivalencies has been established between PADI and Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques,[37] the Colombian Navy,[38] and Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM).[39] PADI is also a registered training organisation in Australia.[34] As of 2012, PADI rescue diver and divemaster programs are included on the United Kingdom's Health and Safety Executive list of approved diving qualifications.[40]
Those PADI courses aligning with standards published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for 'Recreational diving services' were audited by the European Underwater Federation (EUF) Certification Body in 2004 and 2009, and were certified at both times as complying with these standards.[41][failed verification] The relevant certifications may include:
- EN 14153-1 / ISO 24801-1 - Part 1: Level 1 "Supervised Diver" (PADI equivalent – Scuba Diver)
- EN 14153-2 / ISO 24801-2 - Part 2: Level 2 "Autonomous Diver" (PADI equivalent – Open Water Diver)
- EN 14153-3 / ISO 24801-3 - Part 3: Level 3 "Dive Leader" (PADI equivalent – Divemaster)
- EN 14413-1 / ISO 24802-1 - Part 1: Level 1 Instructor (PADI equivalent – Assistant Instructor)
- EN 14413-2 / ISO 24802-2 - Part 2: Level 2 Instructor (PADI equivalent – Open Water Scuba Instructor)
- ISO 11107 Enriched air nitrox (EAN) diving (PADI equivalent – Enriched Air Diver)
- ISO 11121 introductory training programmes to scuba diving. (PADI equivalent – Discover Scuba Diving)
Most PADI training programes are not directly covered by ISO standards.
PADI is a member of the following member councils of the World Recreational Scuba Training Council – the RSTC Canada, the RSTC Europe and the C-Card Council (Japan).[36][42][43][44]
Business strategy
[edit]PADI is recognised as the largest recreational diver training agency with the largest rate of issue of diver certification, and the largest membership of professional instructors and dive leaders in recreational diving. They are a for-profit organization focused on efficiency of training of the largest number of customers.
To gain membership of PADI, a person must agree to follow PADI training standards, be reviewed by PADI for quality assurance, sign the membership agreement and pay the annual membership dues, for which they are allowed to buy PADI course materials, resell them to their customers, and use the PADI trademarks and logos for marketing their services.[45]
In early 2024 PADI dive centres in Africa and the Middle East were prohibited from offering scuba diving training with certification from any agency other than PADI.[46]
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Marketing
[edit]PADI marketing puts an emphasis on convenience, fun and continued attendance on PADI courses. Risk management is largely by limitations on the certified diver's recommended range of acceptable environmental and equipment options and providing profitable additional training programmes to extend these options by small increments.
PADI offers dive shops and training centers the opportunity to affiliate with the PADI brand by becoming a member of the PADI Retailer and Resort Association (PADI RRA) which is a worldwide group of dive shops and resorts committed to selling PADI products and promoting the PADI diving and marketing philosophy. PADI Worldwide, Inc., contracts directly with member dive shops, to join the RRA, and PADI Americas, Inc., administers the RRA in the United States.[45]
A PADI 5 Star Dive Center is a dive centre that exclusively offers PADI training and certification, has been a PADI dive centre for at least 12 months, with no verified violations of PADI quality assurance over that period and no open QA investigations, and have been awarded all three of PADI's dive centre recognition awards (the criteria for which do not appear to be publicly available). The centre must also advertise to recruit and retain customers. The centre must have provided at least one course each of Advanced Open Water Diver, PADI Rescue Diver, and Divemaster or Assistant Instructor, in the previous year, and provide diving activities or travel apart from training. There is no mention or guarantee of better quality service compared to any other dive centre.[47]
A PADI Elite Instructor is a PADI instructor with no verified QA violations who certifies more than a specified number of divers per year.[47]
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Quality assurance
[edit]According to a statement by an attorney for PADI, PADI issues disclaimers on various documents, saying member shops are not agents of PADI, and PADI is no more than a professional organisation and certifying agency, and its members operate independently, and PADI is therefore not responsible for their actions or omissions.[48]
In a civil case in Missoula, Montana, where PADI Open Water Diver Linnea Mills drowned during a PADI course where the PADI dive shop and PADI instructor allegedly contravened both PADI training standards, PADI business practices, and several other procedures generally considered safe recreational diving practice, PADI's argument that Gull Dive and their staff were neither its agents nor employees, and that it could not be held responsible for the death of a client of Gull Dive was overruled by a judge, who stated that PADI exerted control over Gull Dive and its instructors by way of its membership agreement, which obliged members to follow its standards and instructions.[49][45]
| This section needs expansion with: allegations of failure to enforce standards. You can help by adding to it. (November 2024) |
Specialty training
[edit]Adaptive Support Diver
[edit]Adaptive Support Diver is a course for divers who Want to support a dive buddy with a physical or mental barrier to full independence as a recreational diver, and must rely on some support from one or more support divers for acceptable safety. The training is targeted on increasing the support diver's awareness of the challenged diver's abilities and limitations, and how to effectively assist in their management. Prerequisites are Open Water Diver, in date Emergency First Response primary and secondary care, and recommended PADI Peak Performance Buoyancy. The course covers diving with people with reduced mobility and supporting divers who are blind or have less obvious disabilities, and focuses on what disabled people can do, to help the support diver understand the use of adaptive techniques. [50]
Affiliates and sponsorships
[edit]Since 2009, PADI and the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) have maintained a mutual support partnership.[51] In Canada, PADI sponsors the Scouts Canada Scuba Program.[52] Affiliates include:
- Emergency First Response provides CPR and First Aid training both for the lay person and in the workplace.[53]
- Current Publishing Corporation develops marine science programs for high school and upper level educational facilities.[54]
- Diving Science and Technology Corporation (DSAT) is the development arm for the Recreational Dive Planner and PADI's Tec-Rec program.[55]
Citations in professional literature
[edit]PADI's instructional methodology is cited in EDUCAUSE's 2012 book, Game Changers: Education and Information Technologies regarding badges as "a symbol or indicator of an accomplishment, skill, quality, or interest. From the Boy and Girl Scouts to PADI diving instruction, to the more recently popular geolocation game Foursquare, badges have been successfully used to set goals, motivate behaviors, represent achievements, and communicate success in many contexts."[56]
PADI's environmental emphasis is cited in the 2007 book, New Frontiers in Marine Tourism, in its section, Dive Tourism, Sustainable Tourism and Social Responsibility: A Growing Agenda – Environmental management and education: the case of PADI, (Chapter Seven). "PADI, as well as other diver certification organisations and individual businesses, has put significant resources into conservation and developed public awareness programs".[57]
New Frontiers in Marine Tourism also cites in the section entitled Student Scholarships and Social Responsibility: A Growing Agenda for PADI, that "The PADI Scholarship program … is a good example of the way that various disparate parts of an industry, each with limited resources, can pool their efforts to help more people from developing countries to enter the diving profession… PADI recognizes that good relations with the involvement of local people is essential both to business development and to environmental protection. The scholarship scheme makes entry into the dive business more possible for some students who have the backing of their dive center."[57]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ PADI awards their Master Scuba Diver Recognition to a diver who completes:
- Advanced Open Water Diver course or equivalent
- PADI Rescue Diver course, with Emergency First Response course
- any Five different PADI specialty diving courses additional to Rescue Diver and EFR
- Logs 50 dives
- ^ A system of learning based on the learner performing tasks to demonstrate knowledge and skills
- ^ Skills useful for reducing risk to the divers themselves.
- ^ Skills helpful for assisting another diver.
- ^ General diving skills beyond the minimum necessary for acceptable personal safety in benign conditions – more advanced than basic entry level requirements.
- ^ In reality, night and cavern diving do not imply cold water.
- ^ Basic ecological awareness and how to avoid doing direct environmental harm.
- ^ Introductory experiences with more complex scuba equipment, no certification.
References
[edit]- ^ "Company Overview of PADI Worldwide Corp". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on May 25, 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
- ^ a b DAN News (2003-07-17). "PADI CEO & Co-Founder John Cronin Dies at Age 74". Divers Alert Network. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
- ^ a b "PADI Worldwide Corporate Statistics" (PDF). Professional Association of Diving Instructors. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ Tillman, Tom. "The history of PADI". Scuba America Historical Foundation. Archived from the original on 2010-02-17. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ "PADI in the 1960s". 29 January 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ "PADI in the 1970s". 24 February 2016.
- ^ "PADI in the 1980s". 30 March 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ a b "PADI history, growth and mission for the future".
- ^ "Partners". Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ "Project Aware". Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
- ^ McGrath, Ginny (August 9, 2006). "PADI scuba-dive course slammed". The Times. London. Retrieved 2009-04-16.[dead link] "Inquest warning on diving courses". BBC News. August 8, 2006. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
- ^ "ANSI Accredited Standards Developers listing" (PDF). American National Standards Institute. p. 150. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-14. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
- ^ "Lincolnshire Management Acquires Padi Americas". mergr.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-16. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
- ^ Jarzemsky, Matt. "Providence Equity Sells Scuba Certifier PADI for $700 Million". WSJ. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
- ^ "Padi Americas, Private Equity Backed Company, (2017-06-28)". mergr.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2019-09-11.
- ^ "PADI Introduces the All-New PADI Travel". www.divenewswire.com/ (Press release). 23 January 2018. Retrieved 2019-11-18.
- ^ "PADI Women Scuba Diving Update". FirstRead.Me. 2017-06-27. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
- ^ Richardson, D & Shreeves, K (1996). "The PADI Enriched Air Diver course and DSAT oxygen exposure limits". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 26 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Richardson, D & Shreeves, K (1998). "The PADI approach to diver rescue training". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 28 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved 2008-04-26.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "PADI eLearning". Professional Association of Diving Instructors. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
- ^ "A Guide To PADI Open Water Scuba Diving Certification Courses". Archived from the original on 2014-08-11. Retrieved 2014-07-30.
- ^ a b c "PADI Courses". PADI Courses. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 6 Dec 2023.
- ^ "Adaptive Support Diver". www.padi.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ "Delayed Surface Marker Buoy (DSMB) Diver". www.padi.com. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ^ "Peak Performance Buoyancy". www.padi.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ "Altitude Diver". www.padi.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2024. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- ^ "Training Bulletin: Divemaster Teaching Opportunities Expanded" (PDF). pros-blog.padi.com. PADI. 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
- ^ a b Woody; Gus (8 November 2024). "Exclusive: Never-Told First-Hand witnesses on Linnea Mills' Drysuit Death (Part 1)". Dive Talk. Retrieved 13 November 2024 – via YouTube.
- ^ a b Woody; Gus (15 November 2024). "Exclusive: Never-Told First-Hand witnesses on Linnea Mills' Drysuit Death (Part 2)". Dive Talk. Retrieved 15 November 2024 – via YouTube.
- ^ Barsky, Steven M.; Long, Dick; Stinton, Bob (2006). Dry Suit Diving: A Guide to Diving Dry. Ventura, Calif.: Hammerhead Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-9674305-6-0. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
- ^ "Public Safety Diver". Professional Association of Diving Instructors. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
- ^ "Emergency First Response, Course links". Emergency First Response, Corp. Archived from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
- ^ "Emergency First Response Workplace Courses". Emergency First Response, Corp. Archived from the original on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
- ^ a b "Organisation details: 6729 – PADI Asia Pacific Pty Ltd". training.gov.au. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
- ^ "PADI International, Inc". American Council on Education. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
- ^ a b "United States Agencies". WRSTC. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ "C.M.A.S. / PADI Agreement" (PDF). Norges Dykkeforbund. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-05-08. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
- ^ "Graduation of the first divers in the Navy "Barranquilla" NCO School ARC". Colombia National Navy. Retrieved 11 May 2014.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Staff (2013-11-25). "Passerelles FFESSM/PADI" (PDF). Brevets et qualifications (in French). FFESSM. pp. 1–13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-08-24. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
- ^ "Diving at Work Regulations 1997 List of Approved Diving Qualifications dated 22nd October 2012" (PDF). HSE. pp. 4 & 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-10. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "EUF Training systems for Recreational Scuba Divers – certificate holder Professional Association of Diving Instructors". Austrian Standards plus GmbH. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ "Canadian Agencies". WRSTC. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ "European Agencies". WRSTC. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ "Japan Agencies". WRSTC. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- ^ a b c Perry, Terance P.; Concannon, David G. (4 May 2021). "Montana Fourth Judicial District Court Missoula County: Case No. DV 32-2021-0000544-NE: Complaint and Demand for Jury Trial" (PDF) – via www.undercurrent.org.
- ^ James (18 March 2024). "PADI's latest Crazy Dive Industry Policy... Analyzed". Divers Ready. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
- ^ a b "The PADI ***** Scam + 10 Ways A Good Dive Center is REALLY 5 Stars!". YouTube. Divers Ready. 26 August 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ Lundquist, Laura (8 April 2022). "Diving association denies responsibility in Glacier drowning death of Missoula woman". missoulacurrent.com. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ Weinman, Steve (17 February 2023). "Mills death lawsuit settled – but will criminal case follow?". divernet.com. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
- ^ Marshall, Travis (3 December 2020). "What is a PADI Adaptive Support Diver Certification?". www.scubadiving.com. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ "Boy Scouts of America". Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
- ^ "Scouts Canada Scuba Program". Scouts Canada. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
- ^ "Emergency First Response". PADI. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-07-14. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
- ^ "Current Publishing". Current Publishing Corp. 2006. Retrieved 2009-09-13.
- ^ Hamilton Jr RW, Rogers RE, Powell MR (1994). Development and validation of no-stop decompression procedures for recreational diving: the DSAT recreational dive planner (Report). Tarrytown, NY: Diving Science & Technology Corp. Archived from the original on August 7, 2009. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Oblinger, Diana (2012). Game Changers: Education and Information Technologies. EDUCAUSE (April 26, 2012). p. 279. ISBN 978-1933046006.
- ^ a b Garrod, Brian (2008). New Frontiers in Marine Tourism. Routledge (October 18, 2007). ISBN 978-0080453576.
External links
[edit]- Official website
- Sport Diver magazine: United Kingdom edition and North American edition – The official magazine of PADI
