Jump to content

Korean Americans

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Korean-Americans)

Korean Americans
한국계 미국인
hangukgye migugin
Total population
2,023,517 (2023)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Languages
English, Korean
Religion
61% Protestantism
23% Unaffiliated
10% Roman Catholicism
6% Buddhism[3][4]
Korean Americans
Hangul
한국계 미국인
Hanja
韓國系美國人
Revised RomanizationHangukgye Migugin
McCune–ReischauerHan'gukkye Migugin
Koreans in America
Hangul
미주 한인
Hanja
美洲韓人
Revised RomanizationMiju Hanin
McCune–ReischauerMiju Hanin
Part of a series on
Korean people
Culture
Music
Language
Cuisine
Dance
Religion
People
Diaspora

Korean Americans (Korean: 한국계 미국인) are Americans who are of full or partial Korean ethnic descent. The majority of Korean Americans trace their ancestry to South Korea.

The term Korean Americans (also rendered as Korean-Americans) usually encompasses citizens of the United States of full or partial Korean descent. While the broader term Overseas Korean in America (미주한인/재미교포/재미한인) may refer to ethnic Koreans residing in the U.S., the specific designation of Korean American implies that an individual holds American citizenship.[7] Korean Americans may, however, possess dual-citizenship with the Republic of Korea. Known as "dual citizens by birth" (or 선천적 복수국적자), these individuals are the children of parents with South Korean citizenship born in the US. As of 2021, it is estimated that there are 20,000 second generation Korean Americans who are dual citizens by birth.[8]

In contrast to Northeast Asia, which is grappling with a significant low birth rate issue, the number of Korean Americans with both parents from Korea is growing by 5.9%. Moreover, the population of those with mixed heritage is increasing at a rate of 16.5%. Prominent scholars and Korean associations have reported that the Korean American population surpassed 2.5–3 million in the 2020s.[9] However, the number of Korean Americans residing in the United States is fewer than that, according to some statistics. As of 2022, Americans of Korean descent composed an estimated 0.5% of the population, or 1,501,587 people.[10] As the largest group within the Overseas Korean community, Korean Americans often trace their lineage to South Korea, which accounts for the majority of their ancestral origins.[11]

Background

[edit]

As of 2023, Korean Americans made up about 0.6% of the U.S. population, numbering approximately 2 million people. They are the fifth-largest subgroup within the Asian American community, following Chinese Americans, Filipino Americans, Indian Americans, and Vietnamese Americans.[12][13]

The United States is the residence of the world's most extensive Korean diasporas, largely from South Korea. As of 2006, due to historical diplomatic challenges stemming from the Korean War in the 1950s, the number of North Korean defectors to the United States has remained below 220, constituting a negligible 0.008352 percent of the total Korean American demographic. Thus, it is evident that an overwhelming majority, approximately 99.991648 percent, of the Korean American population traces its roots to South Korea. The Republic of Korea is acknowledged as a principal ally of the United States, fostering a relationship built on mutual values, intertwined economic interests, and strategic security cooperation.[14]

According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of South Korea, as of 2021, the population of Overseas Koreans residing in the United States was 2,633,777. This figure includes both U.S. citizens of Korean descent and South Korean nationals living in the U.S. Specifically, there were 1,529,855 U.S. citizens of Korean descent and 1,103,922 South Korean nationals.[15] By 2021, the U.S. Census Bureau reported the number of Korean Americans as 1,469,854, considering only those who identified with a single race. Notably, about 1,011,589 of these individuals were born in Korea. The population has remained relatively stable into 2023, with the Overseas Koreans Foundation reporting a figure of 2,615,419.[15]

Demographics

[edit]
Main article: List of U.S. cities with significant Korean American populations
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1910462—    
19201,224+164.9%
19301,860+52.0%
19401,711−8.0%
197069,130+3940.3%
1980354,593+412.9%
1990798,849+125.3%
20001,076,872+34.8%
20101,423,784+32.2%
20201,508,575+6.0%

As of 2023, the United States, which is home to the largest population of overseas Koreans, has the following distribution of Korean Americans.

  • In California, there are 558,338 Korean Americans.
  • New York City has a Korean American population of 141,745.
  • Texas is home to 115,107 Korean Americans.
  • New Jersey's Korean American community numbers 113,736.
  • Virginia is home to 94,275 Korean Americans.
  • Washington has a Korean American population of 92,798.
  • Illinois includes 81,340 Korean Americans.
  • Georgia's Korean American community comprises 75,525 individuals.
  • Maryland has 48,468 Korean Americans.
  • Other states collectively account for 509,870 Korean Americans.[20]

In 2023, the proportion of Korean Americans in the population varies significantly across the United States. The highest proportion is in Hawaii, accounting for 3.87% of the state's total population. California follows with 1.43%, hosting a large Korean American community; this is notably high considering the overall Korean ethnicity ratio of 0.59% in the U.S. Washington State (1.28%), New Jersey (1.19%), and Virginia (1.09%) also have relatively large Korean American communities. Maryland's proportion is 0.97%, and Alaska's is 0.95%. Nevada has 0.72%, New York City 0.71%, and Georgia 0.69%.[21]

Korean Americans have achieved a high demographic profile in some U.S. cities, including New York City.

The two metropolitan areas with the highest Korean American populations as per the 2010 census were the Greater Los Angeles area Combined Statistical Area (334,329)[22] and the Greater New York Combined Statistical Area (218,764).[23] The Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area ranks third, with approximately 93,000 Korean Americans clustered in Howard and Montgomery Counties in Maryland and Fairfax County in Virginia.[24] Southern California and the New York City metropolitan area[25] have the largest populations of Koreans outside of the Korean Peninsula.[26] Among Korean Americans born in Korea, the Los Angeles metropolitan area had 226,000 as of 2012; New York (including Northern New Jersey) had 153,000 Korean-born Korean Americans; and Washington had 60,000.[27]

By percentage, the Korean American population of Bergen County, New Jersey, in the New York City Metropolitan Area, at 6.5% of Bergen County's population in 2022,[28] was the highest of any county in the United States. Bergen County, host to the county's highly ranked Academies magnet public high school[29][30][31] as well as to the North American headquarters operations of South Korean chaebols including Samsung,[32] LG Corp,[33] and Hanjin Shipping,[34] was home to all of the nation's top 10 municipalities by percentage of Korean population.[35] These top 10 municipalities in the growing Korean hub of Bergen County, New Jersey, across the George Washington Bridge from New York City, were led by Palisades Park,[36] the municipality with the highest density of ethnic Koreans in the Western Hemisphere. Displaying ubiquitous Hangul signage and known as the Korean Village,[37] Palisades Park uniquely comprises a Korean majority, at 53.7% of the borough's population in 2022.[38] with both the highest Korean-American density and percentage of any municipality in the United States. The city of Los Angeles contained the highest Korean American population of any city proper in 2010, approximately 108,282.[39] Between 1990 and 2000, Georgia was home to the fastest-growing Korean community in the U.S., growing at a rate of 88.2% over that decade.[40] There is a significant Korean American population in the Atlanta metropolitan area, mainly in Gwinnett County (2.7% Korean) and Fulton County (1.0% Korean).[22]

Koreans in the United States, on the census 2000

According to the statistics of the Overseas Korean Foundation and the Republic of Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 107,145 South Korean children were adopted into the United States between 1953 and 2007.[41]

In a 2005 United States Census Bureau survey, an estimated 432,907 ethnic Koreans in the U.S. were native-born Americans, and 973,780 were foreign-born. Korean Americans that were naturalized citizens numbered at 530,100, while 443,680 Koreans in the U.S. were not American citizens.[42]

While people living in North Korea cannot—except under rare circumstances—leave their country, there are many people of North Korean origin living in the U.S., a substantial portion who fled to the south during the Korean War and later emigrated to the United States. Since the North Korean Human Rights Act of 2004 allowed North Korean defectors to be admitted as refugees, about 130 have settled in the U.S. under that status after 2004.[43][44]

The counties with largest Korean population are Los Angeles County and Orange County in California, Bergen County in New Jersey, and Queens County in New York.[45]

History

[edit]
North and South Korean obtaining lawful permanent resident status: fiscal years 1940 to 2016

Korean Immigration to the US can be divided into four phases:[46]

  1. Small-scale immigration around 1884
  2. Early immigration from 1903 to 1950
  3. Immigration following the Korean war (1950–1964)
  4. Immigration following the 1965 Immigration Act

Small-scale immigration around 1884

[edit]

Around 1884, following the establishment of diplomatic relations between the US and Korea (then referred to as Chosen) through the Treaty of Peace, Anmity, Commerce, and Navigation, a small number of diplomats entered the US as part of the 1883 Korean special mission to the United States. Included among the members of this mission were Min Yong-ik [ko] and Yu Kil-chun, the latter of whom stayed in the US for several years to study, making him the first Korean exchange student in the US.[46]

Early immigration from 1903 to 1950

[edit]

One of the first Korean Americans was Philip Jaisohn, who came to America in 1884 and became a leader in the movement for Korean independence.[47] Another prominent figure among the Korean immigrant community is Ahn Chang Ho, art name Dosan, a Protestant social activist. He came to the United States in 1902 for education. He founded the Friendship Society in 1903 and the Mutual Assistance Society. He was also a political activist during the Japanese occupation of Korea.

Korean American football player in Chicago, 1918

Another prominent figure among the Korean immigrant community was Syngman Rhee, a Methodist.[3] He came to the United States in 1904 and earned a bachelor's degree at George Washington University in 1907, a master's degree at Harvard University, and a PhD from Princeton University in 1910. In 1910, he returned to Korea and became a political activist. He later became the first president of the Republic of Korea.

In 1903, the first group of Korean laborers came to Hawaii on January 13, now known annually as Korean American Day.[48] The migration of Koreans to Hawaii can be explained by conditions in both the US and Korea. Koreans suffered from a series of natural disasters and heavy taxation. In Hawaii, plantation owners who had relied upon Chinese and Japanese labor faced a labor shortage after the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Koreans were brought in as an alternative labor source. King Kojong promoted Korean immigration by establishing a Korean Department of Emigration and granting American businessmen permission to recruit Koreans for immigration to Korea.[49]

Between 1904 and 1907, about 1,000 Koreans entered the mainland from Hawaii through San Francisco.[50] Many Koreans dispersed along the Pacific Coast as farm workers or as wage laborers in mining companies and as section hands on the railroads. Picture brides became a common practice for marriage to Korean men.

Other than those seeking better economic opportunities in the US, there were also Koreans who left for the US as refugees of the Japanese empire. Between 1910 and 1918, 541 students escaped Japan and arrived in the US through a third country. Individuals such as Whang Sa Sun, who were deeply involved in the Korean independence movement also came to the US to escape Japanese persecution.

Between 1905 and 1910, political activities in Korean American communities surged in opposition towards Japanese aggression towards Korea.

Korean Americans formed organizations throughout the US, with a concentration in Hawaii and California. In 1903, the same year that the first Korean laborers arrived in Hawai, Koreans formed the Sinminhoe (New People's Association).[49] In 1909, two of the largest Korean American organizations would merge to form the Korean National Association, the largest Korean immigrant organization in North America. Established in San Francisco, The Korean National Association, would eventually expand to 130 chapters.[49] The organization coordinated the activities of Korean Americans across North America, holding mass protests and positioning itself as the official representative of Korean Americans. Leaders included An Changho, Syngman Rhee, and Park Yong-man. This organization, along with many others, would play a key role in the Korean independence movement between 1910 and 1945.[51]

After the annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910, Korean migration to the United States came to a virtual halt. The Japanese colonial government had initially allowed Koreans to immigrate to the US starting in 1902, but later banned Korean emigration to secure manpower on the Korean peninsula and to protect Japanese Americans from Korean competition in the US. The Japanese government did, however, allow Korean women to immigrate to the US (many of whom arrived as picture brides) to pacify nationalist sentiment in Korean American communities.[49] The Immigration Act of 1924 (also referred to as the Oriental Exclusion Act) also worked to systematically exclude Korean immigrants from coming to the US.

Immigration following the Korean War (1950–1964)

[edit]

Due to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, opportunities were more open to Asian Americans, enabling Korean Americans to move out of enclaves into middle-class neighborhoods. When the Korean War ended in 1953, small numbers of students and professionals entered the United States. A larger group of immigrants included women married with U.S. servicemen commonly referred to as "war brides". These women faced discrimination in the US as well as in South Korea, where many were labelled as whores or traitors.[52] Following in 1953, South Korea had allowed international adoption. This had stemmed from the result of the Korean war as it left many children displaced. As a result of allowing external adoption in South Korea, a majority of the children have been adopted from families across the United States.[53] With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Koreans became one of the fastest growing Asian groups in the United States, surpassed only by Filipinos.

Immigration following the 1965 Immigration Act

[edit]

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 abolished the quota system that had restricted the numbers of Asians allowed to enter the United States. Over 560,000 Koreans have immigrated to the US from 1970 to 1990.[54] Large numbers of Koreans, including some from North Korea who had come via South Korea, have immigrated ever since, placing Korea in the top six countries of origin of immigrants to the United States[55] since 1975. The reasons for immigration vary and include the desire for freedom and to seek better economic opportunities. The 1965 Immigration Act also generated a shift in the demographics of the Korean American community, with "new immigrants" making up the majority of the Korean American population.

The Korean American Experience after the 1980s

[edit]
A wide range of Korean Americans

In the 1980s and 1990s, Koreans became noted not only for starting small businesses such as dry cleaners or convenience stores, but also for diligently planting churches. They would venture into abandoned cities and start up businesses which happened to be predominantly African American in demographics. This would sometimes lead to publicized tensions with customers as dramatized in movies such as Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing. Their children, along with those of other Asian Americans, would also be noted in headlines and magazine covers in the 1980s for their numbers in prestigious universities and highly skilled white collar professions. Favorable socioeconomic status and education have led to the painting of Asian Americans, including Korean Americans, as a "model minority". However, this label is a controversial one: many individuals claim that the "model minority" label derides other communities of color and dismisses the challenges that the Korean Americans, and other Asian American ethnic groups, face.[56] For instance, 12.8% of all Korean Americans live at or below the poverty line.[57]

Juju Chang is an American television journalist for ABC News, and currently serves as an anchor of Nightline.

A large number of Korean Americans do not have health insurance[58][59] due to language access barriers.[60][61] Furthermore, older Korean Americans, who are at significant risk of developing mental health conditions, are less likely to access mental health services even when exhibiting symptoms. This is due to stigma and cultural misconceptions regarding mental health conditions.[62][63]

Los Angeles has emerged as a major center of the Korean American community. The city has undergone a rapid transition in the 1990s marked by an influx of Koreans and investment by Korean banks and corporations.[64][65] Many entrepreneurs opened small businesses, and were hard hit by the 1992 Los Angeles riots[66] More recently, L.A.'s Koreatown has been perceived to have experienced declining political power secondary to re-districting,[67] and an increased crime rate,[68] prompting an exodus of Koreans from the area. Furthermore, the aftermath of the 1992 riots witnessed a large number of Koreans from Southern California moving to the San Francisco Bay Area and opening businesses and buying property near downtown Oakland, furthering the growth of that city's Koreatown until the early 2000s.[69]

According to Park (1998), the violence against Korean Americans in 1992 stimulated a new wave of political activism among Korean Americans, but it also split them into two main camps. The "liberals" sought to unite with other minorities in Los Angeles to fight against racial oppression and scapegoating. The "conservatives," emphasized law and order and generally favored the economic and social policies of the Republican Party. The conservatives tended to emphasize the political differences between Koreans and other minorities, specifically blacks and Hispanics.[70] Abelmann and Lie, (1997) report that the most profound result was the politicization of Korean Americans, all across the U.S. The younger generation especially realized they had been too uninvolved in American politics, and the riot shifted their political attention from South Korea to conditions in the United States.[71]

Also accelerated by the 1992 riots, Orange County's Korean population grew from its starting point in Koreatown, Garden Grove. As of 2020, Orange County had the second largest number of Korean Americans of any county in America, neighboring Los Angeles County has the most, numbering over 229,593.[72] Koreans originally moved into Garden Grove after Olympic gold medalist Sammy Lee bought a home in the 1950s signaling to other ethnic minorities that they could move into Orange County. Since then, Koreans have spread throughout northern Orange County, mainly concentrating in Buena Park, Fullerton, Cerritos, La Palma, Cypress, and Irvine. Garden Grove is now[when?] home to more than 1,500 Korean businesses, and has held a Korean festival, night market, and parade every year since 1983.[73] Mostly older and more traditional Korean businesses and food are found in Garden Grove, while newer and trendier Seoul based chains often locate in Buena Park and Irvine.[74] The Source OC is a multi-level Korean themed mall in Buena Park that houses over 100 restaurants, as well as Korean themed bars, a school, K-pop stores, and a PC gaming café.[75]

Actor Randall Park, who since 2015 portrayed Eddie Huang's father, Taiwanese-American restaurateur Louis Huang, in ABC's television show Fresh Off the Boat.

A substantial number of affluent Korean American professionals have settled in Bergen County, New Jersey since the early 2000s (decade) and have founded various academically and communally supportive organizations, including the Korean Parent Partnership Organization at the Bergen County Academies magnet high school[76] and The Korean-American Association of New Jersey.[77] Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck, New Jersey, within Bergen County, has undertaken an effort to provide comprehensive health care services to underinsured and uninsured Korean patients from a wide area with its Korean Medical Program, drawing over 1,500 Korean American patients to its annual health festival.[78][79][80][81] Bergen County's Broad Avenue Koreatown in Palisades Park[82] has emerged as a dominant nexus of Korean American culture,[83] and its Senior Citizens Center provides a popular gathering place where even Korean grandmothers were noted to follow the dance trend of the worldwide viral hit Gangnam Style by South Korean "K-pop" rapper Psy in September 2012;[84] while the nearby Fort Lee Koreatown is also emerging as such. The Chusok Korean Thanksgiving harvest festival has become an annual tradition in Bergen County, attended by several tens of thousands.[85]

Bergen County's growing Korean community[86][87][88][89] was cited by county executive Kathleen Donovan in the context of Hackensack, New Jersey attorney Jae Y. Kim's appointment to Central Municipal Court judgeship in January 2011.[88] Subsequently, in January 2012, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie nominated attorney Phillip Kwon of Bergen County for New Jersey Supreme Court justice,[90][91][92] although this nomination was rejected by the state's Senate Judiciary Committee,[93] and in July 2012, Kwon was appointed instead as deputy general counsel of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[94] According to The Record of Bergen County, the U.S. Census Bureau has determined the county's Korean American population—2010 census figures put it at 56,773[95][96] (increasing to 63,247 by the 2011 American Community Survey)[97]—grew enough to warrant language assistance during elections,[98] and Bergen County's Koreans have earned significant political respect[weasel words].[99][100][101] As of May 2014, Korean Americans had garnered at least four borough council seats in Bergen County.[102]

Flatbush boycott

[edit]

In 1990, Korean American owned shops were boycotted in the Flatbush section of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. The boycott started by Black Nationalist, Sonny Carson, lasted for six months and became known as the Flatbush boycott.

Comfort women controversy

[edit]

In May 2012, officials in Bergen County's borough of Palisades Park, New Jersey rejected requests by two diplomatic delegations from Japan to remove a small monument from a public park, a brass plaque on a block of stone, dedicated in 2010 to the memory of comfort women, thousands of women, many Koreans, who were forced into sexual slavery by Japanese soldiers during World War II.[86][103] Days later, a South Korean delegation endorsed the borough's decision.[104] However, in neighboring Fort Lee, various Korean American groups could not reach consensus on the design and wording for such a monument as of early April 2013.[105][106] In October 2012, a similar memorial was announced in nearby Hackensack, to be raised behind the Bergen County Courthouse, alongside memorials to the Holocaust, the Great Irish Famine, the Armenian genocide, and Slavery in the United States[100] and was unveiled in March 2013.[107][108] An apology and monetary compensation of roughly $8,000,000 by Japan to South Korea in December 2015 for these crimes largely fell flat in Bergen County, where the first U.S. monument to pay respects to comfort women was erected.[109]

East Sea controversy

[edit]

According to The Record, the Korean American Association of New Jersey petitioned Bergen County school officials in 2013 to use textbooks that refer to the Sea of Japan as the East Sea as well.[110] In February 2014, Bergen County lawmakers announced legislative efforts to include the name East Sea in future New Jersey school textbooks.[111][112] In April 2014, a bill to recognize references to the Sea of Japan also as the East Sea in Virginia textbooks was signed into law.[113]

Sewol ferry tragedy memorial in the United States

[edit]

In May 2014, the Palisades Park Public Library in New Jersey created a memorial dedicated to the victims of the tragic sinking of the Sewol ferry off the South Korean coast on April 16, 2014.[114]

Nail salon abuse

[edit]

According to a 2015 investigation by The New York Times, abuse by Korean nail salon owners in New York City and Long Island was rampant, with 70 to 80% of nail salon owners in New York being Korean, per the Korean American Nail Salon Association; with the growth and concentration in the number of salons in New York City far outstripping the remainder of the United States since 2000, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Abuses routinely included underpayment and non-payment to employees for services rendered, exacting poor working conditions, and stratifying pay scales and working conditions for Korean employees above non-Koreans.[115]

Recent statistics

[edit]

It is hard to determine the accuracy of this reporting due to the figures being sourced from the Korean Consulate in Korea, and the channels of various Korean-affiliated organizations. For example, tens of thousands of immigrant women who have been married to USFK since the 1950s and who have been adopted since the liberation of the United States have not been identified in the Korean consulate statistics.[116]

Languages

[edit]
Korean-language newspapers being sold in the United States (2018)

Korean Americans can speak a combination of English and Korean depending on where they were born and when they immigrated to the United States. New immigrants often use a mixture of Korean and English (Konglish), a practice also known as code-switching.[117]

Memorials and celebrities

[edit]

Korean American Day, celebrated on January 13, commemorates the arrival of the first Korean immigrants to the United States on January 13, 1903. This day was first proclaimed by President George W. Bush in 2003 and officially recognized by the U.S. Congress in 2005. It honors the significant contributions of Korean Americans in various fields such as small business, the military, faith leadership, medicine, the arts, and politics, reflecting over a century of their impact on American society.[118]

Celebrities are named at List of Korean Americans.

Politics

[edit]
Jay Kim (R-CA)
Andy Kim (D-NJ)
Young Kim (R-CA)
Michelle Steel (R-CA)
Marilyn Strickland (D-WA)

In a poll from the Asia Times before the 2004 U.S. presidential election, Korean Americans narrowly favored Republican candidate George W. Bush by a 41% to 38% margin over Democrat John Kerry, with the remaining 19% undecided or voting for other candidates.[119] However, according to a poll done by the AALDEF, the majority of Korean Americans that voted in the 2004 presidential election favored Democrat John Kerry by a 66% to 33% margin over Republican candidate George W. Bush.[120] And another poll done by the AALDEF suggest the majority of Korean Americans that voted in the 2008 presidential election favored Democrat Barack Obama by a 64% to 35% margin over Republican John McCain[120] In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Korean Americans favored Democrat Barack Obama over Republican John McCain, around 59% to 41%.[121] However, there are still more registered Republican Korean Americans than registered Democrats. Korean Americans, due to their Republican and Christian leanings, overwhelmingly supported California's constitutional gay marriage ban, Proposition 8.[122]

According to a multilingual exit poll from the 2012 election, 77% of Korean Americans voted for Democrat Barack Obama, while only 20% voted for Republican Mitt Romney.[123] The poll also showed that 60% of Korean Americans identify themselves as being Democrats, while only 14% of Korean Americans identify themselves as being Republican.[123]

In the 2016 presidential election, a majority of Korean Americans (75%) voted for Hillary Clinton.[124]

Korean Americans in Congress

[edit]

Elected in 1992, Jay Kim was the first Korean American person elected to Congress.[125] He represented portions of Orange County, California. He was defeated for re-election in the Republican primary in 1998.

In 2018, Andy Kim was elected to Congress from central New Jersey, becoming the first Democratic and second overall Korean American to serve in Congress.[126]

The 2020 elections saw the first three Korean American women elected to Congress, Republicans Young Kim and Michelle Steel of California and Democrat Marilyn Strickland of Washington.

Out of the five Korean Americans elected to the U.S. Congress, only Andy Kim was born in the United States: Jay Kim, Young Kim, Michelle Steel, and Marilyn Strickland were all born in Korea and immigrated, with Strickland having a father in the American military.[127]

  1. Andy Kim: Born on July 12, 1982, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Korean immigrant parents, Andy Kim is the only one among the current Korean American Congress members born in the United States. He has been serving as a member of the Democratic Party representing New Jersey since January 3, 2019.
  2. Young Kim: Young Kim was born on October 18, 1962, in Incheon, South Korea. She is a Republican Congresswoman representing California's 39th Congressional District, having assumed office on January 3, 2021.
  3. Michelle Steel: Born in South Korea, Michelle Park Steel is a Republican Congresswoman representing California's 48th Congressional District. She has been serving since January 3, 2021.
  4. Marilyn Strickland: Marilyn Strickland was born in Seoul, South Korea. She is a Democratic Congresswoman representing Washington's 10th Congressional District and has been in office since January 3, 2021. Strickland is notably the first African-American to represent Washington State at the federal level and the first Korean-American woman elected to Congress in its history.
  5. Jay Kim: Jay Kim, who served in the past, was born in 1939 in Gyeongseong (now Seoul), South Korea, during the Japanese occupation of Korea. He immigrated to the United States in 1961 and later served as a Republican Congressman.

Religion

[edit]

Religious Makeup of Korean-Americans (2012)[128]

  Protestantism (61%)
  Unaffiliated (23%)
  Catholicism (10%)
  Buddhism (6%)

Korean Americans have historically had a very strong Christian—particularly Protestant—heritage. Between 60% and 65% identify as Christian; 40% of those consist of immigrants who were not Christians at the time of their arrival in the United States. There are about 4,000 Korean Christian churches in the United States.[129] According to a 2016 survey, Presbyterian churches accounted for 42%, followed by Baptists (17%) and Methodists (12%).[130] However, according to a study by UC Riverside in 2020, 64% of Korean American Christians identify as Presbyterians, followed by Methodists (11%) and Baptists (7%).[131]

According to a survey conducted in 2022–2023, Korean Americans have the second largest percentage of individuals who identity as Christian. Fifty-nine percent of Korean Americans identify as Christian. These statistics are in contrast with other Asian American groups such as the Chinese, Japanese, Indian, and Vietnamese of whom 15 to 36% identify as Christian.[132]

The majority of Korean Americans across various social categories go to church. Won Moo Hurh attributes this to 4 factors, including the Christian backgrounds of both early and recent immigrants and the ethnic function of the Korean American Church.[133] Many early Korean immigrants were Christians in Korea who came to the US through the support of American missionaries. The churches established by early Korean immigrants thus became associated with ethnic organizations. Korean immigrants who arrived in the US following the US Immigration Act of 1965 also came from urban middle-class backgrounds and were predominantly Christian.[133]

In 2004, there are 89 Korean Buddhist temples in the United States; the largest such temple, Los Angeles' Sa Chal Temple, was established in 1974.[134] A small minority, about 2 to 10% of Korean Americans are Buddhist.[135] Reasons given for the conversion of immigrant Korean families to Christianity include the responsiveness of Christian churches to immigrant needs as well as their communal nature, whereas Buddhist temples foster individual spirituality and practice and provide fewer social networking and business opportunities, as well as social pressure from other Koreans to convert.[136] Most Korean American Christians do not practice traditional Confucian ancestral rites practiced in Korea (in Korea, most Catholics, Buddhists, and nonbelievers practice these rites).[135][137]

Socio-economic status

[edit]

According to a 2019 analysis of 2017–2019 American Community Survey by the Pew Research Center, the median annual household income of all Koreans in the U.S. was $72,200 (less than the $85,800 for all Asians in the U.S.). The median household income of US-born Koreans, however, was $88,100 exceeding the median household income for all Asians in the U.S.

In terms of employment (of civilians aged 16 or older), 62% of all Koreans in the U.S. were employed as compared to 62% for all Asians in the U.S. At an employment rate of 68%, U.S. born Koreans were slightly more likely to be employed than foreign born Koreans who have an employment rate of 59%.[138]

Cuisine

[edit]
David Chang, at the Time 100 gala in Manhattan, is an American restaurateur, author, and television personality.

"Korean American cuisine" can be described as a fusion of traditional Korean cuisine with American culture and tastes.[139] Dishes such as "Korean tacos" have emerged from the contacts between Korean bodega owners and their Mexican workers in the Los Angeles area, spreading from one food truck (Kogi Korean BBQ) in November 2008 to the national stage eighteen months later.[140]

According to Chef Roy Choi (of Kogi Korean BBQ fame), sundubu-jjigae was a dish developed by Korean immigrants in Los Angeles. In 2021, Thrillist named Bergen County, New Jersey as America's best Korean barbecue destination.[141]

Often, chefs borrow from Korean flavors and preparation techniques that they will integrate into the style they are most comfortable with (whether it be Tex-Mex, Chinese or purely American). Even a classic staple of the American diet, the hamburger, is available with a Korean twist—bulgogi (Korean BBQ) burgers.

With the popularity of cooking and culinary sampling, chefs, housewives, food junkies and culinary aficionados have been bolder in their choices, favoring more inventive, specialty and ethnic dishes. Already popular in its subset populations peppered throughout the United States, Korean food debuted in the many Koreatowns found in metropolitan areas including in Los Angeles; Garden Grove and Buena Park in Orange County, California; Queens and Manhattan in New York City; Palisades Park[142][unreliable source?] and Fort Lee[143][144] in Bergen County, New Jersey; Annandale, Virginia; Philadelphia; Atlanta; Dallas; and Chicago. Korean cuisine has unique and bold flavors, colors and styles; these include kimchi, an often spicy dish made of salted and fermented vegetables (baechu-kimchi, kkaktugi), long-fermented pastes (gochujang, doenjang), rice cake or noodle dishes and stews (tteok-bokki, naengmyun), marinated and grilled meats (bulgogi, galbi), and many seafood dishes using fish cakes, octopus, squid, shellfish and fish.

The Korean dining scene was noted to have grown sharply in New Jersey during 2018.[145] Broad Avenue in Bergen County's Palisades Park Koreatown in New Jersey has evolved into a Korean dessert destination as well;[146][147] while a five-mile long "Kimchi Belt" has emerged in the Long Island Koreatown in New York.[148]

Korean coffeehouse chain Caffe Bene, also serving misugaru, has attracted Korean American entrepreneurs as franchisees to launch its initial expansion into the United States, starting with Bergen County, New Jersey and the New York City Metropolitan Area.[149]

Unauthorized immigration

[edit]
See also: Illegal immigration to the United States and Illegal immigration amongst Asian Americans

In 2012, the Department of Homeland Security estimated that there were 230,000 "unauthorized immigrants" born in South Korea; they are the seventh-largest nationality of unauthorized immigrants behind those from Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, the Philippines and India.[150]

Notable people

[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Korean Americans.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "US Census Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
  2. ^ RODRIGUEZ-GITLER, ARIANA (September 8, 2017). "Top 10 U.S. metropolitan areas by Korean population, 2015". PEW RESEARCH CENTER: Social & Demographic Trends. PEW RESEARCH CENTER. Archived from the original on September 3, 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2018.
  3. ^ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pew Forum. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  4. ^ "Pew Forum – Korean Americans' Religions". Pew Forum. July 18, 2012. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  5. ^ [1][dead link]
  6. ^ Julian Ryall, Tokyo (May 31, 2016). "Polish firms employing North Korean 'slave labourers' benefit from EU aid". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
  7. ^ 인, 태정; 오중환 (May 2012). "The Pre- and Post-Migration Life Satisfaction of Korean Americans in New York, New Jersey, and Boston Areas" 재미 한인의 미국과 한국사회 만족도 비교연구: 미국 북동부의 뉴욕, 뉴저지, 보스턴 지역을 중심으로 :미국 북동부의 뉴욕, 뉴저지, 보스턴 지역을 중심으로. 문화와 사회 (in Korean). 12: 147–189. doi:10.17328/kjcs.2012.12.1.004. ISSN 1975-7239.
  8. ^ 선천적 복수국적제 피해, 여성의 경우. The Korea Times (in Korean). Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  9. ^ 장, 안리 (June 2019). "'Korean American' 용어에 대한 재미한인들의 개념 정의 및 내포에 대한 연구". 사회연구 (in Korean). 12 (2): 321–354. doi:10.14431/jms.2019.06.12.2.321. ISSN 2005-2553. S2CID 204367351.
  10. ^ "Demographic and Housing Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  11. ^ 재미 교포 在美僑胞 [Foreign nationals in the United States]. ko.dict.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved November 6, 2023. 1. 미국에 정착하여 미국 국민으로 살고 있는 동포. [1. A Korean who has settled in the United States and lives as an American citizen.]
  12. ^ "ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS". U.S. Census Bureau. 2015. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  13. ^ Barnes, Jessica S.; Bennett, Claudette E. (February 2002). "The Asian Population: 2000" (PDF). U.S. Census 2000. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
  14. ^ "Why The Number of North Korean Refugees in the United States Is So Low". NKHIDDENGULAG. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  15. ^ a b 다수거주국가 | 재외동포 정의 및 현황 외교부.
  16. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Illinois' 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
  17. ^ "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  18. ^ "America's Asian Population Patterns 2000–2010". Proximityone.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  19. ^ "Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 23, 2023.
  20. ^ america, north (May 24, 2023). "Korean population in United States 2023 | Korean Americans". America Demografia. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  21. ^ "Top 10 States | Percentage of Korean Population | 2023 | Zip Atlas". zipatlas.com. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  22. ^ a b "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside, CA CSA". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  23. ^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  24. ^ "KTV Plus Key Points" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  25. ^ Chi-Hoon Kim (2015). Savoring Gotham: A Food Lover's Companion to New York City: A Food Lover's... Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-026363-8. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
  26. ^ Pyong Gap Min (2006). Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues. SAGE Publications. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
    Ahn, Daniel. "Profiling Culture: An Examination of Korean American Gangbangers in Southern California". Asian American Law Journal. 11. University of California Berkeley School of Law. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
    Charles K. Armstrong (August 22, 2013). The Koreas. Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-136-16132-2. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
    Rough Guides (May 2, 2011). The Rough Guide to California. Penguin. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4053-8302-8. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  27. ^ Jie Zong; Jeanne Batalova (December 3, 2014). "Korean Immigrants in the United States – Table 1. Top Concentrations by Metropolitan Area for the Foreign Born from Korea, 2008–12". Migration Policy Institute. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
  28. ^ "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates Bergen County, New Jersey". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  29. ^ Tanza Loudenback (March 29, 2016). "The 50 smartest public high schools in America". Business Insider. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
  30. ^ "America's Top High Schools 2015". Newsweek. Retrieved August 19, 2015.
  31. ^ "Welcome to the Bergen County Academies". Bergen County Technical Schools. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  32. ^ "Samsung Electronics America, Inc. Company Profile". Hoover's Inc. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
  33. ^ Michael W. Curley, Jr. (February 7, 2017). "LG breaks ground on Englewood Cliffs HQ". NorthJersey.com – part of the USA TODAY network. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  34. ^ Richard Newman (September 20, 2016). "Stranded container ship gets go-ahead to dock in Elizabeth". NorthJersey.com via Gannett. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  35. ^ James O'Neill (February 22, 2015). "Mahwah library hosts Korean tea ceremony to celebrate new year". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  36. ^ Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition, Edited by Pyong Gap Min. Pine Forge Press – An Imprint of Sage Publications, Inc. 2006. ISBN 9781412905565. Archived from the original on March 31, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
  37. ^ "Palisades Park Municipal Court". SpinJ Corporation. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  38. ^ "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates Palisades Park borough, New Jersey". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  39. ^ "Los Angeles city, California QuickLinks". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
  40. ^ Korean American Population Data Archived September 4, 2018, at the Wayback Machine National Association of Korean Americans (Source: 2000 U.S. Census)
  41. ^ "Destination by Country, 1953–2007", Statistics on Overseas Koreans, South Korea: Overseas Korean Foundation, 2007, retrieved May 31, 2009 [permanent dead link]
  42. ^ S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States, United States Census Bureau, archived from the original on February 12, 2020, retrieved September 22, 2007
  43. ^ "In North Korea, a brutal choice". CNN. March 26, 2012. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  44. ^ Kim, Victoria (January 10, 2012). "Wary of notice and trying to fit in". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 16, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
  45. ^ Korean Immigrants in the United States
  46. ^ a b "History of Korean Immigration to America, from 1903 to Present | Boston Korean Diaspora Project". sites.bu.edu. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  47. ^ Se Eung Oh, Dr. Philip Jaisohn's Reform Movement, 1896–1898 (1995).
  48. ^ Monsy Alvarado (January 13, 2014). "North Jersey Korean Americans celebrate another year of community's emergence". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
  49. ^ a b c d Lee, Erika (2016). The making of Asian America: a history. New York: Simon & Schuster paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-4767-3940-3.
  50. ^ Patterson, Wayne (2000). The Ilse: First-Generation Korean Immigrants in Hawaiʻi, 1903–1972. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 1–11. ISBN 0-8248-2241-2.
  51. ^ [지평선]"사진 신부". Hankook Ilbo (in Korean). May 16, 2003. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  52. ^ Moore, Tatiana (2020). "The Pattern of American Society: Treatment of Korean War Brides in the United States Following the Korean War". Undergraduate Research Journal. 24 7.
  53. ^ Nash, Amy (2014). "Korean Americans". Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  54. ^ Park, Edward (June 30, 2020). "A Divergent Path: Korean American Politics in an Age of Globalization". Journal of Global and Area Studies(JGA). 4 (1): 29–43. doi:10.31720/jga.4.1.2. ISSN 2586-0305. S2CID 225788551.
  55. ^ "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 1". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  56. ^ "The Model Minority Myth". The Practice. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  57. ^ "Koreans | Data on Asian Americans". Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  58. ^ "The Korean American Community". Korean American Health Conference. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  59. ^ "Health Problems of Korean Americans: Access to Health Care". Geriatrics. March 24, 2014. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  60. ^ Antonio-Vila, Lydia (April 17, 2020). "NAKASEC: Highlighting discrepancies in language access in the Asian American community". Fairfax County Times. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  61. ^ Bharath, Deepa (November 14, 2019). "Undocumented, uninsured Korean Americans find safe havens in nonprofit clinics". The Orange County Register. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  62. ^ "Fewer older Korean Americans utilize mental health services". University of Hawaiʻi News. October 20, 2020. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
  63. ^ Sohn, Linda (2010). "Health and health care of Korean American Older Adults". ECampus-Geriatrics. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020 – via Stanford School of Medicine.
  64. ^ Laux, H. C.; Theme, G. (2006). "Koreans in Greater Los Angeles: socioeconomic polarization, ethnic attachment, and residential patterns". In Li, W. (ed.). From urban enclave to ethnic suburb: New Asian communities in Pacific Rim countries. Honolulu: U of Hawaii Press. pp. 95–118. ISBN 0-8248-2911-5.
  65. ^ Youngmin Lee; Kyonghwan Park (2008). "Negotiating hybridity: transnational reconstruction of migrant subjectivity in Koreatown, Los Angeles". Journal of Cultural Geography. 25 (3): 245–262. doi:10.1080/08873630802433822. S2CID 145462855.
  66. ^ Abelmann, Nancy; Lie, John (1997). Blue dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles riots. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-07705-9.[page needed]
  67. ^ David Zahniser (August 1, 2012). "Koreatown residents sue L.A. over redistricting". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  68. ^ "Koreatown Crime". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
  69. ^ "Oakland's got Seoul / Koreatown emerges as hub of Asian culture and downtown's rebirth". SF Gate. Oakland. June 13, 2002. Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  70. ^ Park, Edward J. W. (1998). "Competing visions: Political formation of Korean Americans in Los Angeles, 1992–1997". Amerasia Journal. 24 (1): 41–57. doi:10.17953/amer.24.1.320208pj23401021. S2CID 146498339. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013.
  71. ^ Abelmann, Nancy; Lie, John (1997). Blue dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles riots. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 184–185. ISBN 0-674-07705-9.
  72. ^ 왕, 길환 (March 18, 2022). 재미동포 인구 192만명…캘리포니아주에 55만7천여명 거주. Yonhap News Agency (in Korean). Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  73. ^ "Korean Festival 2009". YouTube. October 15, 2009.
  74. ^ "A guide to Koreatown in Garden Grove: Orange County's Korean cultural center". Los Angeles Times. November 27, 2019.
  75. ^ "A Vibrant Korean Community is Thriving in North O.C." August 26, 2022.
  76. ^ "Bergen County Academies Parent Partnership Organization – Korean PPO". Archived from the original on September 5, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  77. ^ "The Korean-American Association of New Jersey". Archived from the original on September 16, 2009. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  78. ^ Aaron Morrison (September 27, 2014). "Korean Medical Program draws 1,500 to Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on September 28, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
  79. ^ Karen Rouse (September 29, 2013). "North Jersey Korean health fair data help track risks". North Jersey Media Group. Retrieved September 29, 2013. [dead link]
  80. ^ Barbara Williams (October 20, 2012). "Annual Korean health fair draws crowds at Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck". 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
  81. ^ Barbara Williams (November 24, 2012). "Holy Name will screen 2,000 for Hepatitis B". 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  82. ^ Asian Americans: Contemporary Trends and Issues Second Edition, Edited by Pyong Gap Min. Pine Forge Press – An Imprint of Sage Publications, Inc. 2006. ISBN 978-1-4129-0556-5. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  83. ^ BrianYarvin (June 13, 2008). "Jersey Dispatch: Bergen County Koreatown". Newyork.seriouseats.com. Archived from the original on June 19, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  84. ^ Sachi Fujimori; Elyse Toribio (September 22, 2012). "'Gangnam Style' dance craze catches fire in North Jersey". 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
  85. ^ Mary Diduch (September 14, 2013). "Koreans in North Jersey give thanks at harvest festival". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on September 18, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  86. ^ a b S.P. Sullivan (June 8, 2013). "Sexual slavery issue, discussed internationally, pivots around one little monument in N.J." Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  87. ^ John C. Ensslin (December 20, 2011). "North Jersey Korean-Americans relieved but worried about transition". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
  88. ^ a b "Korean War vets honored at Cresskill church". North Jersey Media Group. June 26, 2011. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
  89. ^ "Hackensack attorney appointed to court". North Jersey Media Group. January 15, 2011. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
  90. ^ Monsy Alvarado (January 24, 2012). "North Jersey Koreans welcome state Supreme Court nomination". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
  91. ^ Kate Zernike (January 23, 2012). "Christie Names a Gay Man and an Asian for the Top Court". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  92. ^ Juliet Fletcher (January 23, 2012). "Christie nominates gay black man, Asian to N.J. Supreme Court – video". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  93. ^ Baxter, Christopher (March 25, 2012). "In rejecting Supreme Court nominee Phillip Kwon, Dems send Gov. Christie a message". Star Ledger. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
  94. ^ SHAWN BOBURG AND JOHN REITMEYER (July 26, 2012). "Update: Philip Kwon, rejected N.J. Supreme Court nominee, scores a top Port Authority job". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  95. ^ Monsy Alvarado (September 4, 2012). "Bergen County swears in first female Korean-American assistant prosecutor". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
  96. ^ Karen Sudol; Dave Sheingold (October 12, 2011). "Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County". 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
  97. ^ "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Geographies – Bergen County, New Jersey". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
  98. ^ Karen Sudol; Dave Sheingold (October 12, 2011). "Korean language ballots coming to Bergen County". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  99. ^ John C. Ensslin (August 20, 2012). "After decades of work, Bergen County Koreans have earned political respect". 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on August 23, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012.
  100. ^ a b Rebecca D. O'Brien (October 14, 2012). "New Jersey's Korean community awakens politically". 2012 North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
  101. ^ Monsy Alvarado (October 9, 2012). "Korean-Americans to sponsor three debates". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  102. ^ Monsy Alvarado (May 12, 2014). "South Korean officials, Menendez lead Englewood discussion on improving joint economy". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  103. ^ Kirk Semple (May 18, 2012). "In New Jersey, Memorial for 'Comfort Women' Deepens Old Animosity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  104. ^ Monsy Alvarado (July 12, 2012). "Palisades Park monument to 'comfort women' stirs support, anger". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
  105. ^ Dan Ivers (April 6, 2013). "Critics cause Fort Lee to reconsider monument honoring Korean WWII prostitutes". Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  106. ^ Linh Tat (April 4, 2013). "Controversy puts planned 'comfort women' memorial in Fort Lee on hold". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  107. ^ S.P. Sullivan (March 8, 2013). "Bergen County marks International Women's Day with Korean 'comfort women' memorial". Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  108. ^ Monsy Alvarado (March 8, 2013). "Memorial dedicated to women forced into sexual slavery during WWII". North Jersey Media Group, Inc. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  109. ^ Matthew McGrath (December 28, 2015). "Mixed reaction to Japan apology on 'comfort women'". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  110. ^ Linh Tat (May 16, 2013). "Korean group petitions schools over textbook". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
  111. ^ Matt Friedman (February 14, 2014). "New Jersey lawmakers cause international stir with bill to rename 'Sea of Japan'". Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
  112. ^ John C. Ensslin; Michael Linhorst (February 14, 2014). "What's in a name: Bergen state lawmakers push Korean claim that Sea of Japan is East Sea". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
  113. ^ David Sherfinski (April 3, 2014). "Virginia's 'East Sea' textbook bill a nod to Korean Americans". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014.
  114. ^ Monsy Alvarado (May 2, 2014). "Palisades Park library creates memorial for South Korean ferry victims". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on August 16, 2016. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
  115. ^ Sarah Maslin Nir (May 7, 2015). "The Price of Nice Nails". The New York Times. Reporting was contributed by Sarah Cohen, Jiha Ham, Jeanne Li, Yuhan Liu, Julie Turkewitz, Isvett Verde, Yeong-Ung Yang and Heyang Zhang, and research by Susan C. Beachy. Archived from the original on May 7, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
  116. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea". March 31, 2013. Archived from the original on March 31, 2013.
  117. ^ "Konglish". The Korea Times. February 7, 2012. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  118. ^ "Korean American day". Gateway Korea Foundation. January 13, 2022. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  119. ^ Lobe, Jim (September 16, 2004). "Asian-Americans lean toward Kerry". Asia Times. Archived from the original on September 16, 2004. Retrieved May 16, 2008.
  120. ^ a b Lee, Bryan (2009). "The Asian American Vote in the 2008 Presidential Election" (PDF). AALDEF. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  121. ^ "National Asian American Survey". Naasurvey.com. October 21, 2015. Archived from the original on June 27, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  122. ^ "Korean Americans hate gay marriage the most". SF Weekly. July 20, 2010. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2010.
  123. ^ a b "2012 AALDEF exit poll" (PDF). Aaldef.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 28, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
  124. ^ "2016 Post-Election National Asian American Survey" (PDF). National Asian American Survey. May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  125. ^ Drummond Ayres Jr., B. (April 28, 1998). "Political Briefing; To His Own Party, Persona Non Grata". The New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
  126. ^ Reilly, Ryan J. (October 30, 2018). "Andy Kim Is A South Jersey Boy. The GOP Calls Him 'Not One Of Us.'". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  127. ^ Stangarone, Troy (January 12, 2021). "Meet the Four Korean American Members of the 117th Congress". Korea Economic Institute of America. Retrieved November 21, 2023.
  128. ^ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pew Research Center. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
  129. ^ 미국 내 한인교회 3천5백 개… 남가주 1천개로 '압도적'. 종교신문 1위 크리스천투데이. August 19, 2019. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  130. ^ "≪크리스찬투데이≫ 해외한인교회, 114년만에 6000을 넘다". 크리스찬투데이. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  131. ^ 크리스찬투데이. 크리스찬투데이. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved May 11, 2020.
  132. ^ Rotolo, Besheer Mohamed and Michael (October 11, 2023). "Religion Among Asian Americans". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  133. ^ a b Hurh, Won Moo (1998). The Korean Americans. The new Americans. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29741-0.
  134. ^ Suh, Sharon A. (2004), Being Buddhist in a Christian World: Gender and Community in a Korean American Temple, University of Washington Press, pp. 3–5, ISBN 0-295-98378-7
  135. ^ a b Lee, Jonathan H. X.; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). Encyclopedia of Asian American folklore and folklife. ABC-CLIO. p. 703. ISBN 978-0-313-35066-5.
  136. ^ Yoo, David; Ruth H. Chung (2008). Religion and spirituality in Korean America. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07474-5.
  137. ^ Park, Chang-Won (June 10, 2010). Cultural Blending in Korean Death Rites. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-4411-1749-6.
  138. ^ Budiman, Abby (April 29, 2021). "Koreans in the U.S. Fact Sheet". Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  139. ^ Oum, Young-Rae (2005). "Authenticity and representation: cuisines and identities in Korean-American diaspora". Postcolonial Studies. 8 (1): 109. doi:10.1080/13688790500134380. S2CID 145365993.
  140. ^ Edge, John T. (July 28, 2010). "The Tortilla Takes a Road Trip to Korea". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
  141. ^ Musni, Lauren (September 26, 2022). "New Jersey's 10 best Korean barbecue restaurants, ranked". nj. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  142. ^ "Palisades Park, NJ: K-Town West of Hudson". WordPress.com. June 11, 2007. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  143. ^ Karen Tina Harrison (December 19, 2007). "Thriving Korean communities make Fort Lee and Palisades Park a boon to epicures". Copyright 2012 New Jersey Monthly Magazine. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  144. ^ Melanie Lefkowitz (April 30, 2011). "Bergen County's Fort Lee: Town With a View". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 4, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  145. ^ [2] Archived January 3, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Accessed January 3, 2019.
  146. ^ Elisa Ung (February 9, 2014). "Ung: Destination spot for desserts". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on March 2, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
  147. ^ Elisa Ung (June 12, 2014). "Five Korean dishes to try this summer". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  148. ^ Pete Wells (December 16, 2014). "In Queens, Kimchi Is Just the Start – Pete Wells Explores Korean Restaurants in Queens". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 16, 2014. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
  149. ^ Joan Verdon (June 5, 2014). "Korean coffee chain expanding in North Jersey". North Jersey Media Group. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2014.
  150. ^ Nancy Rytina; Bryan C. Baker (January 2012). "Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2012" (PDF). DHS Office of Immigration Statistics. United States Department of Homeland Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 18, 2018. Retrieved April 16, 2016.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Abelmann, Nancy and Lie, John. Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots. (1995). 272 pp.
  • Chung, Angie Y. Legacies of struggle : conflict and cooperation in Korean American politics (2007) online
  • Kibria, Nazli. Becoming Asian American: Second-Generation Chinese and Korean American Identities (2003) online
  • Kim, Illsoo. New urban immigrants: the Korean community in New York (Princeton University Press, 2014) online.
  • Kim, Ilpyong J. Korean-Americans: Past, Present, and Future (Hollym International, 2004).
  • Kim, Katherine Yungmee. Los Angeles's Koreatown (2010)
  • Kim, Simon C., and Francis Daeshin Kim. Reconciling Cultures and Generations: Reflections on Today's Church by Korean American Catholics (2018)
  • Korean American Historical Society, comp. Han in the Upper Left: A Brief History of Korean Americans in the Pacific Northwest. (Seattle: Chin Music, 2015. 103 pp.)
  • Kwak, Tae-Hwan, and Seong Hyong Lee, eds. The Korean American Community: Present and Future (Seoul: Kyungnam University Press, 1991).
  • Lehrer, Brian. The Korean Americans (Chelsea House, 1988).
  • Lim, Eunjung, and Dennis Halpin. The Korean Wave in American Politics (US-Korea Institute at SAIS, 2015) online
  • Min, Pyong Gap. "Korean immigrants in Los Angeles" in Immigration and entrepreneurship (Routledge, 2017) pp. 185–204. online
  • Min, Pyong Gap. Caught in the Middle: Korean Communities in New York and Los Angeles. (1996). 260 pp.
  • Min, Pyong Gap (January 27, 2011). "KOREANS' IMMIGRATION TO THE U. S: HISTORY AND CONTEMPORARY TRENDS" (PDF). The Research Center for Korean Community, Queens College of CUNY. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 18, 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2019.
  • Nash, Amy. "Korean Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 23–39. online
  • Oh, Arissa H., "From War Waif to Ideal Immigrant: The Cold War Transformation of the Korean Orphan," Journal of American Ethnic History (2012), 31#1 pp 34–55.
  • Park, Heui-Yung. Korean and Korean American Life Writing in Hawaiʻi: From the Land of the Morning Calm to Hawaiʻi Nei (Lexington Books, 2015).
  • Park, In Young, and Marquisha Lawrence Scott. "Understanding the Ethnic Self: A Qualitative Study of 1.5 Generation Korean American Immigrants" Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 9#2 (2022), pp. 171–98. online
  • Park, Kyeyoung. The Korean American Dream: Immigrants and Small Business in New York City (1997)
  • Park, Kyu Young. Korean Americans in Chicago (2003)
  • Patterson, Wayne. The Korean Frontier in America: Immigration to Hawaii, 1896–1910 (University of Hawaii Press, 1988).
  • Patterson, Wayne, and Hyung-Chan Kim. Koreans in America (Lerner Publications, 1992)
  • Takaki, Ronald. From the Land of Morning Calm: The Koreans in America (Chelsea House, 1994).
  • Won Moo Hurh. The Korean Americans (Greenwood Press, 1998).
  • Yoo, David, Contentious Spirits: Religion in Korean American History, 1903–1945 (2010)
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Korean diaspora in the United States.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_Americans&oldid=1257042226"