Mingrelian grammar

Mingrelian is a Kartvelian language from the Caucasus. Like other languages in the area, it contains a large number of grammatical cases and shows ergative alignment. Mingrelian is mostly agglutinative in terms of morphological inflection, although it has no grammatical gender or noun classes, unlike neighbouring Caucasian languages from the Nakh-Dagestanian family. Mingrelian verbs index numerous tense-aspect-moods, with traces of evidentiality indexation.

Mingrelian has two dialects: Zugdidi-Samurzakano (northwestern) and Senaki-Martvili (southeastern).

Phonology

Vowels

Mingrelian has five vowel phonemes /i ɛ a ɔ u/. The Zugdidi-Samurzaqano dialect has a sixth /ə/ which is the result of assimilation of /i/ and /u/.

Mingrelian vowels
	Front	Back
	Front	unrounded	rounded
High	i [i] ი	(ə [ə] ჷ)	u [u] უ
Mid	e [ɛ] ე		o [ɔ] ო
Low		a [ɑ] ა

Consonants

The consonant inventory of Mingrelian contains series of aspirated and ejective consonants that contrast with voiced consonants. The inventory and is almost identical to that of Laz, Georgian, and Svan. The table below shows the consonants of Mingrelian in romanized script, phonetic symbols from the IPA, and in Mkhedruli script.

Mingrelian consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m [m] მ	n [n] ნ
Plosive	voiced	b [b] ბ	d [d] დ		g [ɡ] გ
	aspirated	p [pʰ] ფ	t [tʰ] თ		k [kʰ] ქ
	ejective	p̌ [pʼ] პ	ţ [tʼ] ტ		ǩ [kʼ] კ	q̌ [qʼ] ყ	ɔ [ʔ] ჸ
Affricate	voiced		ž [d͡z] ძ	dj [d͡ʒ] ჯ
	aspirated		ʒ [t͡sʰ] ც	ç [t͡ʃʰ] ჩ
	ejective		ǯ [t͡sʼ] წ	č [t͡ʃʼ] ჭ
Fricative	voiced	v [v] ვ	z [z] ზ	j [ʒ] ჟ	ɣ [ɣ] ღ
Fricative	voiceless		s [s] ს	ş [ʃ] შ	x [x] ხ		h [h] ჰ
Trill			r [r] რ
Approximant			l [l] ლ	y [j] ჲ

Grammatical cases

Mingrelian has nine grammatical cases, which are indexed in all nominals. Unlike neighboring Nakh-Dagestanian languages, Mingrelian verbs show no case markings. Grammatical case endings are the same for nouns and adjectives, both in the singular and the plural, unlike many Indo-European languages such as Latin or Polish. Mingrelian case morphemes are shown below.

Case	Mingrelian
nominative	-ი	-i
ergative	-ქ	-k
dative	-ს	-s
genitive	-იშ	-iş /iʃ/
lative	-იშა	-işa /iʃa/
ablative	-იშე	-işe /iʃe/
instrumental	-ით	-it
adverbial	-ო(თ)	-o(t)
benefactive	-იშო(თ)	-işo(t) /iʃot/

Nominals

Mingrelian nouns and adjectives occur in singular and plural forms.

Example of noun declension

Example of the declension of noun stem კოჩ- (ǩoç- “man”) in singular and plural forms.

Case/Number	Singular			Plural
Case/Number	Mkhedruli	Romanized	IPA	Mkhedruli	Romanized	IPA
Nominative	კოჩი	ǩoç-i	/ kʼɔtʃʰi /	კოჩეფი	ǩoç-ep-i	/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰi /
Ergative	კოჩქ	ǩoç-k	/ kʼɔtʃʰkʰ /	კოჩეფქ	ǩoç-ep-k	/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰkʰ /
Dative	კოჩს	ǩoç-s	/ kʼɔtʃʰs /	კოჩეფს	ǩoç-ep-s	/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰs /
Genitive	კოჩიშ	ǩoç-iş	/ kʼɔtʃʰiʃ /	კოჩეფიშ	ǩoç-ep-iş	/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰiʃ /
Lative	კოჩიშა	ǩoş-işa	/ kʼɔtʃʰiʃa /	კოჩეფიშა	ǩoç-ep-işa	/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰiʃa /
Ablative	კოჩიშე	ǩoç-işe	/ kʼɔtʃʰiʃɛ /	კოჩეფიშე	ǩoç-ep-işe	/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰiʃɛ /
Instrumental	კოჩით	ǩoç-it	/ kʼɔtʃʰit /	კოჩეფით	ǩoç-ep-it	/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰit /
Adverbial	კოჩო	ǩoç-o	/ kʼɔtʃʰɔ /	კოჩეფო	ǩoç-ep-o	/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰɔ /
Benefactive	კოჩიშო	ǩoç-išo	/ kʼɔtʃʰiʃɔ /	კოჩეფიშო	ǩoç-ep-işo	/ kʼɔtʃʰɛpʰiʃɔ /

Example of adjective declension

Declension of stem წვეშ- (ǯveş- “old”) in singular and plural forms.

Case	Singular		Plural
Nominative	წვეში	ǯveş-i	წვეშეფი	ǯveş-ep-i
Ergative	წვეშქ	ǯveş-k	წვეშეფქ	ǯveş-ep-k
Dative	წვეშს	ǯveş-s	წვეშეფს	ǯveş-ep-s
Genitive	წვეშიშ	ǯveş-iş	წვეშეფიშ	ǯveş-ep-iş
Lative	წვეშიშა	ǯveş-işa	წვეშეფიშა	ǯveş-ep-işa
Ablative	წვეშიშე	ǯveş-işe	წვეშეფიშე	ǯveş-ep-işe
Instrumental	წვეშით	ǯveş-it	წვეშეფით	ǯveş-ep-it
Adverbial	წვეშო	ǯveş-o	წვეშეფო	ǯveş-ep-o
Benefactive	წვეშიშო	ǯveş-işo	წვეშეფიშო	ǯveş-ep-işo

Comparison with other Kartvelian languages

Example of the declension of noun stem კოჩ- (ǩoç- “man”) in comparison to corresponding Laz კოჩ- (ǩoç-) , Georgian კაც- (kʼats-) and Svan č'äš (“husband”) forms. Note that Laz does not index adverbial and benefactive cases through suffixes, neither do Georgian nor Svan index the lative or ablative.

Case	Singular					Plural
Case	Mingrelian		Laz	Georgian	Svan	Mingrelian		Laz	Georgian	Svan
Nominative	კოჩი	ǩoçi	ǩoçi	kʼatsi	č'äš	კოჩეფი	ǩoçepi	ǩoçepe	kʼatsebi	č'äšär
Ergative	კოჩქ	ǩoçk	ǩoçik	kʼatsma	č'äšd	კოჩეფქ	ǩoçepk	ǩoçepek	kʼatsebma	č'äšärd
Dative	კოჩს	ǩoçs	ǩoçis	kʼatss	č'äšs	კოჩეფს	ǩoçeps	ǩoçepes	kʼatsebs	č'äšärs
Genitive	კოჩიშ	ǩoçiş	ǩoçiş	kʼatsis	č'äšiš	კოჩეფიშ	ǩoçepiş	ǩoçepeş	kʼatsebis	č'äšäriš
Lative	კოჩიშა	ǩoşişa	ǩoçişa	-	-	კოჩეფიშა	ǩoçepişa	ǩoçepeşa
Ablative	კოჩიშე	ǩoçişe	ǩoçişe	-	-	კოჩეფიშე	ǩoçepişe	ǩoçepeşe
Instrumental	კოჩით	ǩoçit	ǩoçite	kʼatsit	č'äššw	კოჩეფით	ǩoçepit	ǩoçepete	kʼatsebit	č'äšäršw
Adverbial	კოჩო	ǩoço		kʼatsad	č'äšd	კოჩეფო	ǩoçepo		kʼatsebad	č'äšärd
Benefactive	კოჩიშო	ǩoçišo		kʼatsistvis	č'äšišd	კოჩეფიშო	ǩoçepişo		kʼatsebistvis	č'äšärišd

Traces of noun classification

Mingrelian has traces of a noun classification system that distinguishes animacy semantically along the lines of human-like or un-human-like.

Concrete			Abstract
Animate		Inanimate
Human and "human-like" beings (e.g. God, deities, angels)	Animals	Inanimate physical entities	Abstract objects
Human-like	Un-human-like
mi? ("who?")	mu? ("what?")

Pronouns

Personal pronouns (nominative)

I	მა	ma
You (sing.)	სი	si
We	ჩქი/ჩქƨ	çki/çkə
You (pl.)	თქვა	tkva

Demonstrative pronouns (nominative)

Singular		Plural
This	ina	These	(t)enepi
That	ena	Those	(t)inepi

Possessive pronouns

1st person	singular	ჩქიმი/ჩქƨმი	çkimi/çkəmi
1st person	plural	ჩქინი/ჩქƨნი	çkini/çkəni
2nd person	singular	სქანი	skani
2nd person	plural	თქვანი	tkvani
3rd person	singular	მუში	muşi
3rd person	plural	ინეფიშ	inepiş

Verbs

The Mingrelian verb has the categories of person, number, version, tense, mood, aspect, voice, and verbal focus.

Personality and number

In Mingrelian the verbs can be monovalent, bivalent or trivalent. This feature is also shared with other Kartvelian languages.

Monovalent verbs are represented only by subjective person and are always intransitive.
Bivalent verbs together with subject have also one object (direct or indirect). They are:
- transitive in the case of direct object
- intransitive if the object is indirect
Trivalent verbs have one subject and always both, direct and indirect objects and are ditransitive.

Table of verb personality

	Unipersonal	Bipersonal		Tripersonal
	intransitive	transitive	intransitive	ditransitive
Subject	+	+	+	+
Direct Object		+		+
Indirect Object			+	+

The person may be singular or plural.

Subject and object markers in Mingrelian are roughly the same as in Laz.

Subject markers

	Singular	Plural
S1	v-	v-...-t
S2	∅-	∅-...-t
S3	∅-...-∅/-s/-u	∅-...-na/-es

Object markers

	Singular	Plural
O1	m-	m-...-na/-es/-t
O2	g-	g-...-na/-es/-t
O3	∅-	∅-...-na/-es

In pre-consonant position the markers v- and g- may change phonetically:

v- → b- (in Zugdidi-Samurzakano dialect)
g- → r- (in both dialects)

Version

In Mingrelian there are four types of version marking:

subjective – shows that the action is intended for oneself,
objective – action is intended for another person,
objective-passive – the action is intended for another person and at the same time indicating the passiveness of subject,
neutral – neutral with respect to intention.

*Version markers*
Version	Mingrelian	Laz	Georgian	Svan
Subjective	-i-	-i-	-i-	-i-
Objective	-u-	-u-	-u-	-o-
Objective-passive	-a-	-a-	-e-	-e-
Neutral	-o-/-a	-o-	-a-	-a-

Tenses

In total there are 20 screeves in Mingrelian. They are grouped in four series.

*Verb screeves (sample conjugation)*
I series
Screeve	Stem: ç̌ar- "to write"	Translation
present	ç̌aruns	s/he writes
imperfect	ç̌arundu	s/he was writing
imperfective optative	ç̌arundas	s/he were writing
imperfective conditional	ç̌arundu-ǩon	if s/he were writing
future imperfect	ç̌arundas iʔuapu(n)/iʔii(n)	s/he will be writing
conditional of future imperfect in the past	ç̌arundu-ǩon iɣuapudu/iɣiidu	if s/he were writing
future	doç̌aruns	s/he will write
future in the past	doç̌arundu	s/he would write
future optative	doç̌arundas
II series
aorist	ç̌aru	s/he wrote
aorist optative	ç̌aras	should s/he write
aorist conditional	ç̌aru-ǩon	if s/he wrote
III series
inferential I	uç̌aru(n)	(it seems) s/he has written
inferential II	uç̌arudu	(it seems) s/he had written
inferential optative I	uç̌arudas	may s/he have written
inferential conditional II	uç̌arudu-ǩon	if s/he have written
IV series
inferential III	noç̌arue(n)	(it seems) s/he has written
inferential IV	noç̌aruedu	(it seems) s/he had written
inferential optative III	noç̌aruedas	may s/he have written
Inferential conditional IV	noç̌aruedu-ǩon	if s/he have written

Moods

Indicative

Indicative statement claims that the proposition should be taken as an apparent fact.

Interrogative

There are two ways to express interrogative mood:

with interrogative words, e.g. mi? (who?), mu? (what?), so? (where?), muzhams? (when?), muç̌o? (how?) etc.
by attaching an interrogative particle -o to the end of a verb.

Imperative

Indicates a command or request. The aorist form is used when addressing 2nd person (singular/plural) and aorist optative in all other cases.

Subjunctive

Expresses possibility, wish, desire. The subjunctive mood in Mingrelian is provided by optative screeves.

Conditional

Indicates condition in contrary to a fact. It is produced by adding a verbal suffix -ǩo(ni) to the end of a verb.

Aspect

In Mingrelian the verbs may have two aspects depending on the completeness of action (perfective aspect) or the lack of it (imperfective aspect). The perfective aspect is derived by adding a preverb to the verb.

In 2nd, 3rd, 4th series the verbs equally have both aspect forms, while in the 1st series the screeves are distributed between two aspects.

*Aspect distribution in the 1st series*
Imperfective Aspect
Screeve	*Stem: ჭარ- ç̌ar-* "to write"**		Translation
present	ჭარუნს	ç̌aruns	s/he writes
imperfect	ჭარუნდუ	ç̌arundu	s/he was writing
imperfective optative	ჭარუნდას	ç̌arundas	s/he were writing
imperfective conditional	ჭარუნდუ კონ	ç̌arundu ǩon	if s/he were writing
future imperfect	ჭარუნდას იჸუაფუნ/იჸიიდუ	ç̌arundas iʔuapu(n)/iʔii(n)	s/he will be writing
conditional of future imperfect in the past		ç̌arundu ǩon iʔuapudu/iʔiidu	if s/he were writing
Perfective Aspect
future	დოჭარუნს	do-ç̌ar-uns	s/he will write
future in the past	დოჭარუნდუ	do-ç̌arundu	s/he would write
future optative	დოჭარუნდას	doç̌arundas

Lexicon

Kinship terms

Mingrelian words for kinship reflect both generation and gender, although many words are derived. It has a mixed system of classificatory and descriptive system. Mingrelian kinship terms denote a large number of members of one's extended family as well as in-laws.

Nuclear family

Nuclear family^[1]^[2]
Mother	დიდა	dida
Father	მუმა	muma
Sister	და	da
Brother	ჲიმა	yima
Daughter	ოსორისქუა	osoriskua
Son	ბოში	boşi
Wife	ოსური	osuri
Husband	ქომონჲი	komonyi

Extended family

Extended family^[1]
Grandmother		ბები	bebi
Grandfather		ბაბუ	babu
Aunt	maternal	დეიდა	deida
Aunt	paternal	მამიდა	mamida
Uncle	maternal	ბიჲია	biyia
Uncle	paternal	ბიჲია	biyia
Nice or Nephew	brother's child	ჲიმასქუა	yimaskua
Nice or Nephew	sister's child	დასქუა	daskua
Cousin	aunt's child	მამიდასქუა	mamidaskua
Cousin	uncle's child	ბიჲასქუა	biyaskua

In-laws and step-family

In-laws and Step family^[1]^[2]
Mother-in-law	დიანთილი	diantili
Father-in-law	მუანთილი	muantili
Son-in-law	გესინჯებული	gesindjebuli
Parents of your child's spouse	ზახალეფი	zaxalefi
Sister-in-law	ოხოლასქილი	oxolaskili
Brother-in-law	სინჯა	sindja
Stepmother	დიდაჸონირი	didaɔoneri
Stepfather	მუმაჸონირი	mumaɔoneri
Stepchild	სქუაჸონირი	skuaɔoniri

Numerals

Mingrelian numerals follow a vigesimal system (i.e. base 20), like in Georgian.

Cardinal numbers

Most of the Mingrelian cardinal numbers are inherited from Proto-Kartvelian language, except arti (one) and eçi (twenty), which are considered as a Karto-Zan heritage, since there are no regular equivalents in Svan.

Cardinal numbers' table
	Mingrelian
1	ართი	arti
2	ჟირი/ჟჷრი	zhiri/zhəri
3	სუმი	sumi
4	ოთხი	otxi
5	ხუთი	xuti
6	ამშვი	amşvi
7	შქვითი	şkviti
8	(ბ)რუო	(b)ruo
9	ჩხორო	çxoro
10	ვითი	viti
11	ვითაართი	vitaarti
12	ვითოჟირი	vitozhiri
13	ვითოსუმი	vitosumi
14	ვითაანთხი	vitaantxi
15	ვითოხუთი	vitoxuti
20	ეჩი	eçi
21	ეჩდოართი	eçdoarti
30	ეჩდოვითი	eçdoviti
40	ჟაარნეჩი	zhaarneçi
50	ჟაარნეჩიდოვიჩი	zhaarneçidoviti
60	სუმონეჩი	sumoneçi
70	სუმონეჩდოვითი	sumoneçdoviti
80	ოთხონეჩი	otxoneçi
90	ოთხონეჩდოვითი	otxoneçdoviti
100	ოში	oşi
101	ოშართი	oşarti
102	ოშჟირი	oşzhiri
110	ოშვითი	oşviti
200	ჟიროში	zhiroşi
500	ხუთოში	xutoşi
1000	ანთასი	antasi
1999	ანთას ჩხოროშ ოთხონეჩდოვითოჩხორო	antas çxoroş otxoneçdovitoçxoro
2000	ჟირი ანთასი	zhiri antasi
10000	ვითი ანთასი	viti antasi

Ordinal numbers

In Mingrelian, ordinal numbers are derived by the circumfix ma- -a, with the exception of the word for “first”, პირველი (p̌irveli), which is not derived from the word for “one” ართი arti.


Ordinal
ma-NUMBER-a

*Ordinal numbers*
	Mingrelian
1st	p̌irveli
2nd	mazhira
3rd	masuma
4th	maotxa/mantxa
5th	maxuta
6th	maamşva
7th	maşkvita
8th	maruo
9th	maçxora
10th	mavita
11th	mavitaarta
12th	mavitozhira
20th	maeça
21st	eçdomaarta
30th	eçdomavita
100th	maoşa
101st	oşmaarta
102nd	oşmazhira
110th	oşmavita
200th	mazhiroşa
500th	maxutoşa
1000th	maantasa

Fractional numbers

The fractional numbers derivation rule in Mingrelian is akin to Old Georgian and Svan.

*Fractional number derivation*
Mingrelian/Laz
Mingrelian/Laz	na-NUMBER-al/or

*Fractional numbers' table*
	Mingrelian
	Mingrelian	whole	teli
1/2	gverdi
1/3	nasumori
1/4	naotxali or naantxali
1/5	naxutali
1/6	naamşvali
1/7	naşkvitali
1/8	naruali
1/9	naçxorali
1/10	navitali
1/11	navitaartali
1/12	navitozhirali
1/20	naeçali
1/100	naoşali
1/1000	naantasali

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Hewitt, Brian George. "The Kinship-Lexicon of Georgian, Mingrelian and Abkhaz." Bedi Kartlisa Paris 39 (1981): 256-267.
^ ^a ^b K̕urdaje, Ramaz; Šonia, Dodo; T̕andilava, Lile; Nižaraje, Lela (2015). K̕art̕ul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri lek̕sikoni: = Georgian-Megrelian-Laz-Svan-English dictionary. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Daibečda Gamomc̕emloba "Petitši". ISBN 978-9941-9386-8-9.

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Shanidze, A. (1973). Essentials of Georgian Grammar (in Georgian). Tbilisi.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Topuria, V. & Kaldani, M. (2000). Svan Dictionary (in Georgian). Tbilisi.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:0-1] Hewitt, Brian George. "The Kinship-Lexicon of Georgian, Mingrelian and Abkhaz." Bedi Kartlisa Paris 39 (1981): 256-267.

[:1-2] K̕urdaje, Ramaz; Šonia, Dodo; T̕andilava, Lile; Nižaraje, Lela (2015). K̕art̕ul-megrul-lazur-svanur-inglisuri lek̕sikoni: = Georgian-Megrelian-Laz-Svan-English dictionary. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Daibečda Gamomc̕emloba "Petitši". ISBN 978-9941-9386-8-9.

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v t e Georgian language
Grammar	Georgian grammar Screeve Verb paradigm Laz grammar Mingrelian grammar
Writing	Scripts Braille Calligraphy Keyboard Numerals Romanization
Encoding	Unicode Georgian Georgian Supplement Georgian Extended Mac OS Georgian
Genealogy	Proto-Kartvelian language Kartvelian languages Proto-Georgian–Zan Svan Karto-Zan Zan Laz Mingrelian Old Georgian Georgian dialects Adjaran Judaeo-Georgian
Letters	Ani Bani Gani Doni Eni Vini Zeni He Tani Ini K'ani Lasi Mani Nari Ie Oni P'ari Zhani Rae Sani T'ari Vie Uni Pari Kani Ghani Q'ari Shini Chini Tsani Dzili Ts'ili Ch'ari Khani Khari Jani Hae Hoe Fi
Other	Georgian Wikipedia