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over Soviet economic policy in the 1920s". He considered Kołakowski's bibliography excellent, though he was surprised at the exclusion of [[H. B. Acton]]'s ''The Illusion of the Epoch'' and [[Karl Popper]]'s ''[[The Open Society and Its Enemies]]''. Blaug praised the quality of Kołakowski's writing, as well as its translation.<ref name="Blaug" />
over Soviet economic policy in the 1920s". He considered Kołakowski's bibliography excellent, though he was surprised at the exclusion of [[H. B. Acton]]'s ''The Illusion of the Epoch'' and [[Karl Popper]]'s ''[[The Open Society and Its Enemies]]''. Blaug praised the quality of Kołakowski's writing, as well as its translation.<ref name="Blaug" />


Jay gave ''Main Currents of Marxism'' a positive review, describing the book as "extraordinarily valuable" and "powerfully written". Jay praised Kołakowski's account of the "origins of dialectic", and his discussion of the philosophical aspects of Marx's theory, although he noted that the latter covered little new ground and that Kołakowski's distinction between Marx's philosophy of praxis and Engels's scientific naturalism was familiar. Jay also praised Kołakowski's discussion of Marxism's economic foundations, and his critique of the labor theory of value. Jay credited Kołakowski with exposing the fallacies of historical materialism's reliance on the causal power of the economy "in the last resort". However, Jay criticized Kołakowski's treatment of Lukács, Korsch, Gramsci, the Frankfurt School, Goldmann, and Bloch, calling it "vituperative and ungenerous" and lacking in detachment.<ref name="Jay" />
Jay gave ''Main Currents of Marxism'' a positive review, describing the book as "extraordinarily valuable" and "powerfully written". Jay praised Kołakowski's account of the "origins of dialectic", and his discussion of the philosophical aspects of Marx's theory, although he noted that the latter covered little new ground and that Kołakowski's distinction between Marx's philosophy of praxis and Engels's scientific naturalism was familiar. Jay also praised Kołakowski's discussion of Marxism's economic foundations, and his critique of the labor theory of value. Jay credited Kołakowski with exposing the fallacies of historical materialism's reliance on the causal power of the economy "in the last resort". However, Jay criticized Kołakowski's treatment of Lukács, Korsch, Gramsci, the Frankfurt School, Goldmann, and Bloch, calling it "vituperative and ungenerous" and lacking in detachment. Jay wrote that while Kołakowski's work contained occasional factual errors or dubious interpretations, there were remarkably few of them considering the length of ''Main Currents of Marxism''.<ref name="Jay" />


Calhoun wrote that ''Main Currents of Marxism'' attracted criticism from left-wing writers partly because of Kołakowski's personal history and abandonment of Marxism, but that the book was nevertheless influential even on the left, since as a "handbook" of Marxism it was the only work of its kind. Calhoun gave the work a mixed review. He criticized Kołakowski's lack of sympathy for Marxism, and argued that Kołakowski's focused on Marxist writers only insofar as they could be considered philosophers, and distorted Marxism by giving comparatively little attention to Marxist economists, historians, and social scientists. While granting that the work was clearly written, Calhoun considered it not "encyclopedic or accessible enough to be an adequate reference work." Calhoun found Kołakowski's discussion of Marx's ''[[Capital: Critique of Political Economy|Capital]]'' "generally sound, although brief and focused on the non-economic issues." Overall, Calhoun found Kołakowski's first volume good but not outstanding as a discussion of Marx. He suggested that it contained "too few insights not to have been written in a more readable fashion". Calhoun found Kołakowski's discussion of Russian Marxism in his second volume often unfair, and also considered it over-long for a polemic. Calhoun was unconvinced by Kołakowski's argument that Stalinism was the logical conclusion of the work of [[Vladimir Lenin]], and considered Kołakowski's treatment of the impact of the Soviet Union on Marxism in other countries inadequate. He agreed with some, but not all, of Kołakowski's criticisms of the [[Frankfurt School]]. He concluded that while Kołakowski "offers many facts and many good arguments", his work did not give as good a sense of Marxism as an intellectual enterprise as it could have.<ref name="Calhoun" />
Calhoun wrote that ''Main Currents of Marxism'' attracted criticism from left-wing writers partly because of Kołakowski's personal history and abandonment of Marxism, but that the book was nevertheless influential even on the left, since as a "handbook" of Marxism it was the only work of its kind. Calhoun gave the work a mixed review. He criticized Kołakowski's lack of sympathy for Marxism, and argued that Kołakowski's focused on Marxist writers only insofar as they could be considered philosophers, and distorted Marxism by giving comparatively little attention to Marxist economists, historians, and social scientists. While granting that the work was clearly written, Calhoun considered it not "encyclopedic or accessible enough to be an adequate reference work." Calhoun found Kołakowski's discussion of Marx's ''[[Capital: Critique of Political Economy|Capital]]'' "generally sound, although brief and focused on the non-economic issues." Overall, Calhoun found Kołakowski's first volume good but not outstanding as a discussion of Marx. He suggested that it contained "too few insights not to have been written in a more readable fashion". Calhoun found Kołakowski's discussion of Russian Marxism in his second volume often unfair, and also considered it over-long for a polemic. Calhoun was unconvinced by Kołakowski's argument that Stalinism was the logical conclusion of the work of [[Vladimir Lenin]], and considered Kołakowski's treatment of the impact of the Soviet Union on Marxism in other countries inadequate. He agreed with some, but not all, of Kołakowski's criticisms of the [[Frankfurt School]]. He concluded that while Kołakowski "offers many facts and many good arguments", his work did not give as good a sense of Marxism as an intellectual enterprise as it could have.<ref name="Calhoun" />

Revision as of 09:25, 27 April 2017

Main Currents of Marxism: Its Origins, Growth and Dissolution
Cover of the first edition of volume two
AuthorLeszek Kołakowski
Original titleGłówne nurty marksizmu. Powstanie, rozwój, rozkład
TranslatorP. S. Falla
LanguagePolish
SubjectKarl Marx, Marxism
Published
Publication placeFrance
Media typePrint (Hardcover and Paperback)
Pages434 (English ed., vol. 1)
542 (English ed., vol. 2)
548 (English ed., vol. 3)
1284 (one volume edition)
ISBN0-19-285107-1 (vol. 1)
0-19-285108-X (vol. 2)
0-19-285109-8 (vol. 3)
978-0393329438 (one volume edition)

Main Currents of Marxism: Its Origins, Growth and Dissolution (Template:Lang-pl) is a work about Marxism by political philosopher Leszek Kołakowski. Its three volumes in English are: 1: The Founders, II: The Golden Age, and III: The Breakdown. It was first published in Polish in Paris in 1976, with the English translation appearing in 1978. In 2005, Main Currents of Marxism was republished in a one volume edition, with a new preface and epilogue by Kołakowski.[1]

Kołakowski's work was praised by scholars and academics, but Kołakowski was criticized for giving a misleading impression of Marxism by focusing on Marxist philosophers at the expense of other Marxist writers.

Background and publishing history

According to Kołakowski, Main Currents of Marxism was written in Polish between 1968 and 1976, at a time when it was impossible to publish the work in Poland. A Polish edition was published in France between 1976 and 1978, and then copied by underground Polish publishers. Translations in English, German, Dutch, Italian, Serbo-Croatian, and Spanish subsequently appeared. Another Polish edition was published in Great Britain in 1988 by the publishing house Aneks. The work was first published legally in Poland in 2000. Kołakowski writes that only the first two volumes appeared in French translation, and speculates that the reason for this is that "the third volume would provoke such an outrage among French Leftists that the publishers were afraid to risk it."[2]

Summary

Kołakowski provides an analysis of the origins, philosophical roots, golden age and breakdown of Marxism. He describes Marxism as "the greatest fantasy of the twentieth century", a dream of a perfect society which became a foundation for "a monstrous edifice of lies, exploitation and oppression." He argues that the Leninist and Stalinist versions of communist ideology are not a distortion or degenerate form of Marxism, but one of its possible interpretations.[3] Kołakowski writes that, despite his rejection of Marxism, his interpretation of Marx is influenced more by György Lukács than by other commentators.[4] His first volume contains a discussion of the intellectual background of Marxism, examining the contributions of such figures as Plotinus, Johannes Scotus Eriugena, Meister Eckhart, Nicholas of Cusa, Jakob Böhme, Angelus Silesius, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, as well as an analysis of the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Though Kołakowski does not accept that Hegel was an apologist for totalitarianism, he says of Hegel that, "the practical application of his doctrine means that in any case where the state apparatus and the individual are in conflict, is the former which must prevail."[5]

The second volume includes a discussion of the Second International,[6] which Kołakowski considers Marxism's "Golden Age", because of the open discussion and flexibility that were possible in that period.[7] The third volume deals with Marxist thinkers such as Leon Trotsky, Antonio Gramsci, Lukács, Karl Korsch, Lucien Goldmann, Herbert Marcuse, and Ernst Bloch, as well as the Frankfurt School and critical theory. Kołakowski critically discusses works such as Lukács's History and Class Consciousness (1923) and Bloch's The Principle of Hope (1954). Jean-Paul Sartre is discussed within a section on "Developments in Marxism since Stalin's death"; Kołakowski describes and criticizes Sartre's Critique of Dialectical Reason (1960). Kołakowski criticizes dialectical materialism, arguing that it consists partly of truisms with no specific Marxist content, partly of philosophical dogmas, partly of nonsense, and partly of statements that could be any of these things depending on how they are interpreted.[8]

Reception

Mainstream media

Main Currents of Marxism was reviewed by author Michael Harrington in The New Republic,[9] and the historian Tony Judt in The New York Review of Books.[10] The book received two reviews Library Journal, the first from Robert C. O'Brien and the second from Francisca Goldsmith.[11][12]

Scientific and academic journals

Main Currents of Marxism was reviewed by William P. Collins in The Journal of Politics,[13] Barry Hindess in The Sociological Review,[14] the economist Mark Blaug in Economica,[15] the historian Martin Jay in The American Historical Review,[16] the philosopher Sidney Hook in The American Scholar,[17] the sociologist Ralph Miliband in Political Studies,[18] the sociologist Craig Calhoun in Social Forces,[19] David Joravsky in Theory & Society,[20] Ken Plumme in Sociology,[21] the philosopher Marx W. Wartofsky in Praxis International,[22] John E. Elliott in the Journal of Economic Issues,[23] and Franklin Hugh Adler in The Antioch Review.[24]

Hindess gave Main Currents of Marxism a negative review, describing it as "a ponderous polemic against Marxism and especially against Lenin and the Bolsheviks." He considered Kołakowski lacking in scholarly detachment, and also criticized Kołakowski for not considering alternatives to his view that Marx's thought was a philosophical anthropology settled in its essential features by the time of The German Ideology and that Marx's subsequent work involved no fundamental changes to that anthropology. Hindess argued that because Kołakowski viewed Marxism as a philosophy he gave insufficient attention to "the use of Marxism as a means of political calculation or to the substantive questions of political and economic analysis posed in numerous Marxist attempts at concrete analysis". He accused Kołakowski of providing misleading discussions of Marxist writers such as Karl Kautsky, the development of Stalinism, and of Lenin's politics. He criticized Kołakowski for relying on "the notion of totalitarianism", calling it "worthless as a tool of political analysis", and described his account of Marxism as a "grotesque and offensive caricature" that failed to explain Marxism's impact on the modern world.[14]

Blaug gave Main Currents of Marxism a positive review, calling it a "brilliant work" that no one interested in the social sciences could neglect. Blaug credited Kołakowski with summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of Marxism, and with showing that "for Marx there is no contradiction between describing the coming of socialism as historically inevitable and prescribing it as the unique mission of the working class". Blaug considered Kołakowski's discussions of historical materialism, Engels's Dialectics of Nature, Kautsky, Georgi Plekhanov, Leninism, Trotsky, Trotskyism, Lukács, Marcuse, and Althusser among the outstanding features of Main Currents of Marxism. However, he concluded that, due to his background as a philosopher, Kołakowski had produced a "lopsided discussion that treats Marxism as if it consisted basically of certain philosophical and political ideas to which are attached some economic ones", thereby distorting the pivotal role of economic theory in Marxism. He wrote that there are "important elements in the history of Marxian economics" which Kołakowski "either neglects altogether or mentions only in passing", such as Paul Sweezy's revival of the work of Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz in The Theory of Capitalist Development (1942). Blaug also thought that there were several other subjects which Kołakowski could have given greater attention, such as "the controversies over Soviet economic policy in the 1920s". He considered Kołakowski's bibliography excellent, though he was surprised at the exclusion of H. B. Acton's The Illusion of the Epoch and Karl Popper's The Open Society and Its Enemies. Blaug praised the quality of Kołakowski's writing, as well as its translation.[15]

Jay gave Main Currents of Marxism a positive review, describing the book as "extraordinarily valuable" and "powerfully written". Jay praised Kołakowski's account of the "origins of dialectic", and his discussion of the philosophical aspects of Marx's theory, although he noted that the latter covered little new ground and that Kołakowski's distinction between Marx's philosophy of praxis and Engels's scientific naturalism was familiar. Jay also praised Kołakowski's discussion of Marxism's economic foundations, and his critique of the labor theory of value. Jay credited Kołakowski with exposing the fallacies of historical materialism's reliance on the causal power of the economy "in the last resort". However, Jay criticized Kołakowski's treatment of Lukács, Korsch, Gramsci, the Frankfurt School, Goldmann, and Bloch, calling it "vituperative and ungenerous" and lacking in detachment. Jay wrote that while Kołakowski's work contained occasional factual errors or dubious interpretations, there were remarkably few of them considering the length of Main Currents of Marxism.[16]

Calhoun wrote that Main Currents of Marxism attracted criticism from left-wing writers partly because of Kołakowski's personal history and abandonment of Marxism, but that the book was nevertheless influential even on the left, since as a "handbook" of Marxism it was the only work of its kind. Calhoun gave the work a mixed review. He criticized Kołakowski's lack of sympathy for Marxism, and argued that Kołakowski's focused on Marxist writers only insofar as they could be considered philosophers, and distorted Marxism by giving comparatively little attention to Marxist economists, historians, and social scientists. While granting that the work was clearly written, Calhoun considered it not "encyclopedic or accessible enough to be an adequate reference work." Calhoun found Kołakowski's discussion of Marx's Capital "generally sound, although brief and focused on the non-economic issues." Overall, Calhoun found Kołakowski's first volume good but not outstanding as a discussion of Marx. He suggested that it contained "too few insights not to have been written in a more readable fashion". Calhoun found Kołakowski's discussion of Russian Marxism in his second volume often unfair, and also considered it over-long for a polemic. Calhoun was unconvinced by Kołakowski's argument that Stalinism was the logical conclusion of the work of Vladimir Lenin, and considered Kołakowski's treatment of the impact of the Soviet Union on Marxism in other countries inadequate. He agreed with some, but not all, of Kołakowski's criticisms of the Frankfurt School. He concluded that while Kołakowski "offers many facts and many good arguments", his work did not give as good a sense of Marxism as an intellectual enterprise as it could have.[19]

Joravsky gave Main Currents of Marxism a mixed review. He argued that Kołakowski challenged the traditional view of Marx as a philosopher who became a revolutionary socialist and political economist by presenting Marx primarily as a philosopher, with Marx's role as a revolutionary socialist and social scientist as being derived from his philosophy. He saw the book as a continuation of arguments over Marxism that Kołakowski had previously engaged in while a member of the Communist Party of Poland. Joravsky wrote that Kołakowski's negative portrayal of the historical consequences of Marxism was "at odds with the factual richness and complexity of his massive history", and found Kołakowski to be guilty of inconsistency by presenting himself as being beyond disputes between Marxists, while still adhering to Lukács's interpretation of Marx. He accused Kołakowski of unfairly blaming Marx for totalitarianism. Joravsky found much of Main Currents of Marxism dull, and considered Kołakowski's account of Marx's place in the history of philosophy tendentious. He criticized Kołakowski for ignoring the problems Marx posed to social science and giving Marx credit only for commonplaces such as considering the social context of beliefs, and for dealing only with Marxist writers who were connected with Marxist movements or regimes, mentioning Karl Mannheim and C. Wright Mills as authors Kołakowski ignored. Joravsky gave a more favorable assessment of Kołakowski's discussion of Austromarxism, Polish Marxism, and Jürgen Habermas, but was dissatisfied with Kołakowski's treatment of the Communist movement as a whole, accusing Kołakowski being preoccupied with Russia and neglecting other countries.[20]

Elliott gave Main Currents of Marxism a positive review, describing it as "comprehensive" and "eminently usable in courses on Marx, Marxism, socialism, and allied topics." Elliott was convinced by Kołakowski's argument that Marx's later works, such as Capital, were consistent with his earlier works from 1843 onward, continuing and elaborating their principles. Elliott found the first volume valuable to economists in the "institutionalist tradition" for Kołakowski's observation that Marx never adopted an ethical or normative point of view, his explanation of Marx's notion of praxis, the "interweaving of theory and practice", and his explanation that Marx's critique of capitalism starts "not with poverty but with dehumanization." Elliott found the second volume a "tour de force", and considered it in some ways the best of the three. He commended Kołakowski's discussion of how the various Marxist schools of thought during the Second International differed from each other, and from Marx. While Elliott found Kołakowski's discussions of Lenin and Soviet Marxism informative, he added that they had to be "read with an awareness of the particular axe which Kolakowski is grinding", namely his opposition to the Soviet regime. Elliott considered Kołakowski better at describing than criticizing Marxism, and criticized him for over-relying on Eugen Böhm von Bawerk's critique of Marx's theory of value. However, he wrote that Kołakowski's work had merits that more than made up for these deficiencies, and that it was essential reading for any serious student of Marxism.[23]

Evaluations in books

The Marxist historian G. E. M. de Ste. Croix, writing in The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (1981), considered Main Currents of Marxism overpraised, but nevertheless acknowledged that he was influenced by it and that Kołakowski accurately delineated some of the disastrous developments of Marx's thought by many of his followers.[25] Main Currents of Marxism was praised by the philosopher A. J. Ayer.[26] The philosopher Roger Scruton, writing in Thinkers of the New Left (1985) credited Kołakowski with lucidly describing the main tendencies of Marxism and expressed agreement with Kołakowski's view of Lukács as "an intellectual Stalinist, one for whom an opponent sacrifices, by his very opposition, the right to exist."[27] Conservative authors William F. Buckley Jr. and Charles R. Kesler wrote that Kołakowski traces at length "the connection between Marxist theory and Stalinist reality", calling his book "excellent".[28]

Paul Thomas, writing in The Cambridge Companion to Marx (1991), argued that Kołakowski wrongly interprets Marxism as "radical anthropocentrism, a secularization of the (real) religious absolute, a formula for human self-perfectibility, and the self-deification of humankind." Thomas saw Kołakowski's interpretation as being motivated by the wish to connect Marx to "his self-appointed disciples."[29] The political scientist David McLellan praised Kołakowski in the 1995 edition of his Karl Marx: His Life and Thought for the thoroughness of his philosophical discussion of Marx.[30] M. W. Jackson, writing in Jon Stewart's anthology The Hegel Myths and Legends (1996), criticized Kołakowski's treatment of Hegel, arguing that Kołakowski is one of many authors who have misleadingly seen Hegel's philosophy as supporting "a quiescent authoritarian politics or worse." In the same work, Main Currents of Marxism is listed as a work that has promoted "myths" about Hegel.[31] The historian of science Roger Smith wrote that while Main Currents of Marxism is "written by a deeply disabused Polish ex-Marxist intellectual", it is "an invaluable history across an extended range."[32] The philosopher Richard Rorty wrote that people in eastern and central Europe who have read Kołakowski suspect that he tells you "pretty much all you will ever need to know about Marx and Marxism–Leninism."[33]

The philosopher John Gray praised Main Currents of Marxism, calling it "magisterial".[34]

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Kołakowski 2005.
  2. ^ Kołakowski 2005. pp. vi-vii
  3. ^ Kołakowski 2012. p. vii.
  4. ^ Kołakowski 2005. p. xxiv
  5. ^ Kołakowski 2012. pp. ix-xiv, 62-3.
  6. ^ Kołakowski 2005. pp. ix-xiv
  7. ^ Thomas 1999. p. 34.
  8. ^ Kołakowski 2005. pp. xix-xxi, 909, 994, 1129-1140, 1171-1172
  9. ^ Harrington 1979. pp. 28-32.
  10. ^ Judt 2006. pp. 88-92.
  11. ^ O'Brien 1979. p. 84.
  12. ^ Goldsmith 2005. p. 84.
  13. ^ Collins 1979. p. 1236.
  14. ^ a b Hindess 1979. pp. 839-842.
  15. ^ a b Blaug 1980. pp. 90-92.
  16. ^ a b Jay 1980. p. 81.
  17. ^ Hook 1980. p. 250.
  18. ^ Miliband 1981. pp. 115-122.
  19. ^ a b Calhoun 1981. pp. 607-610.
  20. ^ a b Joravsky 1981. p. 293.
  21. ^ Plumme 1981. pp. 300-303.
  22. ^ Wartofsky 1981. pp. 288-306.
  23. ^ a b Elliott 1985. p. 871.
  24. ^ Adler 2006. pp. 824-825.
  25. ^ Croix 1981. p. xi.
  26. ^ Ayer 1984. p. viii.
  27. ^ Scruton 1985. pp. 6, 158.
  28. ^ Buckley 1988. p. 210.
  29. ^ Thomas 1999. pp. 53-4.
  30. ^ McLellan 1995. p. 443.
  31. ^ Jackson 1996. p. 30, 382.
  32. ^ Smith 1997. p. 954.
  33. ^ Rorty 1999. p. 210.
  34. ^ Gray 2016.

Bibliography

Books
  • Ayer, A. J. (1984). Philosophy in the Twentieth Century. London: Unwin Paperbacks. ISBN 0-04-100044-7.
  • Buckley, William F.; Kesler, Charles R., eds. (1988). Keeping the Tablets: Modern American Conservative Thought. New York: Harper&Row. ISBN 0-06-055128-3.
  • de Ste. Croix, G. E. M. (1981). The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: from the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9597-0.
  • Jackson, M. W. (1996). Stewart, Jon (ed.). The Hegel Myths and Legends. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-1301-5.
  • Kołakowski, Leszek (2012). Is God Happy? Selected Essays. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-141-38955-4.
  • Kołakowski, Leszek (2005). Main Currents of Marxism. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32943-8.
  • McLellan, David (1995). Karl Marx: A Biography. London: Papermac. ISBN 0-333-63947-2.
  • Rorty, Richard (1999). Philosophy and Social Hope. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-026288-1.
  • Scruton, Roger (1985). Thinkers of the New Left. Harlow: Longman Group Limited. ISBN 0-582-90273-8.
  • Smith, Roger (1997). The Norton History of the Human Sciences. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-31733-1.
  • Thomas, Paul (1999). Carver, Terrell (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Marx. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36694-1.
Journals
  • Adler, Franklin Hugh (2006). "Main Currents of Marxism". The Antioch Review. 64 (4).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Blaug, Mark (1980). "Main Currents of Marxism. Its Rise, Growth and Dissolution (Book Review)". Economica. 47 (185).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Calhoun, Craig (1981). "Main Currents of Marxism: Volume 1: The Founders; Volume 2: The Golden Age; Volume 3: The Breakdown (Book)". Social Forces. 60 (2).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Collins, William P. (1979). "Main Current of Marxism (Book Review)". The Journal of Politics. 41 (4).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Elliott, John E. (1985). "Main Currents of Marxism (Book)". Journal of Economic Issues. 19 (3).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Goldsmith, Francisca (2005). "Main Currents of Marxism: The Founders, the Golden Age, the Breakdown". Library Journal. 130 (12).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Harrington, Michael (1979). "Main Currents of Marxism Volume I: The Founders Volume II: The Golden Age Volume III: The Breakdown". The New Republic. 180 (5).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Hindess, Barry (1979). "Main Currents of Marxism (Book)". The Sociological Review. 27 (4).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Hook, Sidney (1980). "Spectral Marxism". The American Scholar. 49 (2).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Jay, Martin (1980). "Main Currents of Marxism (Book Review)". The American Historical Review. 85 (1).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Joravsky, David (1981). "Kolakowski's long goodbye". Theory & Society. 10 (2).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Judt, Tony (2006). "Goodbye to All That?". The New York Review of Books. 53 (14).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Miliband, Ralph (1981). "Kolakowski's Anti Marx". Political Studies. 29 (1).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • O'Brien, Robert C. (1979). "Main Currents of Marxism (Book Review)". Library Journal. 104 (7).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Plumme, Ken (1981). "Main Currents of Marxism (Book)". Sociology. 15 (2).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
  • Wartofsky, Marx (1981). "The unhappy consciousness". Praxis International. 1 (3).  – via EBSCO's Academic Search Complete (subscription required)
Online articles
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