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Orders of magnitude (energy)
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This list compares various energies in joules (J), organized by order of magnitude.
Below 1 J
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More information Factor (joules), SI prefix ...
| Factor (joules) | SI prefix | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10−34 | 6.626×10−34 J | Energy of a photon with a frequency of 1 hertz.[1] | |
| 8×10−34 J | Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule at the lowest temperature reached (38 picokelvin[2] as of 2021[update]) | ||
| 10−30 | quecto- (qJ) | ||
| 10−28 | 6.6×10−28 J | Energy of a typical AM radio photon (1 MHz) (4×10−9 eV)[3] | |
| 10−27 | ronto- (rJ) | ||
| 10−24 | yocto- (yJ) | 1.6×10−24 J | Energy of a typical microwave oven photon (2.45 GHz) (1×10−5 eV)[4][5] |
| 10−23 | 2×10−23 J | Average kinetic energy of translational motion of a molecule in the Boomerang Nebula, the coldest place known outside of a laboratory, at a temperature of 1 kelvin[6][7] | |
| 10−22 | 2–3000×10−22 J | Energy of infrared light photons[8] | |
| 10−21 | zepto- (zJ) | 1.7×10−21 J | 1 kJ/mol, converted to energy per molecule[9] |
| 2.1×10−21 J | Thermal energy in each degree of freedom of a molecule at 25 °C (kT/2) (0.01 eV)[10] | ||
| 2.856×10−21 J | By Landauer's principle, the minimum amount of energy required at 25 °C to change one bit of information | ||
| 3–7×10−21 J | Energy of a van der Waals interaction between atoms (0.02–0.04 eV)[11][12] | ||
| 4.1×10−21 J | The "kT" constant at 25 °C, a common rough approximation for the total thermal energy of each molecule in a system (0.03 eV)[13] | ||
| 7–22×10−21 J | Energy of a hydrogen bond (0.04 to 0.13 eV)[11][14] | ||
| 10−20 | 4.5×10−20 J | Upper bound of the mass–energy of a neutrino in particle physics (0.28 eV)[15][16] | |
| 10−19 | 1.602176634×10−19 J | 1 electronvolt (eV) by definition. This value is exact as a result of the 2019 revision of SI units.[17] | |
| 3–5×10−19 J | Energy range of photons in visible light (≈1.6–3.1 eV)[18][19] | ||
| 3–14×10−19 J | Energy of a covalent bond (2–9 eV)[11][20] | ||
| 5–200×10−19 J | Energy of ultraviolet light photons[8] | ||
| 10−18 | atto- (aJ) | 1.78×10−18 J | Bond dissociation energy for the carbon monoxide (CO) triple bond, alternatively stated: 1072 kJ/mol; 11.11eV per molecule.[21]
This is the strongest chemical bond known. |
| 2.18×10−18 J | Ground state ionization energy of hydrogen (13.6 eV) | ||
| 10−17 | 2–2000×10−17 J | Energy range of X-ray photons[8] | |
| 10−16 | |||
| 10−15 | femto- (fJ) | 3 × 10−15 J | Average kinetic energy of one human red blood cell.[22][23][24] |
| 10−14 | 1×10−14 J | Sound energy (vibration) transmitted to the eardrums by listening to a whisper for one second.[25][26][27] | |
| > 2×10−14 J | Energy of gamma ray photons[8] | ||
| 2.7×10−14 J | Upper bound of the mass–energy of a muon neutrino[28][29] | ||
| 8.2×10−14 J | Rest mass–energy of an electron[30] (0.511 MeV)[31] | ||
| 10−13 | 1.6×10−13 J | 1 megaelectronvolt (MeV)[32] | |
| 2.3×10−13 J | Energy released by a single event of two protons fusing into deuterium (1.44 megaelectronvolt MeV)[33] | ||
| 10−12 | pico- (pJ) | 2.3×10−12 J | Kinetic energy of neutrons produced by DT fusion, used to trigger fission (14.1 MeV)[34][35] |
| 10−11 | 3.4×10−11 J | Average total energy released in the nuclear fission of one uranium-235 atom (215 MeV)[36][37] | |
| 10−10 | 1.492×10−10 J | Mass-energy equivalent of 1 Da[38] (931.5 MeV)[39] | |
| 1.503×10−10 J | Rest mass–energy of a proton[40] (938.3 MeV)[41] | ||
| 1.505×10−10 J | Rest mass–energy of a neutron[42] (939.6 MeV)[43] | ||
| 1.6×10−10 J | 1 gigaelectronvolt (GeV)[44] | ||
| 3×10−10 J | Rest mass–energy of a deuteron[45] | ||
| 6×10−10 J | Rest mass–energy of an alpha particle[46] | ||
| 7×10−10 J | Energy required to raise a grain of sand by 0.1mm (the thickness of a piece of paper).[47] | ||
| 10−9 | nano- (nJ) | 1.6×10−9 J | 10 GeV[48] |
| 8×10−9 J | Initial operating energy per beam of the CERN Large Electron Positron Collider in 1989 (50 GeV)[49][50] | ||
| 10−8 | 1.3×10−8 J | Mass–energy of a W boson (80.4 GeV)[51][52] | |
| 1.5×10−8 J | Mass–energy of a Z boson (91.2 GeV)[53][54] | ||
| 1.6×10−8 J | 100 GeV[55] | ||
| 2×10−8 J | Mass–energy of the Higgs Boson (125.1 GeV)[56] | ||
| 6.4×10−8 J | Operating energy per proton of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator in 1976[57][58] | ||
| 10−7 | 1×10−7 J | ≡ 1 erg[59] | |
| 1.6×10−7 J | 1 TeV (teraelectronvolt),[60] about the kinetic energy of a flying mosquito[61] | ||
| 10−6 | micro- (μJ) | 1.04×10−6 J | Energy per proton in the CERN Large Hadron Collider in 2015 (6.5 TeV)[62][63] |
| 10−5 | |||
| 10−4 | 1.0×10−4 J | Energy released by a typical radioluminescent wristwatch in 1 hour[64][65] (1 μCi × 4.871 MeV × 1 hr) | |
| 10−3 | milli- (mJ) | 3.0×10−3 J | Energy released by a P100 atomic battery in 1 hour[66] (2.4 V × 350 nA × 1 hr) |
| 10−2 | centi- (cJ) | 4.0×10−2 J | Use of a typical LED for 1 second[67] (2.0 V × 20 mA × 1 s) |
| 10−1 | deci- (dJ) | 1.1×10−1 J | Energy of an American half-dollar falling 1 metre[68][69] |
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1 to 105 J
More information Factor (joules), SI prefix ...
| Factor (joules) | SI prefix | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100 | J | 1 J | ≡ 1 N·m (newton–metre) |
| 1 J | ≡ 1 W·s (watt-second) | ||
| 1 J | Kinetic energy produced as an extra small apple (~100 grams[70]) falls 1 meter against Earth's gravity[71] | ||
| 1 J | Energy required to heat 1 gram of dry, cool air by 1 degree Celsius[72] | ||
| 1.4 J | ≈ 1 ft·lbf (foot-pound force)[59] | ||
| 4.184 J | ≡ 1 thermochemical calorie (small calorie)[59] | ||
| 4.1868 J | ≡ 1 International (Steam) Table calorie[73] | ||
| 8 J | Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin theoretical upper limit for the energy of a cosmic ray coming from a distant source[74][75] | ||
| 101 | deca- (daJ) | 1×101 J | Flash energy of a typical pocket camera electronic flash capacitor (100–400 μF @ 330 V)[76][77] |
| 5×101 J | The most energetic cosmic ray ever detected.[78] Most likely a single proton traveling only very slightly slower than the speed of light.[79] | ||
| 102 | hecto- (hJ) | 1.25×102 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation (standard) baseball (5.1 oz / 145 g)[80] thrown at 93 mph / 150 km/h (MLB average pitch speed).[81] |
| 1.5×102 - 3.6×102 J | Energy delivered by a biphasic external electric shock (defibrillation), usually during adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest. | ||
| 3×102 J | Energy of a lethal dose of X-rays[82] | ||
| 3×102 J | Kinetic energy of an average person jumping as high as they can[83][84][85] | ||
| 3.3×102 J | Energy to melt 1 g of ice[86] | ||
| > 3.6×102 J | Kinetic energy of 800 gram[87] standard men's javelin thrown at > 30 m/s[88] by elite javelin throwers[89] | ||
| 5–20×102 J | Energy output of a typical photography studio strobe light in a single flash[90] | ||
| 6×102 J | Use of a 10-watt flashlight for 1 minute | ||
| 7.5×102 J | A power of 1 horsepower applied for 1 second[59] | ||
| 7.8×102 J | Kinetic energy of 7.26 kg[91] standard men's shot thrown at 14.7 m/s[citation needed] by the world record holder Randy Barnes[92] | ||
| 8.01×102 J | Amount of work needed to lift a man with an average weight (81.7 kg) one meter above Earth (or any planet with Earth gravity) | ||
| 103 | kilo- (kJ) | 1.1×103 J | ≈ 1 British thermal unit (BTU), depending on the temperature[59] |
| 1.4×103 J | Total solar radiation received from the Sun by 1 square meter at the altitude of Earth's orbit per second (solar constant)[93] | ||
| 2.3×103 J | Energy to vaporize 1 g of water into steam[94] | ||
| 3×103 J | Lorentz force can crusher pinch[95] | ||
| 3.4×103 J | Kinetic energy of world-record men's hammer throw (7.26 kg[96] thrown at 30.7 m/s[97] in 1986)[98] | ||
| 3.6×103 J | ≡ 1 W·h (watt-hour)[59] | ||
| 4.2×103 J | Energy released by explosion of 1 gram of TNT[59][99] | ||
| 4.2×103 J | ≈ 1 food Calorie (large calorie) | ||
| ~7×103 J | Muzzle energy of an elephant gun, e.g. firing a .458 Winchester Magnum[100] | ||
| 8.5×103 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at the speed of sound (343 m/s = 767 mph = 1,235 km/h. Air, 20°C).[101] | ||
| 9×103 J | Energy in an alkaline AA battery[102] | ||
| 104 | 1.7×104 J | Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of carbohydrates[103] or protein[104] | |
| 3.8×104 J | Energy released by the metabolism of 1 gram of fat[105] | ||
| 4–5×104 J | Energy released by the combustion of 1 gram of gasoline[106] | ||
| 5×104 J | Kinetic energy of 1 gram of matter moving at 10 km/s[107] | ||
| 105 | 3×105 – 15×105 J | Kinetic energy of an automobile at highway speeds (1 to 5 tons[108] at 89 km/h or 55 mph)[109] |
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106 to 1011 J
More information Factor (joules), SI prefix ...
| Factor (joules) | SI prefix | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|---|
| 106 | mega- (MJ) | 1×106 J | Kinetic energy of a 2 tonne[108] vehicle at 32 metres per second (115 km/h or 72 mph)[110] |
| 1.2×106 J | Approximate food energy of a snack such as a Snickers bar (280 food calories)[111] | ||
| 3.6×106 J | = 1 kWh (kilowatt-hour) (used for electricity)[59] | ||
| 4.2×106 J | Energy released by explosion of 1 kilogram of TNT[59][99] | ||
| 6.1×106 J | Kinetic energy of the 4 kg tungsten APFSDS penetrator after being fired from a 120mm KE-W A1 cartridge with a nominal muzzle velocity of 1740 m/s.[112][113] | ||
| 8.4×106 J | Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active woman (2000 food calories)[114][115] | ||
| 9.1×106 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at Earth's escape velocity (First cosmic velocity ≈ 11.186 km/s = 25,020 mph = 40,270 km/h).[116] | ||
| 107 | 1×107 J | Kinetic energy of the armor-piercing round fired by the ISU-152 assault gun[117][citation needed] | |
| 1.1×107 J | Recommended food energy intake per day for a moderately active man (2600 food calories)[114][118] | ||
| 3.3×107 J | Kinetic energy of a 23 lb projectile fired by the Navy's mach 8 railgun.[119] | ||
| 3.7×107 J | $1 of electricity at a cost of $0.10/kWh (the US average retail cost in 2009)[120][121][122] | ||
| 4×107 J | Energy from the combustion of 1 cubic meter of natural gas[123] | ||
| 4.2×107 J | Caloric energy consumed by Olympian Michael Phelps on a daily basis during Olympic training[124] | ||
| 6.3×107 J | Theoretical minimum energy required to accelerate 1 kg of matter to escape velocity from Earth's surface (ignoring atmosphere)[125] | ||
| 9×107 J | Total mass-energy of 1 microgram of matter (25 kWh) | ||
| 108 | 1×108 J | Kinetic energy of a 55 tonne aircraft at typical landing speed (59 m/s or 115 knots)[citation needed] | |
| 1.1×108 J | ≈ 1 therm, depending on the temperature[59] | ||
| 1.1×108 J | ≈ 1 Tour de France, or ~90 hours[126] ridden at 5 W/kg[127] by a 65 kg rider[128] | ||
| 7.3×108 J | ≈ Energy from burning 16 kilograms of oil (using 135 kg per barrel of light crude)[citation needed] | ||
| 109 | giga- (GJ) | 1×109 J | Energy in an average lightning bolt[129] (thunder) |
| 1.1×109 J | Magnetic stored energy in the world's largest toroidal superconducting magnet for the ATLAS experiment at CERN, Geneva[130] | ||
| 1.2×109 J | Inflight 100-ton Boeing 757-200 at 300 knots (154 m/s) | ||
| 1.4×109 J | Theoretical minimum amount of energy required to melt a tonne of steel (380 kWh)[131][132] | ||
| 2×109 J | Energy of an ordinary 61 liter gasoline tank of a car.[106][133][134] | ||
| 2×109 J | Unit of energy in Planck units,[135] roughly the diesel tank energy of a mid-sized truck. | ||
| 2.49×109 J | Kinetic energy carried by American Airlines Flight 11 (767-200ER) at the moment of impact[136][137] with WTC 1, 8:46:30 A.M.[137][138][136](EDT UTC−4:00), September 11, 2001 | ||
| 3×109 J | Inflight 125-ton Boeing 767-200 flying at 373 knots (192 m/s) | ||
| 3.3×109 J | Approximate average amount of energy expended by a human heart muscle over an 80-year lifetime[139][140] | ||
| 3.6×109 J | = 1 MW·h (megawatt-hour) | ||
| 4.2×109 J | Energy released by explosion of 1 ton of TNT. | ||
| 4.5×109 J | Average annual energy usage of a standard refrigerator[141][142] | ||
| 6.1×109 J | ≈ 1 bboe (barrel of oil equivalent)[143] | ||
| 1010 | 1.9×1010 J | Kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 at cruising speed (560 tonnes at 511 knots or 263 m/s) | |
| 4.2×1010 J | ≈ 1 toe (ton of oil equivalent)[143] | ||
| 4.6×1010 J | Yield energy of a Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, the second most powerful non-nuclear weapon ever designed[144][145] | ||
| 7.3×1010 J | Energy consumed by the average U.S. automobile in the year 2000[146][147][148] | ||
| 8.6×1010 J | ≈ 1 MW·d (megawatt-day), used in the context of power plants (24 MW·h)[149] | ||
| 8.8×1010 J | Total energy released in the nuclear fission of one gram of uranium-235[36][37][150] | ||
| 9×1010 J | Total mass-energy of 1 milligram of matter (25 MW·h) | ||
| 1011 | 1.1×1011 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at lightning speed (120 km/s = 270,000 mph = 435,000 km/h).[151] | |
| 2.4×1011 J | Approximate food energy consumed by an average human in an 80-year lifetime.[152] |
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1012 to 1017 J
More information Factor (joules), SI prefix ...
| Factor (joules) | SI prefix | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1012 | tera- (TJ) | 1.85×1012 J | Gravitational potential energy of the Twin Towers, combined, accumulated throughout their construction and released during the collapse of the complex.[153][154][155] |
| 3.4×1012 J | Maximum fuel energy of an Airbus A330-300 (97,530 liters[156] of Jet A-1[157])[158] | ||
| 3.6×1012 J | 1 GW·h (gigawatt-hour)[159] | ||
| 4×1012 J | Electricity generated by one 20-kg CANDU fuel bundle assuming ~29%[160] thermal efficiency of reactor[161][162] | ||
| 4.2×1012 J | Chemical energy released by the detonation of 1 kiloton of TNT[59][163] | ||
| 6.4×1012 J | Energy contained in jet fuel in a Boeing 747-100B aircraft at max fuel capacity (183,380 liters[164] of Jet A-1[157])[165] | ||
| 1013 | 1.1×1013 J | Energy of the maximum fuel an Airbus A380 can carry (320,000 liters[166] of Jet A-1[157])[167] | |
| 1.2×1013 J | Orbital kinetic energy of the International Space Station (417 tonnes[168] at 7.7 km/s[169])[170] | ||
| 1.20×1013 J | Orbital kinetic energy of the Parker Solar Probe as it dives deep into the Sun's gravity well in December 2024, reaching a peak velocity of 430,000 mph.[171][172][173] | ||
| 6.3×1013 J | Yield of the Little Boy atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima in World War II (15 kilotons)[174][175] | ||
| 9×1013 J | Theoretical total mass–energy of 1 gram of matter (25 GW·h) [176] | ||
| 1014 | 1.8×1014 J | Energy released by annihilation of 1 gram of antimatter and matter (50 GW·h) | |
| 3.75×1014 J | Total energy released by the Chelyabinsk meteor.[177] | ||
| 6×1014 J | Energy released by an average hurricane per day[178] | ||
| 1015 | peta- (PJ) | > 1015 J | Energy released by a severe thunderstorm[179] |
| 1×1015 J | Yearly electricity consumption in Greenland as of 2008[180][181] | ||
| 4.2×1015 J | Energy released by explosion of 1 megaton of TNT[59][182] | ||
| 1016 | 1×1016 J | Estimated impact energy released in forming Meteor Crater[citation needed] | |
| 1.1×1016 J | Yearly electricity consumption in Mongolia as of 2010[180][183] | ||
| 6.3×1016 J | Yield of Castle Bravo, the most powerful nuclear weapon tested by the United States[184] | ||
| 7.9×1016 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at 99% the speed of light (KE = mc^2 × [γ-1], where the Lorentz factor γ ≈ 7.09).[185] | ||
| 9×1016 J | Mass–energy of 1 kilogram of matter[186] | ||
| 1017 | 1.4×1017 J | Seismic energy released by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[187] | |
| 1.7×1017 J | Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each second[188] | ||
| 2.1×1017 J | Yield of the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear weapon ever tested (50 megatons)[189][190] | ||
| 2.552×1017 J | Total energy of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption[191][192] | ||
| 4.2×1017 J | Yearly electricity consumption of Norway as of 2008[180][193] | ||
| 4.516×1017 J | Energy needed to accelerate one ton of mass to 0.1c (~30,000 km/s)[194] | ||
| 8.4x1017 J | Estimated energy released by the eruption of the Indonesian volcano, Krakatoa, in 1883[195][196][197] |
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1018 to 1023 J
More information Factor (joules), SI prefix ...
| Factor (joules) | SI prefix | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1018 | exa- (EJ) | 9.4×1018 J | Worldwide nuclear-powered electricity output in 2023.[198][199] |
| 1019 | 1×1019 J | Thermal energy released by the 1991 Pinatubo eruption[200] | |
| 1.1×1019 J | Seismic energy released by the 1960 Valdivia Earthquake[200] | ||
| 1.2×1019 J | Explosive yield of global nuclear arsenal[201] (2.86 Gigatons) | ||
| 1.4×1019 J | Yearly electricity consumption in the U.S. as of 2009[180][202] | ||
| 1.4×1019J | Yearly electricity production in the U.S. as of 2009[203][204] | ||
| 5×1019 J | Energy released in 1 day by an average hurricane in producing rain (400 times greater than the wind energy)[178] | ||
| 6.4×1019 J | Yearly electricity consumption of the world as of 2008[update][205][206] | ||
| 6.8×1019 J | Yearly electricity generation of the world as of 2008[update][205][207] | ||
| 1020 | 1.4×1020 J | Total energy released in the 1815 Mount Tambora eruption[208] | |
| 2.33×1020 J | Kinetic energy of a carbonaceous chondrite meteor 1 km in diameter striking Earth's surface at 20 km/s.[209] Such an impact occurs every ~500,000 years.[210] | ||
| 2.4×1020 J | Total latent heat energy released by Hurricane Katrina[211] | ||
| 5×1020 J | Total world annual energy consumption in 2010[212][213] | ||
| 6.2×1020 J | World primary energy generation in 2023 (620 EJ).[214][215] | ||
| 8×1020 J | Estimated global uranium resources for generating electricity 2005[216][217][218][219] | ||
| 1021 | zetta- (ZJ) | 6.9×1021 J | Estimated energy contained in the world's natural gas reserves as of 2010[212][220] |
| 7.0×1021 J | Thermal energy released by the Toba eruption[200] | ||
| 7.9×1021 J | Estimated energy contained in the world's petroleum reserves as of 2010[212][221] | ||
| 9.3×1021 J | Annual net uptake of thermal energy by the global ocean during 2003-2018[222] | ||
| 1022 | 1.2×1022J | Seismic energy of a magnitude 11 earthquake on Earth (M 11)[223] | |
| 1.5×1022J | Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each day[188][224] | ||
| 1.94×1022J | Impact event that formed the Siljan Ring, the largest impact structure in Europe[225] | ||
| 2.4×1022 J | Estimated energy contained in the world's coal reserves as of 2010[212][226] | ||
| 2.9×1022 J | Identified global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[216] | ||
| 3.9×1022 J | Estimated energy contained in the world's fossil fuel reserves as of 2010[212][227] | ||
| 8.03×1022 J | Total energy of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake[228] | ||
| 1023 | 1.5×1023 J | Total energy of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake[229] | |
| 2.2×1023 J | Total global uranium-238 resources using fast reactor technology[216] | ||
| 3×1023 J | The energy released in the formation of the Chicxulub Crater in the Yucatán Peninsula[230] |
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Over 1024 J
Summarize
Perspective
More information Factor (joules), SI prefix ...
| Factor (joules) | SI prefix | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1024 | yotta- (YJ) | 2.31×1024 J | Total energy of the Sudbury impact event[231] |
| 2.69×1024 J | Rotational energy of Venus, which has a sidereal period of (-)243 Earth days.[232][233][234] | ||
| 3.8×1024 J | Radiative heat energy released from the Earth’s surface each year[200] | ||
| 5.5×1024 J | Total energy from the Sun that strikes the face of the Earth each year[188][235] | ||
| 1025 | 4×1025 J | Total energy of the Carrington Event in 1859[236] | |
| 1026 | >1026J | Estimated energy of early Archean asteroid impacts[237] | |
| 3.2×1026 J | Bolometric energy of Proxima Centauri's superflare in March 2016 (10^33.5 erg). In one year, potentially five similar superflares erupts from the surface of the red dwarf.[238] | ||
| 3.828×1026 J | Total radiative energy output of the Sun each second[239] | ||
| 1027 | ronna- (RJ) | 1×1027 J | Estimated energy released by the impact that created the Caloris basin on Mercury[240] |
| 1×1027 J | Upper limit of the most energetic solar flares possible (X1000)[241] | ||
| 5.19×1027 J | Thermal input necessary to evaporate all surface water on Earth.[242][243][244] Note that the evaporated water still remains on Earth, merely in vapor form. | ||
| 4.2×1027 J | Kinetic energy of a regulation baseball thrown at the speed of the Oh-My-God particle, itself a cosmic ray proton with the kinetic energy of a baseball thrown at 60 mph (~50 J).[245] | ||
| 1028 | 3.8×1028 J | Kinetic energy of the Moon in its orbit around the Earth (counting only its velocity relative to the Earth)[246][247] | |
| 7×1028 J | Total energy of the stellar superflare from V1355 Orionis[248][249] | ||
| 1029 | 2.1×1029 J | Rotational energy of the Earth[250][251][252] | |
| 1030 | quetta- (QJ) | 1.79×1030 J | Rough estimate of the gravitational binding energy of Mercury.[253] |
| 1031 | 2×1031 J | The Theia Impact, the most energetic event ever in Earth's history[254][255] | |
| 3.3×1031J | Total energy output of the Sun each day[239][256] | ||
| 1032 | 1.71×1032 J | Gravitational binding energy of the Earth[257] | |
| 3.10×1032 J | Yearly energy output of Sirius B, the ultra-dense and Earth-sized white dwarf companion of Sirius, the Dog Star. It has a surface temperature of about 25,200 K.[258] | ||
| 1033 | 2.7×1033 J | Earth's kinetic energy at perihelion in its orbit around the Sun[259][260] | |
| 1034 | 1.2×1034 J | Total energy output of the Sun each year[239][261] | |
| 1035 | 3.5×1035 J | The most energetic stellar superflare to date (V2487 Ophiuchi)[262] | |
| 1038 | 7.53×1038 J | Baryonic (ordinary) mass-energy contained in a volume of one cubic light-year, on average.[263][264] | |
| 1039 | 2–5×1039 J | Energy of the giant flare (starquake) released by SGR 1806-20[265][266][267] | |
| 6.602×1039 J | Theoretical total mass–energy of the Moon[268][269] | ||
| 1040 | 1.61×1040 J | Baryonic mass-energy contained in a volume of one cubic parsec, on average.[264][270] | |
| 1041 | 2.276×1041 J | Gravitational binding energy of the Sun[271] | |
| 5.3675×1041 J | Theoretical total mass–energy of the Earth[272][273] | ||
| 1043 | 5×1043 J | Total energy of all gamma rays in a typical gamma-ray burst if collimated[274][275] | |
| >1043 J | Total energy in a typical fast blue optical transient (FBOT)[276] | ||
| 1044 | ~1044 J | Average value of a Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) in optical/UV bands[277] | |
| ~1044 J | Estimated kinetic energy released by FBOT CSS161010[278] | ||
| ~1044 J | Total energy released in a typical supernova,[279][280] sometimes referred to as a foe. | ||
| 1.233×1044 J | Approximate lifetime energy output of the Sun.[281][282] | ||
| 3×1044 J | Total energy of a typical gamma-ray burst if collimated[279] | ||
| 1045 | ~1045 J | Estimated energy released in a hypernova and pair instability supernova[283] | |
| 1045 J | Energy released by the energetic supernova, SN 2016aps[284][285] | ||
| 1.7–1.9×1045 J | Energy released by hypernova ASASSN-15lh[286] | ||
| 2.3×1045 J | Energy released by the energetic supernova PS1-10adi[287][288] | ||
| >1045 J | Estimated energy of a magnetorotational hypernova[289] | ||
| >1045 J | Total energy (energy in gamma rays+relativistic kinetic energy) of hyper-energetic gamma-ray burst if collimated[290][291][292][293][294] | ||
| 1046 | >1046 J | Estimated energy in theoretical quark-novae[295] | |
| ~1046 J | Upper limit of the total energy of a supernova[296][297] | ||
| 1.5×1046 J | Total energy of the most energetic optical non-quasar transient, AT2021lwx[298] | ||
| 1047 | 1045-47 J | Estimated energy of stellar mass rotational black holes by vacuum polarization in an electromagnetic field[299][300] | |
| 1047 J | Total energy of a very energetic and relativistic jetted Tidal Disruption Event (TDE)[301] | ||
| ~1047 J | Upper limit of collimated- corrected total energy of a gamma-ray burst[302][303][304] | ||
| 1.8×1047 J | Theoretical total mass–energy of the Sun[305][306] | ||
| 5.4×1047 J | Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the merger of two black holes, originally about 30 Solar masses each, as observed by LIGO (GW150914)[307] | ||
| 8.6×1047 J | Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the most energetic black hole merger observed until 2020 (GW170729)[308] | ||
| 8.8×1047 J | GRB 080916C – formerly the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded – total/true[309] isotropic energy output estimated at 8.8 × 1047 joules (8.8 × 1054 erg), or 4.9 times the Sun's mass turned to energy[310] | ||
| 1048 | 1048 J | Estimated energy of a supermassive Population III star supernova, denominated "General Relativistic Instability Supernova."[311][312] | |
| ~1.2×1048 J | Approximate energy released in the most energetic black hole merging to date (GW190521), which originated the first intermediate-mass black hole ever detected[313][314][315][316][317] | ||
| 1.2–3×1048 J | GRB 221009A – the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded – total/true[309][318] isotropic energy output estimated at 1.2–3 × 1048 joules (1.2–3 × 1055 erg)[319][320][321] | ||
| 1050 | ≳1050 J | Upper limit of isotropic energy (Eiso) of Population III stars Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs).[322] | |
| 1053 | >1053 J | Mechanical energy of very energetic so-called "quasar tsunamis"[323][324] | |
| 6×1053 J | Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the RBS 797[325] | ||
| 7.65×1053 J | Mass-energy of Sagittarius A*, Milky Way's central supermassive black hole[326][327] | ||
| 1054 | 3×1054 J | Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the Hercules A (3C 348)[328] | |
| 1055 | >1055 J | Total mechanical energy or enthalpy in the powerful AGN outburst in the MS 0735.6+7421,[329] Ophiucus Supercluster Explosion[330] and supermassive black holes mergings[331][332] | |
| 1057 | ~1057 J | Estimated rotational energy of M87 SMBH and total energy of the most luminous quasars over Gyr time-scales[333][334] | |
| ~2×1057 J | Estimated thermal energy of the Bullet Cluster of galaxies[335] | ||
| 7.3×1057 J | Mass-energy equivalent of the ultramassive black hole TON 618, an extremely luminous quasar / active galactic nucleus (AGN).[336][337] | ||
| 1058 | ~1058 J | Estimated total energy (in shockwaves, turbulence, gases heating up, gravitational force) of galaxy clusters mergings[338] | |
| 4×1058 J | Visible mass–energy in our galaxy, the Milky Way[339][340] | ||
| 1059 | 1×1059 J | Total mass–energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy[341][342] | |
| 1.4×1059 J | Mass-energy of the Andromeda galaxy (M31), ~0.8 trillion solar masses.[343][344] | ||
| 1062 | 1–2×1062 J | Total mass–energy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way[345] | |
| 1070 | 1.462×1070 J | Rough estimate of total mass–energy of ordinary matter (atoms; baryons) present in the observable universe.[346][347][264] | |
| 1071 | 3.177×1071 J | Rough estimate of total mass-energy within our observable universe, accounting for all forms of matter and energy.[348][264] |
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SI multiples
More information Submultiples, Multiples ...
| Submultiples | Multiples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | SI symbol | Name | Value | SI symbol | Name |
| 10−1 J | dJ | decijoule | 101 J | daJ | decajoule |
| 10−2 J | cJ | centijoule | 102 J | hJ | hectojoule |
| 10−3 J | mJ | millijoule | 103 J | kJ | kilojoule |
| 10−6 J | μJ | microjoule | 106 J | MJ | megajoule |
| 10−9 J | nJ | nanojoule | 109 J | GJ | gigajoule |
| 10−12 J | pJ | picojoule | 1012 J | TJ | terajoule |
| 10−15 J | fJ | femtojoule | 1015 J | PJ | petajoule |
| 10−18 J | aJ | attojoule | 1018 J | EJ | exajoule |
| 10−21 J | zJ | zeptojoule | 1021 J | ZJ | zettajoule |
| 10−24 J | yJ | yoctojoule | 1024 J | YJ | yottajoule |
| 10−27 J | rJ | rontojoule | 1027 J | RJ | ronnajoule |
| 10−30 J | qJ | quectojoule | 1030 J | QJ | quettajoule |
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The joule is named after James Prescott Joule. As with every SI unit named after a person, its symbol starts with an upper case letter (J), but when written in full, it follows the rules for capitalisation of a common noun; i.e., joule becomes capitalised at the beginning of a sentence and in titles but is otherwise in lower case.
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Notes
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