Alfred George Greenhill

Sir Alfred George Greenhill FRS FRAeS (29 November 1847 in London – 10 February 1927 in London), was a British mathematician.

George Greenhill was educated at Christ's Hospital School and from there he went to St John's College, Cambridge in 1866.^[1] In 1876, Greenhill was appointed professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy (RMA) at Woolwich, London, UK.^[2] He held this chair until his retirement in 1908, when he was knighted.

His 1892 textbook on applications of elliptic functions is of acknowledged excellence. He was one of the world's leading experts on applications of elliptic integrals in electromagnetic theory.^[3]

He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1904 at Heidelberg^[4] (where he also gave a section talk)^[5] and an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1908 at Rome, in 1920 at Strasbourg,^[6] and in 1924 at Toronto.

In 1879 Greenhill calculated complicated twist rate formulas for rifled artillery by approximating the projectile as an elongated ellipsoid of rotation in incompressible fluid (which, as he couldn't have known back then, assumes subsonic flight).^[7]^[8] Later, English ballistician F. W. Jones simplified it for typical bullet lengths into a rule of thumb for calculating the optimal twist rate for lead-core bullets.^[9] This shortcut uses the bullet's length, needing no allowances for weight or nose shape.^[10] The eponymous Greenhill formula, still used today, is:

Thumb — Cast bullets as cast (left), with gas check (center) and lubricated (right).

$\mathrm {Twist} ={\frac {CD^{2}}{L}}\times {\sqrt {\frac {SG}{10.9}}}$

where:

C = 150 (use 180 for muzzle velocities higher than 2,800 ft/s)
D = bullet's diameter in inches
L = bullet's length in inches
SG = bullet's specific gravity (10.9 for lead-core bullets, which cancels out the second half of the equation)

The original value of C was 150, which yields a twist rate in inches per turn, when given the diameter D and the length L of the bullet in inches. This works to velocities of about 840 m/s (2800 ft/s); above those velocities, a C of 180 should be used. For instance, with a velocity of 600 m/s (2000 ft/s), a diameter of 0.5 inches (13 mm) and a length of 1.5 inches (38 mm), the Greenhill formula would give a value of 25, which means 1 turn in 25 inches (640 mm).

Recently, Greenhill formula has been supplemented with Miller twist rule.

A. G. Greenhill Differential and integral calculus, with applications ( London, MacMillan, 1886) archive.org
A. G. Greenhill, The applications of elliptic functions (MacMillan & Co, New York, 1892)^[11] University of Michigan Historical Mathematical Collection
A. G. Greenhill, A treatise on hydrostatics (MacMillan, London, 1894) archive.org
A. G. Greenhill, The dynamics of mechanical flight (Constable, London, 1912) archive.org
A. G. Greenhill, Report on gyroscopic theory (Darling & Son, 1914)^[12]

[1]
"Greenhill, George Alfred (GRNL866GA)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
[2]
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Alfred George Greenhill", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
[3]
Greenhill, Alfred George (1907). "The elliptic integral in electromagnetic theory". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 8 (4): 447–534. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1907-1500798-2. MR 1500798.
[4]
"The Mathematical Theory of the Top considered historically by A. G. Greenhill". Verhandlungen des dritten internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses in Heidelberg von 8. bis 13. August 1904. ICM proceedings. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. 1905. pp. 100–108.
[5]
"Teaching of mechanics by familiar applications on a large scale by A. G. Greenhill". Verhandlungen des dritten internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses in Heidelberg von 8. bis 13. August 1904. ICM proceedings. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. 1905. pp. 582–585.
[6]
"The Fourier and Bessel Functions contrasted by G. Greenhill" (PDF). Compte rendu du Congrès international des mathématiciens tenu à Strasbourg du 22 au 30 Septembre 1920. 1921. pp. 636–655. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
[7]
Miller, Donald G. (November 2006). "Where did Greenhill's twist rule come from?". International Journal of Impact Engineering. 32 (11): 1786–1799. Bibcode:2006IJIE...32.1786M. doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.06.001. ISSN 0734-743X.
[8]
Greenhill, A. G. (1880). "On the Rotation Required for the Stability of an Elongated Projectile". Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine. 23: 211–214.
[9]
"DDS Center for Research Libraries".
[10]
Mosdell, Matthew. The Greenhill Formula. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (Accessed 2009 AUG 19)
[11]
Harkness, J. (1893). "Review: The Applications of Elliptic Functions by Alfred George Greenhill" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 2 (7): 151–157. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1893-00129-8.
[12]
Wilson, Edwin Bidwell (1917). "Review: Report on Gyroscopic Theory by Sir G. Greenhill" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 23 (5): 241–244. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1917-02930-8.

Quotations related to Alfred George Greenhill at Wikiquote
Alfred George Greenhill. The First Century of the ICMI (1909 - 2008)

[1] [1]
"Greenhill, George Alfred (GRNL866GA)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.

[2] [2]
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Alfred George Greenhill", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews

[3] [3]
Greenhill, Alfred George (1907). "The elliptic integral in electromagnetic theory". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 8 (4): 447–534. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1907-1500798-2. MR 1500798.

[4] [4]
"The Mathematical Theory of the Top considered historically by A. G. Greenhill". Verhandlungen des dritten internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses in Heidelberg von 8. bis 13. August 1904. ICM proceedings. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. 1905. pp. 100–108.

[5] [5]
"Teaching of mechanics by familiar applications on a large scale by A. G. Greenhill". Verhandlungen des dritten internationalen Mathematiker-Kongresses in Heidelberg von 8. bis 13. August 1904. ICM proceedings. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. 1905. pp. 582–585.

[6] [6]
"The Fourier and Bessel Functions contrasted by G. Greenhill" (PDF). Compte rendu du Congrès international des mathématiciens tenu à Strasbourg du 22 au 30 Septembre 1920. 1921. pp. 636–655. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.

[7] [7]
Miller, Donald G. (November 2006). "Where did Greenhill's twist rule come from?". International Journal of Impact Engineering. 32 (11): 1786–1799. Bibcode:2006IJIE...32.1786M. doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.06.001. ISSN 0734-743X.

[8] [8]
Greenhill, A. G. (1880). "On the Rotation Required for the Stability of an Elongated Projectile". Van Nostrand's Engineering Magazine. 23: 211–214.

[9] [9]
"DDS Center for Research Libraries".

[10] [10]
Mosdell, Matthew. The Greenhill Formula. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (Accessed 2009 AUG 19)

[11] [11]
Harkness, J. (1893). "Review: The Applications of Elliptic Functions by Alfred George Greenhill" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 2 (7): 151–157. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1893-00129-8.

[12] [12]
Wilson, Edwin Bidwell (1917). "Review: Report on Gyroscopic Theory by Sir G. Greenhill" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 23 (5): 241–244. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1917-02930-8.

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Alfred George Greenhill

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