BRICS
Intergovernmental organization of emerging countries From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries –Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates. The idea of a BRICS-like group can be traced back to Russian Foreign Minister Yevgeny Primakov and to the two forums RIC (Russia, India, China) and IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa).[2] BRIC was originally a term coined by British economist Jim O'Neill and later championed by his employer Goldman Sachs in 2001 to designate the group of emerging markets.[3][4] The first summit in 2009 featured the founding countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, where they adopted the acronym BRIC and formed an informal diplomatic club[5] where their governments could meet annually at formal summits and coordinate multilateral policies.[6][7] In April 2010, South Africa attended the 2nd BRIC summit as a guest. In September 2010 they joined the organization which was then renamed BRICS, and attended the 3rd BRICS summit in 2011 as a full member.[8][9] Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the United Arab Emirates attended their first summit as member states in 2024 in Russia.[10] Indonesia officially joined as a member state in early 2025, becoming the first Southeast Asian member.[11][12] The acronym BRICS+ (in its expanded form BRICS Plus) has been informally used to reflect new membership since 2024.[10][13][14]
Brazil • Russia • India • China • South Africa | |
BRICS logo during the 2025 Brazilian chairmanship | |
.jpg) Heads of delegations of the BRICS countries pose at 2024 BRICS Summit, Russia | |
 Map key
BRICS member countries
BRICS partners
BRICS applicants
Invited to join BRICS | |
| Named after | First five member states' initials in English |
|---|---|
| Predecessor | 2024 BRICS Summit, Russia |
| Successor | 2025 BRICS Summit, Brazil |
| Formation |
|
| Founded at |
|
| Type | Intergovernmental organization |
| Purpose | Political and economical |
| Fields | International politics |
| Membership | Brazil Russia India People's Republic of China South Africa Egypt Ethiopia Indonesia Iran United Arab Emirates |
Chairman (Incumbent) | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil |
Formerly called | BRIC |
China has the largest economy in the group accounting to about 70% of the organization total.[13] Some in the West consider BRICS institutions an alternative to institutions such as those led by nations of the G7 bloc, which are among the world's leading economies.[13] Others describe the grouping as an incoherent joining of countries around increasing anti-Western and anti-American objectives.[15] Together BRICS has implemented competing initiatives such as the New Development Bank, the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, BRICS PAY, the BRICS Joint Statistical Publication[16] and the BRICS basket reserve currency.[17] In its first 15 years BRICS has established almost 60 intra-group institutions, and think tanks to dialogues, covering agenda in 34 subjects.[18] The original five members including Indonesia are also part of the G20. BRICS has received both praise and criticism from numerous commentators and world leaders.[19][20][21][22][23][24]
History
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Perspective
Founding
Collective action in the political arena in the late 1990s was present before the economic rationale of BRICS.[25] The idea of a multipolar group like BRICS can be traced back to Yevgeny Primakov during his term as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia. He reiterated the idea in New Delhi in 1998.[2] The forums RIC (Russia, India, China) and IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) predated and played an important role in the creation of BRIC and subsequently BRICS.[2]
The term BRIC, as compared to the alternate term CRIB,[5] was originally developed in the context of foreign investment strategies. It was introduced in the 2001 publication, Building Better Global Economic BRICs by Jim O'Neill, then head of global economics research at Goldman Sachs and later Chairman of Goldman Sachs Asset Management.[27][28][29] O'Neill now regards the BRICS group as a failed project. In a 2021 article for Project Syndicate he wrote that the BRICS countries "have so far proven incapable of uniting as a meaningful global force" and felt in 2024 that "each year also brings further confirmation that the grouping serves no real purpose beyond generating symbolic gestures and lofty rhetoric".[30][31]
The foreign ministers of the initial four BRIC states (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) met in New York City in September 2006 at the margins of the General Debate of the UN Assembly, beginning a series of high-level meetings.[32] A full-scale diplomatic meeting was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia, on 16 June 2009.[33]
The BRIC group's first formal summit, also held in Yekaterinburg, commenced on 16 June 2009,[34] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Dmitry Medvedev, Manmohan Singh, and Hu Jintao, the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, all attending.[35] The summit's focus was on improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions. There was also discussion of how the four countries could better cooperate in the future,[34][35] and ways developing countries, such as three-fourth of the BRIC members, could become more involved in global affairs.[35]
In the aftermath of the 2009 Yekaterinburg summit, the BRIC nations announced the need for a new global reserve currency, which would have to be "diverse, stable and predictable".[36] Although their statement did not directly criticize the perceived dominance of the US dollar (as Russia had in the past) it did spark a fall in the value of the dollar against other major currencies.[37]
2010 expansion
In 2010, South Africa began efforts to join BRIC, and the process for its formal admission began in August of that year.[38] South Africa officially became a member nation on 24 December 2010 after being formally invited by China,[39] and was subsequently accepted by other BRIC countries.[38] The group was renamed BRICS to represent the addition of South Africa to the original four BRIC members.[40] At the 2011 BRICS summit in Sanya, China, South African president Jacob Zuma represented the country as a full member for the first time.[41][42][43]
New Development Bank
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In June 2012, the BRICS nations pledged $75 billion to boost the lending power of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). However, the proposed loan was conditional on IMF voting reforms.[44] In March 2013, during the fifth BRICS summit in Durban, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution to cooperate with the western-dominated IMF and World Bank.[45] They planned to set up this New Development Bank by 2014.[46]
At the BRICS leaders meeting in Saint Petersburg in September 2013, China committed $41 billion towards the pool; Brazil, India, and Russia $18 billion each; and South Africa $5 billion. China, which held the world's largest foreign exchange reserves and contributed the bulk of the currency pool, wanted a more significant managing role. China also wanted to be the location of the reserve.[47] In October 2013, Russia's Finance Minister Anton Siluanov said that creating a $100 billion in funds designated to steady currency markets would be taken in early 2014. The Brazilian finance minister, Guido Mantega, confirmed that the fund would be created by March 2014.[48] However, by April 2014, the currency reserve pool and development bank had yet to be set up, and the date was rescheduled to 2015.[49]
In July 2014, during the sixth BRICS summit in Fortaleza, the BRICS members signed a document to create the US$100 billion New Development Bank (formerly known as the "BRICS Development Bank") and a reserve currency pool worth over another US$100 billion. Documents on cooperation between BRICS export credit agencies and an agreement of cooperation on innovation were also signed.[citation needed] The Fortaleza summit was followed by a BRICS meeting with the Union of South American Nations presidents in Brasília.[50]
Other initiatives
Since 2011, the National Institutes of Statistics of the BRICS group of countries (IBGE, Rosstat, the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the Central Statistics Office (India) and Statistics South Africa) produce an annual joint statistical publication to put statistical production in perspective, compare adopted methodologies and statistical results. The publication serves as a single data platform for the mutual benefit of participating countries.
Since 2012, the BRICS group of countries has been planning an optical fiber submarine communications cable system to carry telecommunications between the BRICS countries, known as the BRICS Cable.[51] Part of the motivation for the project was the spying of the U.S. National Security Agency on all telecommunications that flowed in and out of United States territory.[52] Construction of the proposed cable network was abandoned in 2015, possibly due to cost.[53]
In August 2019, the communications ministers of the BRICS countries signed a letter of intent to cooperate in the Information and Communication Technology sector. This agreement was signed in the fifth edition of the meeting of communication ministers of countries member of the group[54] held in Brasília, Brazil.
.jpg)
The New Development Bank plans on giving out $15 billion to member states to help their struggling economies. Member countries are hoping for a smooth comeback and a continuation of economic trade pre-COVID-19. The 2020 BRICS summit was held virtually in St. Petersburg, Russia, and discussed how to handle the COVID-19 pandemic and how to fix the multilateral system via reforms.[55] During the 13th BRICS summit, in 2021, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi called for a transparent investigation into the origins of COVID-19 under the World Health Organization with the full cooperation of "all countries", and Chinese leader Xi Jinping spoke directly afterwards, calling on BRICS countries to "oppose politicisation" of the process.[56]
In May 2023, South Africa announced that it would be giving diplomatic immunity to Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials so that they could attend the 15th BRICS Summit despite the ICC arrest warrant for Putin.[57][58] In July 2023, the Russian president announced that he would not personally attend the BRICS summit in Johannesburg on 22–24 August despite good relations with the South African government. Russian news channels noted that Putin would remotely participate online in all BRICS leaders' sessions, including its Business Forum, and also deliver his remarks virtually.[59]
In the first 15 years of BRICS, it produced hundreds of decisions and complied with a majority of them.[18] BRICS has established almost 60 intra-group institutions and a network including think tanks and dialogues in various areas. The group has an agenda of over 30 subjects.[18] These groups include: BRICS Business Council, BRICS Think Tanks Council, BRICS Women’s Business Alliance, BRICS Business Forum, and the BRICS Academic Forum.[6][26] At Kazan the establishment of a BRICS Deep-Sea Resources International Research Center and a BRICS Digital Ecosystem Cooperation Network was announced.[60]
In 2021 BRICS formally agreed to work together to build a satellite constellation and share remote sensing satellite data from this.[61] The constellation will have six existing satellites from China, Russia and India.[62] In 2023, Russia proposed that the other BRICS members could build a joint research station on its space station.[63]
Discussions
BRICS has been involved in discussions related to areas of conflict and humanitarian crises such as Afghanistan,[64][65] Gaza, Lebanon,[66] Sudan, Haiti,[67] Syria[68][69] and Ukraine.[70][71]
In 2023 South African chair President Cyril Ramaphosa condemned the Gaza war.[72] In 2024, a joint statement slamming Israel's attacks in Gaza was made by the foreign ministers of BRICS.[73]
2024 expansion
In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that 6 emerging market group countries (Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) had been invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[74][75][76]
However, the Argentine general election in November 2023 led to a change in president to Javier Milei, who had committed to withdraw the country's membership application.[77] On 30 November 2023, incoming Foreign Minister of Argentina Diana Mondino confirmed that Argentina would not join the BRICS.[78] On 29 December 2023 the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders to officially announce its withdrawal from the application process.[79]
By January 2024, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates joined the bloc making BRICS membership grow from five to nine countries, while Saudi Arabia delayed its membership.[80] Saudi Arabia did not join BRICS at the start of 2024 as had been planned, and it announced in mid-January that it was still considering the matter.[81] As of April 2024, the matter is still under consideration.[82] The organizers touted the expansion as part of a plan to build a competing multipolar world order that uses Global South countries to challenge and compete against the western-dominated world order.[83] China Daily used the expansion to claim that more developing countries were interested in joining BRICS.[84]
On 24 October 2024, an additional 13 countries, namely Algeria, Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, Turkey, Uganda, Uzbekistan and Vietnam, were invited to participate as "partner countries".[85] The partner status would allow these countries to engage with and benefit from BRICS initiatives.[86] It is unclear whether the countries in this tier have received official membership invitations.[87]
2025 expansion
On 6 January 2025, Indonesia joined BRICS officially as a full member,[88] making it the first Southeast Asian state to join the bloc, as well as the 10th member of BRICS. Jakarta's bid got the green light from the bloc in 2023, but the Southeast Asian country asked to join following the presidential election held in 2024.[11] 2025's BRICS presidency leader and Brazil's Lula announced their official entry. Indonesia's history with the original BRIC members goes back to 2009, when some observers referred to a theorized grouping as "BRICI" given Indonesia's growing and stable economy and ties to India and China.[89][90][91][92]
The partnerships that were announced in the previous year, went into effect in January 2025 as well. Nigeria joined the partnership countries on January 17.[93]
Statistics
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Perspective
BRICS+ accounts for 46% of the world's population,[94] and 25% of the world's landmass.[95] The economy of the BRICS has risen by 356.27% between 1990 and 2019.[96] In 2022, BRICS+ share of world GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP) is 35.6%.[94] Intra-BRICS trade was 614.8 billion USD as of 2022.[97] BRICS has 4,716 centi-millionaires and 549 billionaires.[98] BRICS+ countries have over 1200 satellites in orbit.[99] BRICS have 40 percent of existing internet users worldwide.[100] In 2022, more than 87% of Russians use digital payments followed by China at 86%, and then South Africa at 81% and Brazil at 77%, and lastly India at 35%.[101]
Brazil, India, and China are among the world's ten largest countries by population, area, and gross domestic product (GDP, nominal and PPP). All five initial member states are members of the G20,[citation needed] with a combined nominal GDP of US$28 trillion (about 27% of the gross world product), a total GDP (PPP) of around US$65 trillion (35% of global GDP PPP), and an estimated US$5.2 trillion in combined foreign reserves (as of 2024).[102][non-primary source needed] BRICS generated close to 32% of global economic output (GDP PPP) in 2022.[103] The expanded BRICS+ generates 36% of global GDP.[103]
The group's largest economy is China, accounting 70% of the organization's total GDP.[103][13] Taking into account the GDP PPP of the BRICS+, China accounts for 52%.[94] Economically the group represents $28.5 trillion.[104] BRICS+ has a larger GDP than both the G7 and the EU.[105] The share of the Chinese renminbi in total intra-BRICS trade transactions is about 47%.[106][107] In 2017 BRICS accounted for 19% of global investment inflows.[108]
In 2024 the informality rate was 62% while the labour force participation was 60.8%.[109] BRICS+ oil production is almost 30% of global oil output.[110] BRICS contribute to 45% of the global agricultural products.[96] BRICS countries produce 42% of the world's wheat, 52% of rice, and 46% of soybeans.[111]
According to Economist Intelligence Unit, the collective size of the economies of BRICS+ will overtake G7 after 2045.[110] United States and United Kingdom have been the top two investors in the bloc in terms of FDI stock in 2020.[112] Among the 10 wealthiest cities of the group, 5 are in China, 2 in UAE and India, and 1 in Russia.[113]
GDP Nominal share in percentage (as of 2022)
- G7 (43.7%)
- BRICS + (28.7%)
- Rest of world (27.6%)
| Comparison between BRICS and G7 Countries as of 2024 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Parameter | BRICS | G7 |
| No. of countries | 5 | 7 |
| Area (km²) | 39.7 million | 21.7 million |
| Population | 3.3 billion | 0.8 billion |
| Population Density (sq/km²) | 133 people | 127 people |
| HDI | 0.734 | 0.92 |
| GDP Growth Rate |  4 to 5% |
1.5 to 2% |
| Nominal GDP (USD)[114] | 26.7 trillion | 45.3 trillion |
| GDP PPP (USD) | 51.6 trillion | 48 trillion |
| Exports (USD) | 5.5 trillion | 6.7 trillion |
| Imports (USD) | 4.8 trillion | 8.5 trillion |
| Military expenditures (USD) | 0.48 trillion | 1.20 trillion |
- Bold indicates has higher value compared to other.
Rotating BRICS presidency
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Perspective
Leaders' meetings (or leaders' summits) are held once a year on a rotating basis.[115] The group at each summit elects one of the heads of state of the component countries to serve as President Pro Tempore of the BRICS.[citation needed] A number of ministerial meetings are held during the year, for example, between foreign ministers, finance ministers, central bank governors, trade ministers and energy ministers.[115] Technical level meetings focus on project implementation and technical exchanges, such as the meeting of BRICS heads of national statistics offices.[115] There are working groups on technology, culture, education, health etc. Specialized forums exist such as the BRICS Business Forum, and the BRICS Think Tank Council.[115]
In 2019, the President Pro Tempore position was held by the president of Brazil.[116] The priorities of the Brazilian Pro Tempore Presidency for 2019 were the following: strengthening the cooperation in science, technology, and innovation, enhancement of the cooperation on digital economy, invigoration of cooperation on the fight against transnational crime—especially organized crime, money laundering, and drug trafficking, and rapprochement between the New Development Bank (NDB) and the BRICS Business Council.[117] In 2024 BRICS President Pro Tempore was from Russia and their goals were: investing in BRICS countries to strengthen their economies, cooperating in the energy and environmental industries, helping with young children, and coming up with resolutions on migration and peacekeeping.[118] Brazil has the current Pro Tempore Presidency in 2025.[119]
Leaders’ Summits
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Perspective
The grouping has held annual summits since 2009, with member countries taking turns to host. Before South Africa's admission, two BRIC summits were held, in 2009 and 2010. The first five-member BRICS summit was held in 2011 in China. The first nine-member BRICS summit was held in 2024 in Russia. The 2020, 2021, and 2022 summits were held via video-conference due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
| No. | Dates | Host country | Host leader | Location | Notes | Declaration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 16 June 2009 |  Russia | Dmitry Medvedev | Yekaterinburg (Sevastianov's House) | The summit was to discuss the global recession taking place at the time, future cooperation among states, and trade. Some of the specific topics discussed were food, trade, climate trade, and security for the members. They called out for a more influential voice and representation for up-and-coming markets. Note at the time South Africa was not yet admitted to the BRICS organization.[120] | Joint Statement |
| 2nd | 15 April 2010 |  Brazil | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Brasília (Itamaraty Palace) | The second summit continued on the conversation of the global recession and how to recover. They had a conversation on the IMF, climate change, and more ways to form cooperation among states. Guests: Jacob Zuma (former President of South Africa) and Riyad al-Maliki (Foreign Minister of the Palestinian National Authority).[120] | Joint Statement |
| 3rd | 14 April 2011 |  China | Hu Jintao | Sanya (Sheraton Sanya Resort) | First summit to include South Africa alongside the original BRIC countries. The third summit had members debating on the global and internal economies of countries.[120] | Sanya Declaration |
| 4th | 29 March 2012 |  India | Manmohan Singh | New Delhi (Taj Mahal Hotel) | The fourth summit discussed how the organization could prosper from the global recession and how they could take advantage of that to help their economies. BRICS had the intention of improving their global power and providing adequate development for their state. The BRICS Cable announced; an optical fibre submarine communications cable system that carries telecommunications between the BRICS countries. [121] | Delhi Declaration |
| 5th | 26–27 March 2013 |  South Africa | Jacob Zuma | Durban (Durban ICC) | The fifth summit discusses the New Development Bank proposition and Contingent Reserve Agreement. BRICS also announced the Business Council and its Think Tank Council.[121] | eThekwini Declaration and Action Plan |
| 6th | 14–17 July 2014 | Brazil | Dilma Rousseff | Fortaleza (Centro de Eventos do Ceará)[122] | BRICS New Development Bank and BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement agreements signed.[123] The members of BRICS conversed with each other about political coordination, development, and economic growth.[120] | Fortaleza Declaration and Action Plan |
| 7th | 8–9 July 2015 | Russia | Vladimir Putin | Ufa (Congress Hall)[124] | Joint summit with SCO-EAEU. The seventh summit discussed global political and economic problems and better ways to foster cooperation among member states.[120] | Ufa Declaration |
| 8th | 15–16 October 2016 | India | Narendra Modi | Benaulim (Taj Exotica) | Joint summit with BIMSTEC. The eighth BRICS summit debated on topics like counterterrorism, economies, and climate change. BRICS also issued the Goa Declaration and Action Plan, hoping to harden their relationships.[120] | Goa Declaration |
| 9th | 3–5 September 2017 | China | Xi Jinping | Xiamen (Xiamen International Conference Center) | Joint summit with EMDCD. The ninth summit was an event that talked about a bright future for BRICS and what their intended goals were. They also covered and debated international and regional issues with one another.[120] | Xiamen Declaration |
| 10th | 25–27 July 2018 | South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre) | The tenth summit had the members discuss their rising industries in the hopes that they can cut a bigger slice of the industry market. | Johannesburg Declaration |
| 11th | 13–14 November 2019 | Brazil | Jair Bolsonaro | Brasília (Itamaraty Palace)[117] | The theme of the 11th BRICS summit was "BRICS: economic growth for an innovative Future". The summit discussed advancements in the BRICS's science and innovation fields. Primarily trying to advance technology and digital currency. They made mutual agreements to help stop drug trafficking and organized crime; both internationally and internally. | Brasilía Declaration |
| 12th | 21–23 July 2020 (postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic)[125] 17 November 2020 (video conference)[126] | Russia | Vladimir Putin | Saint Petersburg[127] | Joint summit with SCO. Discussing a mutual agreement on helping BRICS member countries to foster better living standards and quality of life for each country's people. Plans on focusing on peace, economies, and cultural societal issues.[128] | Moscow Declaration |
| 13th | 9 September 2021 (video conference) | India | Narendra Modi | New Delhi | Over 150 events and meetings were concluded during the year. These included the Leaders’ Summit, the meeting of the Foreign Ministers, the meeting of the National Security Advisers and a total of close to 20 other Ministerial meetings including Finance, Trade, Industry, Agriculture, Energy.[129][130] | New Delhi Declaration |
| 14th | 23 June 2022 (video conference) | China | Xi Jinping | Beijing | A major development on the summit was the creation of a new, basket type reserve currency. The currency, which is challenging the US dollar, combines BRICS currencies and is backed by precious metals. | Beijing Declaration |
| 15th | 22–24 August 2023 | South Africa | Cyril Ramaphosa | Johannesburg (Sandton Convention Centre) | Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were invited to join the bloc. Full membership was scheduled to take effect on 1 January 2024.[75][76] On December 29, 2023, the Government of Argentina sent a letter to all BRICS leaders officially declining the invitation to join the bloc.[79] Saudi Arabia has not yet confirmed its acceptance.[131] | Johannesburg II Declaration |
| 16th | 22–24 October 2024 | Russia | Vladimir Putin | Kazan (Kazan Expo International Exhibition Centre) | [132] Delegations from 35 countries and six international organisations participated.[133] Attendance included 22 heads of state or government and UN Secretary-General.[134] Discussions on membership and a new payments system aside, there were over 200 side meetings spread out through 2024.[134][135] It was the first summit of the BRICS+ group.[136] | Kazan Declaration |
| 17th | 6–7 July 2025 | Brazil | Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva | Rio de Janeiro | [137][138][139] |
Member states
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Perspective
List of current member states
| Flag | Country | Capital | Area (km2) | Population (2016) | Density (/km2) | GDP per cap. (PPP)[140] | HDI[141] | Currency | Official languages | Accession |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil | Brasília | 8,515,767 | 203,062,512 | 25 | 22,123 | 0.760 | Brazilian real (R$) (BRL) | Portuguese also see Languages of Brazil | 16 June 2009 (Informally, September 2006) |
 | Russia Russian Federation | Moscow | 17,075,400 | 146,519,759 | 8.3 | 47,299 | 0.821 | Russian rouble (₽) (RUB) | Russian also see Languages of Russia | |
 | India Republic of India | New Delhi | 3,287,240 | 1,284,480,000 | 364.4 | 11,112 | 0.644 | Indian rupee (₹) (INR) | Hindi (Devanagari script) English Also see Languages of India | |
 | China People's Republic of China | Beijing | 9,640,011[a] | 1,374,820,000 | 139.6 | 26,310 | 0.788 | Renminbi (Chinese yuan, ¥) (CNY) | Standard Chinese[142] written in simplified characters[142] see also languages of China | |
 | South Africa Republic of South Africa | Pretoria (executive) Cape Town (legislative) Bloemfontein (judicial) | 1,221,037 | 58,048,332 | 42.4 | 15,723 | 0.717 | South African rand (R) (ZAR) | 12 languages | 24 December 2010[143][144][145][146] |
 | Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt | Cairo | 1,010,408 | 105,231,000 | 103.56 | 20,799 | 0.728 | Egyptian pound (LE) (EGP) | Arabic | 1 January 2024 |
 | Ethiopia Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia | Addis Ababa | 1,104,300 | 105,163,988 | 92.7 | 4,045 | 0.492 | Ethiopian birr (Br) (ETB) | Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya | |
 | Iran Islamic Republic of Iran | Tehran | 1,648,195 | 79,011,700 | 48.0 | 19,607 | 0.780 | Iranian rial (Rl) (IRR) | Persian | |
 | United Arab Emirates | Abu Dhabi | 83,600 | 4,106,427 | 49.1 [Figures don't balance] | 77,251 | 0.937 | UAE dirham (Dh) (AED) | Arabic | |
 | Indonesia Republic of Indonesia | Jakarta | 1,904,569 | 282,477,584 | 143 | 16,542 | 0.713 | Indonesian rupiah (Rp) (IDR) | Indonesian | 6 January 2025 |
Overview of BRICS members
| Country | Population | GDP (Nom.) | GDP (PPP) | P5 | G20 | SCO | APEC | G4 | NPC | Economic Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil |
7th | 10th | 7th |  |
 |
|
|
|
|
Newly industrialized |
| Russia |
9th | 11th | 4th | |
|
|
|
|
|
Emerging |
| India |
1st | 5th | 3rd | |
|
|
|
|
|
Newly industrialized |
| China |
2nd | 2nd | 1st | |
|
|
|
|
|
Newly industrialized |
| South Africa |
23rd | 40th | 33rd | |
|
|
|
|
|
Newly industrialized |
 Egypt |
15th | 45th | 17th | |
|
|
|
|
|
Emerging and Developing |
 Ethiopia |
13th | 56th | 55th | |
|
|
|
|
|
Under developed |
 Iran |
17th | 36th | 23rd | |
|
|
|
|
|
Emerging and Developing |
 UAE |
88th | 26th | 38th | |
|
|
|
|
|
Emerging and Developing |
 Indonesia |
4th | 16th | 8th | |
|
|
|
|
|
Newly industrialized |
Partner states
| Flag | Country | Capital | Area (km2) | Population (2016) | Density (/km2) | GDP per cap. (PPP) | HDI | Currency | Official languages | Leaders | Application submitted |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Algeria People's Democratic Republic of Algeria | Algiers | 2,381,741 | 46,700,000 | 19 | 16,483 | 0.745 | Algerian dinar (DZD) | Arabic | Head of State: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Head of Government: Nadir Larbaoui | |
 | Turkey Republic of Türkiye | Ankara | 783,562 | 85,372,377 | 111 | 40,283 | 0.855 | Turkish lira (TRY) | Turkish | Head of State and Government: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan | |
 |
Vietnam Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
Hanoi | 331,344.82 | 100,300,000 | 298 | 15,470 | 0.726 | Vietnamese đồng (VND) | Vietnamese | Head of State: Lương Cường Head of Government: Phạm Minh Chính |
Partner states are a new category for integration of prospective members, introduced in 2024 at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, the Russian Federation. These countries are observer states that are not yet officially part of the BRICS bloc, yet would get support from BRICS members. These observer states prove themselves as partners before further integrating as a member, similar to the accession process of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.[147] 13 states were invited to be formal partners; the following 9 states then ensured their partnership status by January 2025, while Indonesia acceded into the core membership.
Three more countries had been invited to join the BRICS bloc as observer partner states like the ones listed above but have not yet confirmed that status as of mid-January 2025.[147]
Application and expansion process
| Founding members | BRICS Plus members | Partner States | Applied for membership |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brazil (2009) |
Egypt (2024) |
 Belarus (2023) |
 Saudi Arabia (2023) (Invited in 2024, decision pending) |
| Russia (2009) |
Ethiopia (2024) |
 Bolivia (2023) |
 Malaysia (2024) (Under consideration) |
| India (2009) |
Iran (2024) |
 Cuba (2023) |
 Azerbaijan (2024) (Under consideration) |
| China (2009) |
United Arab Emirates (2024) |
 Kazakhstan (2024) |
 Turkey (2024) (Under consideration) |
| South Africa (2010) |
Indonesia (2025) |
Malaysia (2024) |
 Pakistan (2024) (Under consideration) |
 Nigeria (2024) |
 Bangladesh (2024) (Under consideration) | ||
 Thailand (2024) |
 Sri Lanka (2024) (Under consideration) | ||
 Myanmar (2024) |
Myanmar (2024) (Under consideration) | ||
 Uzbekistan (2024) |
 Senegal (2024) (Under consideration) | ||
 Venezuela (2024) (Under consideration) | |||
 Argentina (2023) (Invited in 2023, declined invitation) | |||
 Algeria (2022) (Application withdrew) |
While there is currently no formal application process to join BRICS, any hopeful government must receive the unanimous backing of all member states to receive an invitation. It was not until the early 2020s that discussions regarding allowing new states to join the club were widely held. Leaders and senior diplomats from the participating members began to discuss the prospect of adding additional members to the organization at that point.[149][150][151]
In August 2023, at the 15th BRICS Summit, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates had been invited to join the organization on 1 January 2024.[75][76]
Pakistan applied for membership in November 2023;[152] Russian Deputy Prime Minister supported Pakistan's request,[153] however support for Pakistan among BRICS has not been unanimous.[154][152]
On 30 December 2023, the new government of Argentina, which formally applied for BRICS membership under Alberto Fernández's government in 2022, officially declined the offer to join the bloc due to the new government's different foreign policy.[78][155]
On 1 January 2024, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia and Iran officially joined the bloc.[10]
Saudi Arabia has not responded to an invitation to join BRICS, and is still considering joining.[156][157][158][4][159]
On 2 September 2024, Turkey officially applied to join the bloc.[160] At the same time, Turkey has been a NATO member since 18 February 1952 and is also a European Union candidate country.[161] Turkey's EU membership process started on 3 October 2005 but was frozen on 13 March 2019.[162] In September 2022, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that his country would apply for membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.[163] On 11 July 2024, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan stated in a statement to the U.S. Newsweek magazine that they[who?] did not consider Turkey's membership in NATO as an alternative to the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and BRICS.[164]
Algeria previously applied for membership in 2023,[165] but later rejected it in September 2024, making Algeria the second country after Argentina to decline and stop its application.[166]
Following the 2024 BRICS summit, Brazil blocked Venezuela's application to the bloc, largely due to the disputed 2024 Venezuelan elections and the Venezuelan crisis. The country in response recalled its ambassador from Brazil.[167]
Since new members joined the acronym used has informally been BRICS+, that is, BRICS Plus.[10]
Indonesia was originally intended to be an observer partner state but instead opted for full membership, which went into effect in January 2025.[88]
Countries that have applied for membership
While Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates were not admitted as members during the 15th BRICS summit, they were among 22 countries applying for membership. South African Minister of Finance Enoch Godongwana said “There is a second batch of countries that are going to be added [to] BRICS." This means that there are plans for further BRICS expansion and the following countries are possible candidates due to their applications for membership.[168]
Financial architecture
Summarize
Perspective
The group is dominated by China, which has the largest share of the group's GDP, accounting to about 70% of the organization total.[13]
The financial architecture of BRICS is made of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA). These components were signed into a treaty in 2014 and became active in 2015.
New Development Bank
The New Development Bank (NDB), formally referred to as the BRICS Development Bank,[169] is a multilateral development bank operated by the five BRICS states. The bank's primary focus of lending is infrastructure projects[170][171] with authorized lending of up to $34 billion annually.[171] South Africa hosts the African headquarters of the bank.[172] The bank has a starting capital of $50 billion, with wealth increased to $100 billion over time.[173] Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa initially contributed $10 billion each to bring the total to $50 billion.[172][173] As of 2020, it had 53 projects underway worth around $15 billion.[174] By 2024 the bank had approved more than $32 billion for 96 projects.[175]
In 2021, Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and Uruguay joined the NDB.[176]
BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
The BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) is a framework for protecting against global liquidity pressures.[170][173][177] This includes currency issues where members' national currencies are being adversely affected by global financial pressures.[170][177] Emerging economies that experienced rapid economic liberalization went through increased economic volatility, bringing an uncertain macroeconomic environment.[178] The CRA competes with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Along with the New Development Bank, it is an example of increasing South-South cooperation.[170] It was established in 2015 by the BRICS countries. The legal basis is formed by the Treaty for the Establishment of a BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement, signed in Fortaleza in July 2014. With its inaugural meetings of the BRICS CRA Governing Council and Standing Committee, held on 4 September 2015, in Ankara, Turkey.[179] It entered into force upon ratification by all BRICS states, announced at the 7th BRICS summit in July 2015.
BRICS payment system
At the 2015 BRICS summit in Russia, ministers from the BRICS states initiated consultations for a payment system that would be an alternative to the SWIFT system. The stated goal was to initially move to settlements in national currencies.[180] The Central Bank of Russia highlighted the main benefits as backup and redundancy in case there were disruptions to the SWIFT system.[181]
China also launched its alternative to SWIFT: the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System, which enables financial institutions worldwide to send and receive information about financial transactions.[182] India also has its alternative Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS), as do Russia SPFS and Brazil Pix.[citation needed]
Potential common currency and BRICS Bridge
BRICS countries committed to study the feasibility of a new common currency or similar, at the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa.[183][184][185] Fair and easier international trade, as well as a major reduction in costs of transactions, would be some of the reasons for the countries to forge a currency union.[186]
BRICS Bridge—a successor to MBridge, and probably a merger with BRICS PAY—makes it possible for central banks to support cross-border transactions and payments with their own central bank digital currency (CBDC) based on an automatic Cross-Border Interbank Payment System for settlement and clearance. It is designed to be independent of any single nation or central bank, and every central bank can opt out and has control of their CBDC exchange rate.[187][188][189][190][191]
One alternative for the currency name has been labelled as "R5" (from the five currencies renminbi, ruble, rupee, real, and rand), or with other multilateral.[192] A symbolic banknote was unveiled during the 16th summit in Kazan, Russia.[193][194]
Reception
Summarize
Perspective
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World analysts have highlighted potential divisions and weaknesses in the grouping, including significant economic instabilities,[195][196][197][198] disagreements among the members over UN Security Council reform,[199] and India and China's disputes[200] over territorial issues.[201] There is scope for multilateralism in space,[202] and collaboration in the space governance sector.[203]
Belgium
Christian E. Rieck of the Global Governance Institute writes in October 2024 that China's relative power distribution in BRICS is "4+1".[204] While China has pushed for enlargement, India and Brazil have wanted to maintain the groups exclusive relationship with China as well as its non-western stance.[204] Despite BRICS being regime neutral, multipolarity and non-alignment is balanced against an anti-western stance.[204] BRICS' efforts to construct new financial architectures should not be actively challenged as that will only be counter-productive. Europe should not feel threatened by BRICS.[204]
Alicia García-Herrero writes for the think tank Bruegel that the West should note the anti-West tilt developing amongst BRICS and that the West need to offer the Global South better deals.[205]
Reinhold Brender of the Egmont Institute writes in November 2024 that the pivot of a number of countries in the Global South, visible during the Kazan summit, should be a "wake-up call" for the EU.[206] The EU need to think beyond BRICS in relation to the Global South.[206]
Brazil
In 2014 results of an opinion poll of 1881 respondents resulted in only 4% knowing what BRICS stood for; while in 2019 only 3% of 1849 respondents knew what the acronym stood for.[207]
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Canada
Alissa Wang, co-chair, summit studies, BRICS Research Group, University of Toronto, in a presentation prepared in July 2023, discusses that the possibility of BRICS becoming anti-western is not likely.[208] The group consists of three democracies – Brazil, India, South Africa, and two non-democratic regimes – Russia, China, this political diversity limits the group uniting on an anti-western stance.[208] Further a BRICS expansion would strengthen the group economically but political jointness could be negatively affected.[208]
China
In 2012, Hu Jintao, the then General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of China, described the BRICS countries as defenders and promoters of developing countries and a force for world peace.[209]
In March 2025, the government-affiliated think tank Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS) published a report where they said that BRICS was not an anti-Western entity but a non-Western entity seeking a "just and reasonable post-Western order".[115][210]
France
French President Emmanuel Macron sought to become the first western leader at a BRICS summit in 2023.[211] Russia's Foreign Ministry stated that it would be "unsuitable" and that France's participation would not help BRICS reach the goals of developing countries in a multipolar world.[212]
Germany
A Friedrich Ebert Foundation perspective from September 2013 notes how BRICS members, for the first time, with Russia as an exception, are really acting on an international level.[213]
German diplomat Reinhard Butikofer, following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, stated that developing countries may turn to BRICS "if Europe fails to prove its reliability and credibility as a fair partner".[214]
A Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom policy paper explains that while the expansion of BRICS is a wake up call, the EU or Germany need not make any direct formal contact with BRICS until the goals of BRICS are officially defined.[215] "Western-oriented BRICS countries ... should be more closely integrated into global governance."[215]
India
In 2014, the Indian Marxist author Vijay Prashad raised the limitations of the BRICS as a political and economic "locomotive of the South" because they follow neoliberal policies. They have neither established new counter-balancing institutions nor come up with an alternative ideology. Furthermore, the BRICS project, argues Prashad, cannot challenge the primacy of the United States and NATO.[216]
Speaking at the BRICS summit in 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that "reform of institutions of global governance ... has been on the BRICS agenda since its inception."[217][218]
In 2016 Brahma Chellaney writes whether BRICS will be able to construct institutionalized structures including "institutionalized cooperation".[219] He writes that BRICS is "the first important non-Western global initiative of the post-Cold War world".[219]
The Sino-Indian border dispute, for example during the 2020 Galwan Valley clash, has been a bilateral non-issue for BRICS.[220][221] In another case where a BRICS summit acted as a "forcing event", the Doklam standoff in 2017, India stated that it may pull out of the 2017 BRICS Xiamen Summit, causing China to pull back its troops and India to attend the summit.[220] During the 2023 BRICS summit China and India agreed to make efforts to address border issues. However, following the 2023 BRICS summit, China released a disputed map.[222]
Ashok Malik comments that amid new BRICS members and partners, India should ensure the group doesn't get an "distortionary ideological edge".[223]
In 2024, India's External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar has stated "because you won’t let us into the G7 club" with reference to India's participation in BRICS and the current trend of global governance for emerging economies and rising powers.[224][225] The EAM also stated that G7 exists despite G20, so BRICS should also be allowed to exist.[110][226]
Prior to the Kazan summit, Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that BRICS was never meant to be against anyone or be anti-western, and that it is only non-western.[227] At the Kazan summit the Prime Minister stated "We must be careful to ensure that this organization does not acquire the image of one that is trying to replace global institutions".[228]
Indian diplomat Meera Shankar noted "the new payment systems discussed in BRICS are still in the exploratory phase and do not pose a challenge to the dominance of the US dollar in the medium term."[104]
The central bank of India, Reserve Bank of India, Governor Shaktikanta Das, stated in December 2024 that de-dollarisation for India was only a part of "derisking" Indian trade and reducing dependence on any one currency since that may become "problematic".[229] While a BRICS currency had been raised by a member state, nothing specific was decided.[229] He also compared the Euro, and stated how nations in Euro countries are located in close proximity while that is not the case of BRICS.[229] This was in response to a question about President-elect Trump warning about tariffs.[229]
Former ambassador D. Bala Venkatesh Varma, in an interview with the think tank India Foundation, states that India's stance in BRICS is "pro-India" and "claiming that BRICS is dominated by China is an exaggeration".[230]
Iran
Iran's admission as a member has been touted by the country as a "strategic success".[231][232] Sayyid Ebrahim Raisolsadati, as President stated, "the global confidence in the effectiveness of BRICS is increasing".[233] Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian stated that Iran's membership will help in strengthening the multilateralism of BRICS.[234]
Russia
At the Kazan summit President Putin made clear that they are not attempting to reject the dollar, but rather getting ready with alternatives to a weaponized dollar.[193]
In a briefing in October 2024 Russian Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman said that "BRICS framework is non-confrontational and constructive", and that "it is a viable alternative to a world living by someone else's, alien rules".[6] New members have made BRICS into a stronger representative of the "Global South and East – or the Global Majority".[235] Applications from various countries reinforces BRICS role.[235]
President Putin quoted Prime Minister Narendra Modi in saying that BRICS is not anti-western but non-western.[227]
A poll following the Kazan summit revealed that 39% of 1500 respondents had never heard about BRICS.[236] Among those who had heard of the summit, the informal visual of the BRICS currency banknote was polled as the most unforgettable happening.[236]
In 2025, Victoria Panova, Head of the BRICS Expert Council—Russia, has stated that while BRICS aims to make a fairer world order, it "doesn’t have an aim of expansion as an aim in itself." The aim isn't to duplicate the UN's Assembly General.[237]
In March 2025, President Putin has suggested that BRICS countries could be a part of the Ukraine peace process.[238]
According to Valdai Discussion Club's Dmitry Suslov in October 2024, there are many intra-BRICS disagreements.[239] Firstly prior cooperation and current relationship with the West is a major factor in making decisions where BRICS countries are concerned.[239] Secondly, the speed of decision making varies with respect to making changes in economic governance, say when it concerns a new currency or settlement mechanism.[239] Third, bilateral relations between countries such as China and India, and Saudi Arabia and Iran, have not always been amicable.[239]
South Africa
In an analysis of the 2023 BRICS XV declaration Bhaso Ndzendze writes that neither the "dollar" or "de-dollarisation" were mentioned.[240]
Ukraine
In an October 2024 interview to The Times of India, President Zelensky said that the Kazan summit was a total failure.[241] President Zelensky also criticized the presence of UN secretary general at the summit.[241] The office of the UN secretary general clarified his participation, referring to BRICS' role "in boosting global co-operation".[242]
United States
On 9 April 2013, Isobel Coleman, a director at the American think tank Council on Foreign Relations, and later U.S. representative to the UN, claimed that the BRICS members share a lack of consensus. They uphold drastically different political systems, from vibrant liberal democracies in Brazil and South Africa to entrenched oligarchy in Russia, and their economies are poorly integrated and differ in size by orders of magnitude. She also claimed that the significant difference in GDP influences the reserves: China accounts for over 41% of the contribution, which in turn leads to its bigger political say within the association.[243]
A multi-year study at Tufts University published in July 2023 found that the "common portrayal of BRICS as a China-dominated group primarily pursuing anti-U.S. agendas" was misplaced. The study asserted: "The BRICS countries connect around common development interests and a quest for a multipolar world order in which no single power dominates. Yet BRICS consolidation has turned the group into a potent negotiation force that now challenges Washington's geopolitical and economic goals".[244]
According to the Atlantic Council's Thomas Hill in December 2023, the de-dollarization efforts within BRICS, particularly in North Africa, present a significant challenge to US interests.[192] Replacing the dollar could limit the US's ability to run deficits and maintain low interest rates, and undermine the effectiveness of US sanctions and SWIFT.[192]
Michael Kugelman writes in BBC that "Brics projects meant to reduce reliance on the US dollar likely aren’t viable, because many member states’ economies cannot afford to wean themselves off of it."[245]
White House Press Secretary and White House National Security Advisor have said that BRICS isn't seen as becoming a geopolitical rival.[246][175] Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen has largely dismissed BRICS efforts at dedollarisation.[175] Following the announcement of the expansion of BRICS in 2023, the US National Security Advisor stated that it does not possess a "serious challenge".[214]
In November 2024 in a post on Truth Social, United States president-elect Donald Trump threatened a 100% United States tariff on countries that pursued a BRICS currency or moved to favor another currency instead of the U.S. dollar.[247][248] As US President he announced the same on his first day in office during his second term.[249][250] On 31 January 2025, President Trump posted on Truth Social to "go find another sucker Nation" with respect to BRICS.[251] In February 2025, in a press briefing, he stated that "BRICS is dead".[252][253] He went on to say that BRICS is silent following his "150%" tariff threat.[254][255]
Joseph Nye writes in January 2025 that BRICS, "as a means of escaping diplomatic isolation, it is certainly useful to Russia";[256] the same goes for Iran.[257] Nye writes that the expansion of the BRICS could bring in more "intra-organizational rivalries", limiting the groups' effectiveness.[256]
Melissa Pistilli writes that at the 2024 BRICS summit President Putin seemed to back away from "aggressive calls for de-dollarization [...] but rather to deter the "weaponization" of the US dollar".[258]
United Kingdom
After the August 2023 BRICS Summit, Con Coughlin—defense and foreign affairs editor at The Daily Telegraph—claimed "the challenge BRICS presents to the established world order seems destined to failure" and accused the organization of being used by China as a vehicle for expanding its global influence. Coughlin also noted the contradictions within the organization, such as the border dispute between China and India, and called for greater Western engagement with India as part of a new strategic alliance.[23]
In 2024, Jim O'Neill comments the grouping merely generates rhetoric and symbolism.[30]
Global opinion
According to a Gallup International poll conducted between October and December 2023, almost a third of people around the world had never heard of BRICS but Western countries were much more negative towards the alliance than elsewhere. The most negative attitudes were found in Sweden (45%), Spain (30%), the USA (30%), Portugal (29%), and Ukraine (29%) while the most positive net attitudes were in Russia (38%), Iran (37%), Nigeria (36%), Saudi Arabia (33%) and Malaysia (32%). In India, 36% had a positive view of BRICS while 29% had a negative view.[259][260]
Current leaders
Current leading member state representatives:
| Member | Brazil |
Russia |
India |
China |
South Africa |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image | .jpg) |
_(cropped).jpg) |
.png) |
.jpg) |
.jpg) |
| Name | Lula da Silva | Vladimir Putin | Narendra Modi | Xi Jinping | Cyril Ramaphosa |
| Position | President of Brazil | President of Russia | Prime Minister of India | President of China | President of South Africa |
| Member | Egypt |
Ethiopia |
Indonesia |
Iran |
United Arab Emirates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Image |  |
_(cropped).jpg) |
 |
_(2).jpg) |
_(cropped).jpg) |
| Name | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi | Abiy Ahmed | Prabowo Subianto | Masoud Pezeshkian | Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan |
| Position | President of Egypt | Prime Minister of Ethiopia | President of Indonesia | President of Iran | President of the United Arab Emirates |
See also
- Belt and Road Initiative – Chinese global infrastructure project
- BRICS Games – Multi-sport event involving athletes from the BRICS+ Nations
- Developing country – Nation with a lower living standard relative to more developed countries
- East–West dichotomy – Perceived difference between the Eastern and Western worlds
- Emerging power – Nation or block with steadily rising influence in world affairs
- List of multilateral free-trade agreements – Free trade agreements list
- MIKTA – Informal partnership between Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey and Australia
- G7 – Intergovernmental political and economic forum
- Potential superpowers – Entity speculated to be or become a superpower
- Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – Eurasian multilateral security organization
- BRICS PAY
- G20
- Member states of BRICS
- Non-Aligned Movement
- OPEC
- List of BRICS summit attendees
- List of country groupings
- BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
- BRICS Universities League
Notes
- The actual area under PRC control is 9,596,960.[citation needed]
References
Further reading
External links
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