Unconformity

An unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of different ages, indicating that sediment deposition was not continuous. In general, the older layer was exposed to erosion for an interval of time before deposition of the younger layer, but the term is used to describe any break in the sedimentary geologic record. The significance of angular unconformity (see below) was shown by James Hutton, who found examples of Hutton's Unconformity at Jedburgh in 1787 and at Siccar Point in Berwickshire in 1788, both in Scotland.^[1]^[2]

The rocks above an unconformity are younger than the rocks beneath (unless the sequence has been overturned). An unconformity represents time during which no sediments were preserved in a region or were subsequently eroded before the next deposition. The local record for that time interval is missing and geologists must use other clues to discover that part of the geologic history of that area. The interval of geologic time not represented is called a hiatus. It is a kind of relative dating.

Disconformity

A disconformity is an unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks which represents a period of erosion or non-deposition.^[3] Disconformities are marked by features of subaerial erosion. This type of erosion can leave channels and paleosols in the rock record.^[4]

Nonconformity

A nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock. Namely, if the rock below the break is igneous or has lost its bedding due to metamorphism, then the plane of juncture is a nonconformity.^[5]

Angular unconformity

An angular unconformity is an unconformity where horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers.^[6] The whole sequence may later be deformed and tilted by further orogenic activity. A typical case history is presented by the Briançonnais realm (Swiss and French Prealps) during the Jurassic.^[7]^[8]

Angular unconformities can occur in ash fall layers of pyroclastic rock deposited by volcanoes during explosive eruptions. In these cases, the hiatus in deposition represented by the unconformity may be geologically very short – hours, days or weeks.

Paraconformity

A paraconformity is a type of unconformity in which the sedimentary layers above and below the unconformity are parallel, but there is no obvious erosional break between them. A break in sedimentation is indicated, for example, by fossil evidence. It is also called nondepositional unconformity or pseudoconformity.^[9]^[10] Short paraconformities are called diastems.^[11]

Buttress unconformity

A buttress unconformity also known as onlap unconformity, occurs when younger bedding is deposited against older strata thus influencing its bedding structure.^[12]

Blended unconformity

A blended unconformity is a type of disconformity or nonconformity with no distinct separation plane or contact, sometimes consisting of soils, paleosols, or beds of pebbles derived from the underlying rock.^[13]

Disconformity at Horni Pocernice, Czech Republic
Disconformity (at the hammer) between underlying Mississippian Borden Formation and overlying Pennsylvanian Sharon Conglomerate, near Jackson, Ohio
There is a billion-year gap in the geologic record where this 500-million-year-old dolomite nonconformably overlies 1.5-billion-year-old rhyolite, near Taum Sauk Hydroelectric Power Station, Missouri.
Nonconformity at Ratssteinbruch near Dresden, Germany
Hutton's angular unconformity at Siccar Point where Famennian age (371–359 Ma) Devonian Old Red Sandstone overlies Llandovery age (444–433 Ma) Silurian greywacke^[14]
Angular unconformity of Triassic rocks overlying steeply-tilted Carboniferous rocks at Praia do Telheiro, Portugal
Angular unconformity between the underlying Dockum Group and the overlying Exeter Sandstone at Steamboat Butte in the valley of the Dry Cimmarron, New Mexico
Angular unconformity in Jingtai County, China
Angular unconformity in pyroclastic rock layers erupted by Chimborazo volcano, Ecuador
Geological unconformity, Camelback mountain, Arizona, showing deposition of Chattian sandstone (right) on Precambrian granite (left).

Great Unconformity

[1]
Hutton's Unconformity Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
[2]
Keith Montgomery (2003). "Siccar Point and Teaching the History of Geology" (PDF). University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
[3]
Monroe J.S., Wicander R. & Hazlett R.W. (2007). Physical geology: exploring the Earth. Cengage Learning. p. 267. ISBN 9780495011484.
[4]
Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 405. ISBN 0131547283.
[5]
Stokes, W. Lee (1982). Essentials of Earth History 4th Edition. Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 65. ISBN 0-13-285890-8.
[6]
Boggs 2006, pp. 404–405.
[7]
Septfontaine M. (1984): Le Dogger des Préalpes médianes suisses et françaises - stratigraphie, évolution paléogéographique et paléotectonique.- Mém. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat., vol. 97, 121 p. (Birkhäuser éd.)
[8]
Septfontaine M. (1995): Large scale progressive unconformities in Jurassic strata of the Prealps South of lake Geneva: interpretation as synsedimentary inversion structures. Paleotectonic implications. Eclogae geol. Helv., 88:3 553–576.
[9]
Catuneanu O. (2006). Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy. Elsevier. p. 15. ISBN 9780080473987.
[10]
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: An International Reference Work, Volume 14. McGraw-Hill. 1966. p. 192.
[11]
Boggs 2006, p. 401.
[12]
Groshong R. H. (2013). 3-D Structural Geology: A Practical Guide to Surface and Subsurface Map. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783662039120.
[13]
Neuendorf K.K.E. (2005). Glossary of Geology. Springer. p. 73. ISBN 9780922152766.
[14]
"Redheugh Sandstone Formation". BGS Lexicon of Names Rock Units. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 5 February 2023.

U.S. Bureau of Mines Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms published on CD-ROM in 1996.

[1] [1]
Hutton's Unconformity Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine

[monty-2] [2]
Keith Montgomery (2003). "Siccar Point and Teaching the History of Geology" (PDF). University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 2015-03-16.

[Monroe-3] [3]
Monroe J.S., Wicander R. & Hazlett R.W. (2007). Physical geology: exploring the Earth. Cengage Learning. p. 267. ISBN 9780495011484.

[4] [4]
Boggs, Sam (2006). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 405. ISBN 0131547283.

[5] [5]
Stokes, W. Lee (1982). Essentials of Earth History 4th Edition. Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 65. ISBN 0-13-285890-8.

[FOOTNOTEBoggs2006404–405-6] [6]
Boggs 2006, pp. 404–405.

[7] [7]
Septfontaine M. (1984): Le Dogger des Préalpes médianes suisses et françaises - stratigraphie, évolution paléogéographique et paléotectonique.- Mém. Soc. Helv. Sci. Nat., vol. 97, 121 p. (Birkhäuser éd.)

[8] [8]
Septfontaine M. (1995): Large scale progressive unconformities in Jurassic strata of the Prealps South of lake Geneva: interpretation as synsedimentary inversion structures. Paleotectonic implications. Eclogae geol. Helv., 88:3 553–576.

[Catuneanu-9] [9]
Catuneanu O. (2006). Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy. Elsevier. p. 15. ISBN 9780080473987.

[10] [10]
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: An International Reference Work, Volume 14. McGraw-Hill. 1966. p. 192.

[FOOTNOTEBoggs2006401-11] [11]
Boggs 2006, p. 401.

[Groshong-12] [12]
Groshong R. H. (2013). 3-D Structural Geology: A Practical Guide to Surface and Subsurface Map. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783662039120.

[Neuendorf-13] [13]
Neuendorf K.K.E. (2005). Glossary of Geology. Springer. p. 73. ISBN 9780922152766.

[14] [14]
"Redheugh Sandstone Formation". BGS Lexicon of Names Rock Units. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 5 February 2023.

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Disconformity

Nonconformity

Angular unconformity

Paraconformity

Buttress unconformity

Blended unconformity

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Unconformity

Disconformity

Nonconformity

Angular unconformity

Paraconformity

Buttress unconformity

Blended unconformity

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Types

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See also

References

Further reading