Jilin

Jilin^[a] is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea (Rasŏn, North Hamgyong, Ryanggang and Chagang) and Russia (Primorsky Krai) to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west.

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Quick Facts 吉林省Chi-lin, Kirin, Name transcription(s) ...

Jilin Province 吉林省 Chi-lin, Kirin
Province
Province of Jilin
Name transcription(s)
• Chinese	吉林省 (Jílín Shěng)
• Abbreviation	JL / 吉 (pinyin: Jí)
View of Heaven Lake
Map showing the location of Jilin Province
Coordinates: 43°42′N 126°12′E
Country	China
Named for	from girin ula, a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river"
Capital (and largest city)	Changchun Jilin (1949–1954) Changchun (1954–present)
Divisions	9 prefectures, 60 counties, 1006 townships
Government
• Type	Province
• Body	Jilin Provincial People's Congress
• CCP Secretary	Huang Qiang
• Congress chairman	Jing Junhai
• Governor	Hu Yuting
• CPPCC chairman	Zhu Guoxian
• National People's Congress Representation	58 deputies
Area [1]
• Total	191,126 km2 (73,794 sq mi)
• Rank	14th
Highest elevation (Mount Paektu)	2,744 m (9,003 ft)
Population  (2020)[2]
• Total	24,073,453
• Rank	24th
• Density	130/km2 (330/sq mi)
• Rank	23rd
Demographics
• Ethnic composition	Han: 91% Korean: 4% Manchu: 4% Mongol: 0.6% Hui: 0.5%
• Languages and dialects	Northeastern Mandarin, Hamgyŏng Korean
GDP (2023)[3]
• Total	CN¥ 1,588 billion (26th) US$ 192 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 54,695 (27th) US$ 7,762
ISO 3166 code	CN-JL
HDI (2022)	0.777[4] (17th) – high
Website	www.jl.gov.cn

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Quick Facts Chinese name, Chinese ...

Jilin
"Jilin" in Chinese characters
Chinese name
Chinese	吉林
Postal	Kirin
Literal meaning	transcription of "girin (ula)" a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river"
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Jílín Bopomofo ㄐㄧˊ   ㄌㄧㄣˊ Gwoyeu Romatzyh Jyilin Wade–Giles Chi2-lin2 IPA [tɕǐ.lǐn] Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Gat1 lam4
Chinese Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl	길림
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Gillim McCune–Reischauer Killim
Manchu name
Manchu script	ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣ
Romanization	Girin golo

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Along with the rest of Northeast China, Jilin underwent an early period of industrialization. However, Jilin's economy, characterized by heavy industry, has been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast". The region contains large deposits of oil shale.

The name "Jilin" originates from girin ula,^[b] a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river", shortened to Kirin in English. This Manchu term was transcribed into jilin wula (t 吉林烏拉, s 吉林乌拉) in Chinese characters and shortened the first two characters, which are transcribed in English as Chi-lin (Wade-Giles) and later "Jilin" (Hanyu Pinyin).^[6]

In ancient times, Jilin was inhabited by the Xianbei, Sushen, the Mohe, Jurchens, and the Wùjí (勿吉).^[7] The kingdoms of Buyeo and Goguryeo ruled parts of this area.

The region then fell successively under the domination of the Xiongnu, Xianbei state, Goguryeo, Balhae, Khitan Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, and the Mongol Yuan dynasty.^[8] During the Qing Dynasty, much of the area was under the control of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose area of control extended to encompass much of what is Russia's Primorsky Krai today.

After the Primorsky Krai area was ceded to Russia in 1860, the government began to open the area up to Han Chinese migrants, most of whom came from Shandong. By the beginning of the 20th century, Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group of the region. In 1932, the area was incorporated into Manchukuo, a puppet state set up by Japan. Changchun (then called Xinjing), capital of Jilin today, was made the capital of Manchukuo. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Red Army captured Jilin after Operation August Storm.^[9] The region, with the rest of northeastern China, was ceded to the Communists by the Soviet Union. Manchuria was the staging ground from which the communists eventually conquered the rest of China in the Chinese Civil War.

In 1949, Jilin province was smaller, encompassing only the environs of Changchun and Jilin City, and the capital was at Jilin City, while Changchun was a municipality independent from the province. In the 1950s, Jilin was expanded to its present borders. During the Cultural Revolution, Jilin was expanded again to include a part of Inner Mongolia, giving it a border with the independent state of Mongolia, though this was later reversed.

In recent times Jilin has, with the rest of heavy industry-based Northeast China, been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast".

Jilin lies in the central part of northeastern China, bordering Russia and North Korea in the east and southeast respectively. Jilin has an area of 190,000 km² (73,000 sq mi) and a population of 24 million. Its capital is Changchun, which lies 113 km (70 mi) west of Jilin City. Jilin is rich in natural mineral deposits with 136 types of minerals, of which 70 have been extracted. Jilin has an abundance of Traditional Chinese medicine resources, with approximately 27,000 kinds of wild plants and 9,000 kinds of medicinal herbs.^[10]

The province is rich in large reserves of oil, gas, coal, iron, nickel, molybdenum, talc, graphite, gypsum, cement rock, gold and silver; its reserves of oil shale are the largest in the country.^[11]

Jilin is highest in altitude in the southeast and drops gently towards the northwest. The Changbai Mountains run through its southeastern regions and contains the highest peak of the province, Paektu Mountain at 2,744 m (9,003 ft). Other ranges include the Jilinhada Mountains, Zhang Guangcai Mountains, and Longgang Mountains.

Jilin is drained by the Yalu and Tumen rivers in the extreme southeast (which together form parts of the border between the People's Republic of China and North Korea), by tributaries of the Liao River in the southwest, and by the Songhua and Nen rivers in the north, both eventually flowing into the Amur.

Jilin has a northerly continental monsoon climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Average January temperatures range from −20 to −14 °C (−4 to 7 °F). Rainfall averages at 350 to 1,000 mm (13.8 to 39.4 in).

Major cities in this province include Changchun, Jilin City, Baishan, Baicheng, Siping, Yanji, Songyuan, Tonghua and Liaoyuan.^[12]

Jilin consists of nine prefecture-level divisions: eight prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city) and one autonomous prefecture:

More information Administrative divisions of Jilin, Division code ...

Administrative divisions of Jilin
Changchun Jilin Siping Liaoyuan Tonghua Baishan Songyuan Baicheng Yanbian Korean AP
Division code[13]	Division	Area in km2[14]	Population 2010[15]	Seat	Divisions[16]
					Districts	Counties	Aut. counties	CL cities
220000	Jilin Province	187,400.00	27,462,297	Changchun city	21	16	3	20
220100	Changchun city	24,734.13	7,677,089	Nanguan District	7	1		3
220200	Jilin city	27,659.79	4,414,681	Chuanying District	4	1		4
220300	Siping city	10,241.73	3,386,325	Tiexi District	2	1	1	1
220400	Liaoyuan city	5,140.45	1,176,645	Longshan District	2	2
220500	Tonghua city	15,607.80	2,325,242	Dongchang District	2	3		2
220600	Baishan city	17,473.73	1,295,750	Hunjiang District	2	2	1	1
220700	Songyuan city	21,089.38	2,881,082	Ningjiang District	1	2	1	1
220800	Baicheng city	25,692.29	2,033,058	Taobei District	1	2		2
222400	Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture	43,509.10	2,271,600	Yanji city		2		6
Sub-provincial cities

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These nine prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 60 county-level divisions (21 districts, 20 county-level cities, 16 counties, and three autonomous counties). (See List of administrative divisions of Jilin.) These administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China. At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 27.17 million.

Urban areas

More information Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities, # ...

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
#	Cities	2020 Urban area[17]	2010 Urban area[18]	2020 City proper
1	Changchun[c]	3,531,661	3,411,209[d]	9,066,906
2	Jilin	1,326,640	1,469,722	3,623,713
3	Yanji	630,612	505,516	part of Yanbian Prefecture
4	Siping[c]	485,710	509,107	1,814,733
5	Songyuan	480,769	464,999	2,252,994
6	Tonghua	408,403	476,792	1,812,114
7	Liaoyuan	407,296	385,049	996,903
8	Baishan	391,234	503,287	1,551,378
9	Gongzhuling	384,715	337,851	see Changchun[c]
10	Meihekou	291,138	268,259	see Tonghua
11	Baicheng	263,667	359,492	968,373
12	Yushu	253,344	280,961	see Changchun
13	Dunhua	241,929	293,396	part of Yanbian Prefecture
14	Dehui	202,988	187,956	see Changchun
15	Hunchun	189,760	174,355	part of Yanbian Prefecture
16	Huadian	184,810	193,537	see Jilin
17	Shulan	176,692	254,850	see Jilin
18	Jiaohe	168,313	201,712	see Jilin
19	Panshi	163,592	228,004	see Jilin
20	Shuangliao	146,716	180,700	see Siping
21	Da'an	136,823	202,322	see Baicheng
22	Fuyu	124,874	[e]	see Songyuan
23	Taonan	115,946	164,976	see Baicheng
24	Longjing	96,972	122,065	part of Yanbian Prefecture
25	Linjiang	87,555	133,435	see Baishan
26	Ji'an	81,982	95,971	see Tonghua
27	Helong	80,419	112,337	part of Yanbian Prefecture
28	Tumen	71,023	109,342	part of Yanbian Prefecture
—	Jiutai	see Changchun	198,851	see Changchun

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More information Most populous cities in JilinSource: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population, Rank ...

Most populous cities in Jilin Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[19]
	Rank		Pop.	Rank		Pop.
Changchun Jilin	1	Changchun	4,564,000	11	Baicheng	257,200	Siping Yanji
	2	Jilin	1,269,100	12	Dehui	256,000
	3	Siping	591,600	13	Hunchun	215,000
	4	Yanji	553,800	14	Dunhua	201,900
	5	Liaoyuan	493,100	15	Shulan	186,100
	6	Songyuan	484,900	16	Gongzhuling	182,000
	7	Tonghua	461,100	17	Huadian	161,300
	8	Baishan	405,000	18	Da'an	158,500
	9	Meihekou	325,500	19	Jiaohe	140,200
	10	Yushu	296,500	20	Taonan	139,500

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The politics of Jilin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Jilin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jilin. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jilin Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jilin CCP Party Chief".

In 2011, the nominal GDP of Jilin province totaled RMB 1053.1 billion (US$167.1 billion). Its GDP has been rising at a double-digit rate since 2003, growing 51 percent from 2003 to 2007. Per capita nominal GDP increased to RMB 26,289 (US$3,848) in 2009. Meanwhile, the incremental value and profit of large enterprises witnessed an increase of 19 percent and 30 percent respectively, compared with 2005 figures.^[20]

Jilin's agricultural production is centered upon rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum. Rice is mostly cultivated in the eastern parts, such as Yanbian Prefecture. The Changbai Mountains are an important source of lumber. Sheep herding is an important activity in the western parts, such as Baicheng.

Among its natural resources, Jilin has the largest reserves of shale oil and one of the top five largest mineral reserves in China.^[21] Compared to other provinces of China, Jilin has extensive deposits of Kieselguhr, wollastonite, floatstone, and molybdenum.

Industry in Jilin is concentrated on automobiles, train carriages, and iron alloy.

Jilin is one of the most important commodity grain bases in China. It is ranked 6th in timber production.^[11]

Traditionally, Jilin has been known as a major pharmaceutical center, with yields of ginseng and deer antlers among the largest in China, being used extensively in the field of Chinese medicine.^[10][21]

There are 35,216 km (21,882 mi) of highways, including over 500 km (310 mi) of expressways.

The province has a rail network, begun by the Japanese, with Changchun as its main hub. There are four major new railway projects which started construction in 2007. One of these, the Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway connecting Harbin with Dalian via Changchun was completed in 2012. Trains on the line can travel at up to 350 km/h (220 mph). The four railway projects were estimated to cost RMB13 billion, and the province urged foreign investors to invest in them. A line from Changchun to Jilin City, expected to be completed in 2015, was expected to cut the journey times between the cities from 96 minutes to 30. The railway network in Jilin can be divided into two directions in the northwest–southeast and southwest–northeast. The main trunk line Beijing-Harbin railway runs through the north and south of Jilin. From Jilin Province, it can go directly to Harbin, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, Tianjin, Xi'an, Shijiazhuang, Wuhan, Jinan, and so on. By the end of 2015, the railway business mileage of Jilin province reached 4,877.4 km (3,030.7 mi).

The main commercial airport is Changchun Longjia International Airport; other commercial airports include Yanji Chaoyangchuan International Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport, Baicheng Chang'an Airport, Songyuan Chaganhu Airport and Changbaishan Airport.^[10]

Jilin is landlocked. River navigation is possible from April to November. The major river ports are at Da'an, Jilin city and Fuyu. In 2007, Jilin started construction on a two-phase RMB60 million comprehensive river port; the first phase is finished. The port is on the Songhua River, has an annual throughput of two million tons, and will connect to the waterways of Northeast China.^[11] Aviation takes Changchun as the center, supplemented by Yanji and Baishan. It can go directly to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Haikou, Ningbo, Dalian, Kunming, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and so on. Changchun Longjia Airport, Yanji Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport and Changbaishan Airport, etc.

Jilin is inhabited by Han Chinese, Manchus, Hui, Mongols and Xibe. Most ethnic Koreans live in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. The Manchu people were once the majority in the area of Jilin, making it part of their historical region. With the adoption of Han culture and the Chinese languages by the Manchu people, the Manchu language is considered a critically endangered language.^[38] Koreans comprise about 4% of the population, owing to its proximity to the Korean Peninsula. The majority of the province speaks Mandarin.

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.^[39]

Jilin is part of Northeast China and shares many similarities in culture to neighbouring regions, such as Errenzhuan and Yangge. Among its music, Jiju, or Jilin Opera, is a form of traditional entertainment that Jilin has innovated over its short migrant history.

The ethnic Koreans of Jilin have a distinct culture, closely tied to Korea.

Languages

The majority of the province speaks Mandarin, the official language of China. Closer to the east, many people speak Korean. Some people of Qian Gorlos autonomous county speak Mongolian.

The Goguryeo sites and tombs found in Ji'an, Jilin, including Hwando Mountain City, Gungnae City, and the pyramidal Tomb of the General, have been listed as part of the Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom, a World Heritage Site.

Paektu Mountain, especially Heaven Lake on the border with North Korea, are popular tourist destinations due to their natural scenery.

Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, including the Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo, are royal tombs of Balhae found in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.

• O Kuk-ryol, Chinese-born North Korean general and politician
• Choe Hyon, Chinese-born North Korean general and politician
• Ri Tu-ik, Chinese-born North Korean vice-marshal and politician
• Li Hongbo, sculptor
• Guo Junchen, actor
• Wei Daxun, actor
• Huang Renjun, main vocalist and lead dancer of K-pop boyband NCT and NCT Dream

• List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Jilin