Oakland–Jack London Square station

Planning

By the late 1980s, officials planned to replace the aging 16th Street station with a new station in the Jack London Square area, which was undergoing redevelopment.^{[15][16][17]: 17} In March 1989, the Port of Oakland won a $3.1 million state grant to fund part of the cost of a new station.^[18] 16th Street station was severely damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake; an adjacent building was repurposed as a temporary station.^[19] In 1990, Jack London Square was among the proposed station sites for the Capitols service.^[20]

By late 1991, environmental work for the Jack London Square station was underway; proposed costs had quadrupled to $16 million from the $4 million projected in 1988.^[21] Capitols service began in December 1991, with 16th Street as the Oakland station.^[22] By August 1992, the Port planned to open a temporary platform at Jack London Square by July 1993, as Caltrans had ordered Amtrak to vacate 16th Street station by then to accommodate replacement of the Cypress Street Viaduct. The new station was then expected to fully open in August 1994.^[23]

In 1992, the adjacent city of Emeryville advanced plans for a new station of its own, intended to support redevelopment in the city. Emeryville officials advertised it as an interim replacement for 16th Street station, and that it would only seen limited service after the Jack London Square station opened. However, Port of Oakland saw Emeryville station as a threat to the expected economic benefits of the Jack London Square station.^[24][25] Groundbreaking for the Jack London Square station was held on October 28, 1992 – one day after a "lease signing" ceremony in Emeryville.^[26]

Construction

In December 1992, the Port abandoned plans for the temporary platform in order to speed construction of the permanent station, with the aim of having it open by December 1993.^[27] However, this was delayed by unexpectedly high costs for track work at the station.^[28] Demolition of a former newspaper warehouse to make way for the new station began in January 1993.^[29] Plans up to that point called for a 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m²), two-story station building with a clock tower.^[30] In February 1993, the design was changed to a 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m²), one-story station that would cost $13.5 million.^[31] Emeryville station ultimately opened on August 13, 1993.^[32][33]

In October 1993, bids for the station building came in $1.2 million higher than expected; the Port made cosmetic changes to reduce the cost and rebid the project.^[28] The Port awarded a $6.24 million contraction contract for the station building in February 1994 and leased the station to Amtrak for 66 years for $1.^[28][34] At that time, the Port also announced that the station would be named after C. L. Dellums, a longtime Oakland resident and the co-founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.^[28] Construction began in March 1994.^[35]

By July 1994, the project was expected to cost $14.5 million – $9 million for the station and $5.5 million for track work – and be complete by the end of the year.^[36] 16th Street station closed in August 1994, at which time Emeryville became Amtrak's only Oakland-area station.^[37] The main span of the footbridge was installed on the night of November 5–6, 1994.^{[10]: 41 [6]} The curved beams for the footbridge had to be fabricated in Arkansas, as no closer manufacturer was capable of the work.^[6] Heavy winter rains in 1994–1995 delayed the station's opening by an additional three months.^[8] The nearly-complete station was formally dedicated in honor of Dellums on May 12, 1995. The final project cost was $16 million.^[38]

Service changes and development

Oakland–Jack London Square station opened on May 22, 1995.^{[10]: 33 [39]} Initial service consisted of the daily round trips of the California Zephyr and Coast Starlight plus the three daily round trips of the Capitols.^[8][40] The San Joaquins were not initially extended to Oakland because of refusals by the SP. Any trains terminating at Oakland had to reverse to the West Oakland rail yard (where a wye allowed trains to be turned) on street running tracks along Embarcadero West. Capitols trains had cab cars allowing bidirectional running (and most Capitols trains ran through Oakland rather than terminating), but San Joaquins and California Zephyr trains did not.^[8] (The new California Cars, which included cab cars, were not introduced on the San Joaquins until later in 1995.^[9][41]) SP allowed the Zephyr to be extended to Oakland because it would make the reverse move at less-crowded times.^[8]

Service to the station increased on April 14, 1996: a fourth Capitols round trip was added, and two of the four daily San Joaquins round trips were extended from Emeryville to Oakland.^{[42][43][44]: 225} The remaining two San Joaquins round trips were extended to Oakland on November 10, 1996.^[45] The California Zephyr was cut back to Emeryville on October 27, 1997 – both to avoid the reverse move, and because the addition of mail and express cars earlier that year had made the train too long for the station's platform.^{[10]: 43 [46][47]} A statue of Dellums was added in the plaza next to the station in December 1999.^[12]

The station has been an anchor for additional redevelopment in Jack London Square.^[10]: 41 Short-term parking was originally in a surface lot northwest of the station building, while long-term parking was across the tracks.^[8] A residential development replaced the long-term lot in 2001.^[17]: 23 In June 2004, the city approved a nine-building development in the Jack London Square district. It included a parking garage replacing the short-term packing lot, with a footbridge across the tracks connecting it to a public market.^[48][49] Construction on the garage and market began in October 2007.^{[11][17]: 21} The garage opened on August 14, 2010; the public market was never opened due to the Great Recession and its building saw other uses.^{[17]: 21 [10]: 41}

Additional Capitols service were added from 1998 to 2006, reaching a peak of 16 weekday round trips; the service was renamed Capitol Corridor in 2001.^[44]: 230 A fifth San Joaquins round trip was added on June 20, 2016.^[50]: 15 A 2014 vision plan for the Capitol Corridor proposed several possible new alignments for passenger trains to avoid the street running through Jack London Square. These included a tunnel on the existing alignment, a tunnel under 5th Street, and a deep-bore tunnel under downtown Oakland.^[51] A 2016 implementation plan proposed a tunnel under 2nd Street with a new underground station at Broadway.^[52] A proposed second San Francisco–Oakland rail tunnel, Link21, may be built either as a BART extension or as mainline regional rail. An underground Jack London Square station was proposed on most of the Link21 concepts released in 2023.^[53]