Loading AI tools
1997 American crewed spaceflight to the Hubble Space Telescope From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
STS-82 was the 22nd flight of the Space Shuttle Discovery and the 82nd mission of the Space Shuttle program. It was NASA's second mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope, during which Discovery's crew repaired and upgraded the telescope's scientific instruments, increasing its research capabilities. Discovery launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on February 11, 1997, returning to Earth on February 21, 1997, at Kennedy Space Center.[1]
The Hubble Space Telescope in Space Shuttle Discovery's Payload bay | |
| Names | Space Transportation System-82 |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Hubble servicing |
| Operator | NASA |
| COSPAR ID | 1997-004A |
| SATCAT no. | 24719 |
| Mission duration | 9 days, 23 hours, 38 minutes, 9 seconds |
| Distance travelled | 6,100,000 kilometres (3,800,000 mi) |
| Orbits completed | 149 |
| Spacecraft properties | |
| Spacecraft | Space Shuttle Discovery |
| Launch mass | 116,884 kilograms (257,685 lb) |
| Payload mass | 83,122 kilograms (183,253 lb) |
| Crew | |
| Crew size | 7 |
| Members | |
| Start of mission | |
| Launch date | February 11, 1997, 08:55:17 UTC |
| Launch site | Kennedy, LC-39A |
| End of mission | |
| Landing date | February 21, 1997, 08:32 UTC |
| Landing site | Kennedy, SLF Runway 15 |
| Orbital parameters | |
| Reference system | Geocentric |
| Regime | Low Earth |
| Perigee altitude | 475 kilometres (295 mi) |
| Apogee altitude | 574 kilometres (357 mi) |
| Inclination | 28.4698 degrees |
| Period | 95.2 min |
| Capture of Hubble | |
| RMS capture | 13 February 1997, 08:34 UTC |
| RMS release | 19 February 1997, 06:41 UTC |
 Left to right - Front: Bowersox, Hawley, Horowitz; Back: Tanner, Harbaugh, Lee, Smith | |
Discovery was crewed by a seven person team for the STS-82 mission.[2]
| Position | Astronaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Commander | Kenneth D. Bowersox Fourth spaceflight | |
| Pilot | Scott J. Horowitz Second spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 1 | Joseph R. Tanner Second spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 2 Flight Engineer |
Steven A. Hawley Fourth spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 3 | Gregory J. Harbaugh Fourth and last spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 4 | Mark C. Lee Fourth and last spaceflight | |
| Mission Specialist 5 | Steven L. Smith Second spaceflight | |
| Notes: | ||
| Seat[2] | Launch | Landing |  Seats 1–4 are on the flight deck. Seats 5–7 are on the mid-deck. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bowersox | ||
| 2 | Horowitz | ||
| 3 | Tanner | Harbaugh | |
| 4 | Hawley | ||
| 5 | Harbaugh | Tanner | |
| 6 | Lee | ||
| 7 | Smith | ||
The STS-82 mission was the second in a series of planned servicing missions to the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope ("HST"), which had been placed in orbit on April 24, 1990, by Discovery during STS-31. The first servicing mission was done by Space Shuttle Endeavour on STS-61. Work performed by Discovery's crew significantly upgraded the scientific capabilities of the HST and helped to keep the telescope functioning smoothly until the next scheduled servicing missions, which were STS-103 in 1999 and STS-109 in 2002.[1]
On the third day of the mission, Discovery's seven-member crew conducted the first of four spacewalks (also called Extra-vehicular Activities or "EVAs") to remove two older instruments and install two new astronomy instruments, as well as perform other servicing tasks. The two older instruments being replaced were the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph and the Faint Object Spectrograph, exchanged for the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), respectively.[4]
In addition to installing the new instruments, astronauts replaced other existing hardware with upgrades and spares. Hubble received a refurbished Fine Guidance Sensor, an optical device used to provide pointing information for the telescope and as a scientific instrument for astrometric science.[1] The Solid State Recorder (SSR) replaced one of HST's reel-to-reel tape recorders. The SSR provides much more flexibility than a reel-to-reel recorder and can store ten times more data.[1][4] One of Hubble's four Reaction Wheel Assemblies (RWA) -- part of the telescope's Pointing Control Subsystem—was replaced with a refurbished spare.[5] The RWAs use angular momentum to move and maintain the telescope in a desired position. The wheel axes are oriented so that the telescope can provide science with only three wheels operating, if required.[1] Study of the returned mechanism provided a rare opportunity to study equipment that had undergone long-term service (7 years) in space, particularly for the effects of vacuum on lubricants which were found to be in 'excellent condition'.[5]
STS-82 demonstrated anew the capability of the Space Shuttle to service orbiting spacecraft. Discovery's crew completed servicing and upgrading of the Hubble Space Telescope during four planned EVAs, later performing a fifth unscheduled space walk to repair insulation on the telescope.[4]
The Hubble Space Telescope was deployed in April 1990 during STS-31. It was designed to undergo periodic servicing and upgrading over its projected 15-year lifespan, with first servicing performed during STS-61 in December 1993. Hawley, who originally deployed the telescope, operated the orbiter Remote Manipulator System arm on STS-82 to retrieve the telescope for second servicing at 3:34 am EST, Feb 13, and positioned it above Discovery's payload bay less than half an hour later.[4]
Relying on more than 150 tools and crew aids, Lee and Smith performed EVAs 1, 3 and 5, with Harbaugh and Tanner performing EVAs 2 and 4. EVA 1 began at 11:34 pm EST, February 13, and lasted six hours, 42 minutes. One of Hubble's solar arrays was unexpectedly disturbed by a gust of air from Discovery's airlock when it was depressurized, but was not damaged.[4] Lee and Smith removed two scientific instruments from Hubble, the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) and Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS), and replaced them with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), respectively. STIS expected to shed further light on supermassive black holes.[4] NICMOS features more capable infrared detectors and gave astronomers their first clear view of the universe at near infrared wavelengths between 0.8 and 2.5 micrometers.[4]
EVA 2 began at 10:25 pm, February 14, and lasted seven hours, 27 minutes. Harbaugh and Tanner replaced a degraded Fine Guidance Sensor and a failed Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with new spares. Also installed was a new unit called the Optical Control Electronics Enhancement Kit, which further increased the capability of the Fine Guidance Sensor.[4] During this EVA astronauts noted cracking and wear on thermal insulation on the side of HST facing sun and in the direction of travel.[4]
EVA 3 began at 9:53 pm, February 15, and lasted seven hours, 11 minutes. Lee and Smith removed and replaced a Data Interface Unit on Hubble, as well as a reel-to-reel Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with a new digital Solid State Recorder (SSR) that allowed simultaneous recording and playback of data.[4] Also changed out was one of four Reaction Wheel Assembly units that use spin momentum to move telescope toward a target and maintain it in a stable position. After this EVA, mission managers decided to add EVA 5 to repair the thermal insulation on HST.[2]
EVA 4 began at 10:45 pm, February 16, and lasted six hours, 34 minutes. Harbaugh and Tanner replaced a Solar Array Drive Electronics package which controls the positioning of Hubble's solar arrays. Also replaced covers over Hubble's magnetometers and placed thermal blankets of multi-layer material over two areas of degraded insulation around the light shield portion of the telescope just below the top of the observatory. Meanwhile, inside Discovery Horowitz and Lee worked on the middeck to fabricate new insulation blankets for HST.[2]
Final space walk, EVA 5, lasted five hours, 17 minutes. Lee and Smith attached several thermal insulation blankets to three equipment compartments at the top of the Support Systems Module section of the telescope which contain key data processing, electronics and scientific instrument telemetry packages. STS-82 EVA total of 33 hours, 11 minutes is about two hours shy of total EVA time recorded on first servicing mission.[2]
Discovery's maneuvering jets fired several times during the mission to reboost the telescope's orbit by eight nautical miles. Hubble was redeployed on February 19 at 1:41 am, into a 335-nautical-mile (620 km) by 321-nautical-mile (594 km) orbit. Initial checkout of new instruments and equipment during mission showed all were performing nominally. Calibration of the two new science instruments took place over a period of several weeks, with first images and data anticipated in about eight to ten weeks.
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Gemini program, which was first used to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.[6]
Each track is specially chosen, often by their families, and usually has a special meaning to an individual member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities.[6]
| Flight Day | Song | Artist/Composer |
|---|---|---|
| Day 2 | "Magic Carpet Ride" | Steppenwolf |
| Day 3 | "These Are Days" | 10,000 Maniacs |
| Day 4 | "Two Princes" | Spin Doctors |
| Day 5 | "Higher Love" | Steve Winwood |
| Day 6 | "The Packerena" | WMYX-FM |
| Day 7 | "Shiny Happy People" | R.E.M. |
| Day 8 | "Dreams" | The Cranberries |
| Day 9 | "That Thing You Do" | The Wonders |
| Day 10 | "Five Hundred Miles Away From Home" | Reba McEntire |
| Day 11 | "Born to Be Wild" | Steppenwolf |
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.
