AI tools

-e

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: -ę and Appendix:Variations of "e"
Languages (44)
English
Afrikaans • Albanian • Central Franconian • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Esperanto • Estonian • Finnish • French • Garo • German • Hungarian • Ido • Ingrian • Irish • Italian • Japanese • Latin • Latvian • Lower Sorbian • Middle Dutch • Middle English • Mokilese • Murui Huitoto • Namuyi • Ojibwe • Old English • Old French • Old Irish • Old Polish • Polish • Portuguese • Romani • Romanian • Saterland Frisian • Serbo-Croatian • Spanish • Swahili • Swedish • Turkish • Tzotzil • Ye'kwana
Page categories

English

Etymology

From archaic forms ending in e, from Middle English -e, from the coalescence of multiple various endings from Old English.

Pronunciation

Silent.

For humorous effect, sometimes pronounced as if reading the name of the letter e: IPA(key): /-i/.

Suffix

-e

  1. Used for archaizing.
    • 1993, “10-13. Kenosha”, in Wisconsin Annual Events, page 38:
      YE OLDE ENGLISHE CHRISTMASSE FEASTE: Nine course authentic Renaissance festival banquet.
    • 1996, Jon Orwant, Perl 5 Interactive Course, →ISBN, page 679:
      Ye Olde Webbe page / Whither thou goest, there thou be.
    • 1999 June 14, Tina Clarke, “Re: How to make LINKS open in new Browser Window?”, in microsoft.public.frontpage.client (Usenet), message-ID <[email protected]>:
      Go on tell what prob your having at the mo with ye olde computere! You don't get this crusty without one...do u?
    • 2002, Bruce Balfour, The Forge of Mars, Berkeley Publishing Group, →ISBN:
      “Yes. It’s an English pub called Ye Olde Meate Markete. […]”

Usage notes

Usually all words of the noun phrase are suffixed, unless the word already ends in e (e.g. smalle quainte towne for "small quaint town"). Commonly used with ye olde and other archaic terms. The consonant at the end of the word is often doubled if it is preceded by a historically short vowel, according to the rules of English spelling (e.g. hogge for "hog", bidde for "bid", etc.).

Derived terms

See also

Afrikaans

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Dutch -en.

Suffix

-e

  1. The plural ending of many nouns.
Usage notes
  • As a rule of thumb, -e is used in nouns with final stress and -s otherwise. However, a certain number of inherited nouns deviate (in either direction) and newer loanwords often take -s even after final stress. Small irregular classes are plurals in -ere, -ers, and -ens.
  • A rather large number of plurals in -e show phonetic pecularities such as the following:
    • A short stem vowel may be lengthened: ‎skip (“ship”) + ‎-e → ‎skepe.
    • Final -d- may be replaced with -i-: ‎pad (“path”) + ‎-e → ‎paaie.
    • Final -g- may be lost: ‎dag (“day”) + ‎-e → ‎dae.
    • An underlying final -t- may resurface: ‎nag (“night”) + ‎-e → ‎nagte.

Etymology 2

From Dutch -e.

Suffix

-e

  1. The attributive ending of many adjectives.
Usage notes
  • As a rule of thumb, -e is used in polysyllabic adjectives except those ending in -er (including comparatives) and in monosyllabic adjectives that end in -f, -d, -s, -g, while others remain unchanged. However, there are various exceptions to this distribution. Several adjectives also allow both forms, sometimes with a tendency towards semantic distinction. For example, one usually says ’n ryk man (“a rich man”, literally), but ’n ryke kultuur (“a rich culture”, figuratively).
  • All adjectives, including normally uninflected ones, do take -e when they are used independently, that is without the referent noun following: ’n arm land en ’n ryke (“a poor country and a rich one”). In such cases, the adjective also inflects for number: arm lande en rykes (“poor countries and rich ones”).
  • In the formation of the attributive form, irregularities similar to those described in etymology 1 above may occur, with the exception that vowel lengthening is not found in adjectives.

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *-jā, from Proto-Indo-European *-ih₂ ~ *-yéh₂s.

Suffix

-e (definite -ja, plural -e)

  1. forms the feminine forms for many adjectives
  2. forms feminine equivalents of nouns
    Synonyms: -éshë, -ónjë
    ‎mik (“male friend”) + ‎-e → ‎mike (“female friend”)
    ‎gjysh (“grandfather”) + ‎-e → ‎gjyshe (“grandmother”)

Derived terms

Albanian terms suffixed with -e
arnuese
arsimtare
arumune
çereke
dijetare
Dule
ferrëkuqe
fisnike
gdhendëse
greke
gjallese
gjermane
gjermanishte
gjethe
gjyshe
jakatare
korriqe
lëbarke
Lumëardhe
lutjesore
lyerëse
Mane
maqedorumune
mbështjellëse
mike
nxënëse
pësore
prijë
pulëhine
rumanishte
rumune
sorkadhe
shkurte
Shkurte
-t
Tare
trime
valëbuke
vjedhëse

Central Franconian

Alternative forms

  • -en (see usage notes below)

Etymology

From Middle High German -en, from a merger of various Old High German suffixes. The use for the masculine nominative of the adjective (except in south-eastern dialects) goes back to generalisation of the accusative form. The use for the first-person singular goes back to generalisation of Old High German -ōm, -ēm in weak classes II and III, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-mi.

Pronunciation

Suffix

-e

  1. A common noun plural ending, especially in feminines.
  2. A common adjectival declension ending, especially in the masculine nominative/accusative and the weak dative of all genders.
  3. A common conjugation ending, especially in the infinitive, first-person singular and plural, and third-person plural.

Usage notes

Use of the forms -e and -en
  • In Ripuarian and eastern Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is -e. It becomes -en before vowel-initial words, especially within the noun or verb phrase (thus similarly to French liaison). Optionally the same may also occur before h, d, t, z.
  • In western Moselle Franconian, the basic form of the suffix is -en, but the final -n is lost when followed by a consonant other than h, d, t, z – a process called Eifeler Regel and also active in Luxembourgish.
  • These two systems are ultimately very similar, the only major difference being the form the suffix takes in pausa, i.e. in isolation or before a speech pause. For simplicity, therefore, Wiktionary's coverage of Central Franconian uses the e-form as general lemma form for all dialects. The -n must then be added depending on the phonetic environment and the dialect in question.
Use in the feminine and plural of adjectives
  • The nominative/accusative of masculine adjectives always takes the suffix -e, whereas the neuter never does: ene jode Mann (“a good man”), e deck Stöck (“a thick piece”). In the feminine and plural, however, there is variation. The traditional rule in Kölsch is that adjectives take -e only after voiceless stems: en decke Zupp (“a thick soup”), but en jot Zupp (“a good soup”) because the stem in the latter case is jod-. Exceptionally, the suffix -ig becomes -ije.
  • Today this rule is no longer followed strictly and one may hear -e after all obstruents, be they voiceless or voiced (thus optionally en jode Zupp). We therefore give both forms, but order them according to the traditional rule. After vowels and sonorants, true native speakers still avoid the e-suffix in the feminine and plural reliably enough that we may disregard it.
  • On the other hand, more southern dialects tend to drop -e even after voiceless obstruents. When a lemma is restricted to such a dialect, it is of course possible to reverse the order or strike the e-form entirely.

Czech

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Czech -ě.

Suffix

-e (adverb-forming suffix)

  1. used to form adverbs from adjectives
    ‎jednoduchý (“simple”) + ‎-e → ‎jednoduše (“simply”)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Czech -ě, from Proto-Slavic *-ę.

Suffix

-e n (noun-forming suffix)

  1. forms diminutive nouns, usually terms for young animals
    ‎pták + ‎-e → ‎ptáče
    ‎zvěř + ‎-e → ‎zvíře

Etymology 3

Inherited from Old Czech -ě, from Proto-Slavic *-ě.

Suffix

-e

  1. desinence used to form dative singular and locative singular of some feminine nouns
    ‎sestra (“sister”) + ‎-e → ‎sestře
  2. desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some feminine nouns
    ‎kostrč (“tailbone”) + ‎-e → ‎kostrče
  3. desinence used to form vocative singular of some masculine animate nouns
    ‎pan (“Mr, Sir”) + ‎-e → ‎pane
  4. desinence used to form genitive singular, accusative singular and accusative plural of some masculine animate nouns
    ‎muž (“man”) + ‎-e → ‎muže
  5. desinence used to form vocative singular and locative singular of some masculine inanimate nouns
    ‎les (“forest”) + ‎-e → ‎lese
  6. desinence used to form genitive singular, nominative plural, accusative plural and vocative plural of some masculine inanimate nouns
    ‎stroj (“machine”) + ‎-e → ‎stroje

See also

Further reading

  • -e/-ě in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Danish

Etymology

From Old Danish -æ, from Old Norse -a, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną.

Suffix

-e

  1. A verb-building suffix that can be added to nouns or adjectives.
  2. Marks the infinitive of many or most verbs, and is usually appended to borrowed verbs.
  3. Marks the singular/definite of adjectives.
  4. Marks the plural of some nouns.

Derived terms

Danish terms suffixed with -e
affolke
arre
barsle
belejre
berige
beskylde
besvangre
cykle
filme
fjerne
fordærve
forevige
forfalske
forgifte
forgude
forurene
gære
gæste
hekse
hellige
høste
knalde
korte
kredse
lette
lobbye
mudre
omarme
onde
overnatte
parre
sakse
skilte
skralde
sole
spejle
sperme
strande
sunde
tørre
undlive

Dutch

Esperanto

Estonian

Finnish

French

Garo

German

Hungarian

Ido

Ingrian

Irish

Italian

Japanese

Latin

Latvian

Lower Sorbian

Middle Dutch

Middle English

Mokilese

Murui Huitoto

Namuyi

Ojibwe

Old English

Old French

Old Irish

Old Polish

Polish

Portuguese

Romani

Romanian

Saterland Frisian

Serbo-Croatian

Spanish

Swahili

Swedish

Turkish

Tzotzil

Ye'kwana

Wikiwand - on

Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.