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{{NoteTA
|G1=BirdG
}}
{{CJK-New-Char|4CCD|ver=A}}
{{CJK-New-Char|4CCD|ver=A}}
{{CJK-New-Char|2EB65|ver=F}}
{{Taxobox
{{全局僻字|𮭥|⿰共鸟|䳍}}
| name = 孤䳍
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Tinamus
| species = solitarius
| status = NT
| status = NT
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = "BLI">{{IUCN2008|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2008|id=141096|title=Tinamus solitarius|downloaded=06 November 2008}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name = "BLI">{{IUCN2008|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2008|id=141096|title=Tinamus solitarius|downloaded=06 November 2008}}</ref>
| image = Tinamus_solitarius.jpg
| image = Tinamus_solitarius.jpg
| authority = ([[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1819)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51358.htm | title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Tinamus solitarius | accessdate=Feb 4, 2009 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | authorlink= | date=Aug 14, 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601214758/http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51358.htm | archivedate=2009-06-01 }}</ref>
| image_width = 250px
| synonyms =
| regnum = [[動物界]] Animalia
| phylum = [[脊索動物門]] Chordata
| classis = [[鳥綱]] Aves
| ordo = [[䳍形目]] Tinamiformes
| familia = [[䳍科]] Tinamidae
| genus = [[䳍屬]] ''Tinamus''
| species = '''孤䳍 ''T. solitarius'''''
| binomial = ''Tinamus solitarius''
| binomial_authority = ([[Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], [[1819年|1819]])<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51358.htm| title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Tinamus solitarius | accessdate=Feb 04 2009 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | authorlink= | date=Aug 14 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon }}</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Cryptura solitaria''
* ''Cryptura solitaria''
* ''Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis''
* ''Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis''
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==分類==
==分類==
孤䳍屬於[[䳍科]]。牠們一般能夠飛行,但不能長久。牠們是[[鴕鳥目]]的近親。<ref name="Davies">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Davies |first=S.J.J.F.|editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last= Hutchins|encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |title=Tinamous |edition=2 |year=2003 |publisher=Gale Group|volume=8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |location=Farmington Hills, MI|isbn=0 7876 5784 0 |pages=57-59}}</ref>以往牠們分為兩個[[亞種]]:[[巴西]]東北部的''Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis''及[[巴拉圭]]東部南與[[阿根廷]]東北部的指名亞種''Tinamus solitarius solitarius'',不過前者並不獨特與指名亞種,只有個別的有特別的色彩。<ref name=Raposo2004>{{Cite journal en|author=Raposo do Amaral, Fábio Sarubbi & Silveira, Luís Fábio|year=2004|title=''Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis'' Berla, 1946 é sinônimo de ''Tinamus solitarius'' (Vieillot, 1819)|journal=Ararajuba|volume=12|issue=1|pages=33-41|urll=http://www.ib.usp.br/~lfsilveira/tinamus.pdf.pdf}}</ref>
孤䳍屬於[[䳍科]]。牠們一般能夠飛行,但不能長久。牠們是[[鴕鳥目]]的近親。<ref name="Davies">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Davies |first=S.J.J.F.|editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last= Hutchins|encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |title=Tinamous |edition=2 |year=2003 |publisher=Gale Group|volume=8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |location=Farmington Hills, MI|isbn=0 7876 5784 0 |pages=57-59}}</ref>以往牠們分為兩個[[亞種]]:[[巴西]]東北部的''Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis''及[[巴拉圭]]東部南與[[阿根廷]]東北部的指名亞種''Tinamus solitarius solitarius'',不過前者並不獨特與指名亞種,只有個別的有特別的色彩。<ref name=Raposo2004>{{Cite journal en |author=Raposo do Amaral, Fábio Sarubbi & Silveira, Luís Fábio |year=2004 |title=''Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis'' Berla, 1946 é sinônimo de ''Tinamus solitarius'' (Vieillot, 1819) |journal=Ararajuba |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=33-41 |url=http://www.ib.usp.br/~lfsilveira/tinamus.pdf.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203153/http://www.ib.usp.br/~lfsilveira/tinamus.pdf.pdf |archivedate=2007-09-27 |access-date=2009-03-31 }}</ref>


==特徵==
==特徵==
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==分佈==
==分佈==
孤䳍分佈在[[巴西]]的[[巴伊亞]]東南部、[[米納斯吉拉斯]]東部、[[聖埃斯皮里圖州]]、[[里約熱內盧州]]、[[聖保羅州]]、[[南馬托格羅索州]]東部、[[巴拉那州]]、[[聖卡塔琳娜州]]及[[南里奧格蘭德州]]北部。牠們亦在[[巴拉圭]]東南部及[[阿根廷]]東北部的[[米西奧內斯省 (阿根廷)|米西奧內斯省]]出沒。<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=James |title=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World |edition=6 |year=2007 |publisher= Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=978 0 8014 4501 9}}</ref><ref name="BLI"/>
孤䳍分佈在[[巴西]]的[[巴伊亞]]東南部、[[米納斯吉拉斯]]東部、[[聖埃斯皮里圖州]]、[[里約熱內盧州]]、[[聖保羅州]]、[[南馬托格羅索州]]東部、[[巴拉那州]]、[[聖卡塔琳娜州]]及[[南里奧格蘭德州]]北部。牠們亦在[[巴拉圭]]東南部及[[阿根廷]]東北部的[[米西奧內斯省 (阿根廷)|米西奧內斯省]]出沒。<ref name="BLI"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=James |title=The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/clementschecklis0000clem_t1e2 |edition=6 |year=2007 |publisher= Cornell University Press|location=Ithaca, NY |isbn=978 0 8014 4501 9}}</ref>


==行為==
==行為==
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==生態==
==生態==
孤䳍棲息在低地潮濕的[[熱帶雨林]]及山區高達[[海拔]]1200米的[[森林]]。<ref name="BLI"/>牠們棲息在[[次生林]],且能容忍一定程度的間伐。牠們不喜歡種植外來[[植物]]的地方。由於牠們的數量豐富,被獵殺仍未至瀕危的地步。有一些孤䳍生活在偏遠的森林[[交錯群落]]中,佔地只有約400公頃。<ref name="Simon (2000)">{{Cite journal en|author=Simon, José Eduardo|year=2000|title=Composição da Avifauna da Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, Santa Teresa - ES|journal=Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão N.S.|volume=11-12|pages=149-170|url=http://www.melloleitao.iphan.gov.br/boletim/arquivos/11_12/Artigo9_Boletim_11_12.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Silveira (2005)">{{Cite journal en|author=Silveira, Luís Fábio; Develey, Pedro Ferreira; Pacheco, José Fernando & Whitney, Bret M.|year=2005|title=Avifauna of the Serra das Lontras–Javi montane complex, Bahia, Brazil|journal=Cotinga|volume=24|pages=45-54|url=http://www.ib.usp.br/~lfsilveira/lontras.pdf}}</ref>
孤䳍棲息在低地潮濕的[[熱帶雨林]]及山區高達[[海拔]]1200米的[[森林]]。<ref name="BLI"/>牠們棲息在[[次生林]],且能容忍一定程度的間伐。牠們不喜歡種植外來[[植物]]的地方。由於牠們的數量豐富,被獵殺仍未至瀕危的地步。有一些孤䳍生活在偏遠的森林[[交錯群落]]中,佔地只有約400公頃。<ref name="Simon (2000)">{{Cite journal en |author=Simon, José Eduardo |year=2000 |title=Composição da Avifauna da Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, Santa Teresa - ES |journal=Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão N.S. |volume=11-12 |pages=149-170 |url=http://www.melloleitao.iphan.gov.br/boletim/arquivos/11_12/Artigo9_Boletim_11_12.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730145222/http://www.melloleitao.iphan.gov.br/boletim/arquivos/11_12/Artigo9_Boletim_11_12.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-30 |access-date=2009-03-31 }}</ref><ref name="Silveira (2005)">{{Cite journal en|author=Silveira, Luís Fábio; Develey, Pedro Ferreira; Pacheco, José Fernando & Whitney, Bret M.|year=2005|title=Avifauna of the Serra das Lontras–Javi montane complex, Bahia, Brazil|journal=Cotinga|volume=24|pages=45-54|url=http://www.ib.usp.br/~lfsilveira/lontras.pdf}}{{dead link|date=2017年12月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>


==保育==
==保育==
孤䳍現時因[[城市化]]、[[工業化]]、[[農業]]發展及建設道路不斷的伐林而受到威脅。牠們因過度獵殺,[[世界自然保護聯盟]]將牠們列為近危<ref name="BLI"/>,其分佈地只有990000平方公里。<ref name=BLI2008a>{{cite web| url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=12&m=0 | title=Solitary Tinamou - BirdLife Species Factsheet | accessdate=06 Feb 2009 | author=BirdLife International | year=2008(a)| work=Data Zone}}</ref>以往分類為''T. s. pernambucensis''的群族已經非常罕有或已消失。北方的群族亦很稀有,歷史上就只有不多於6個標本。<ref name=cabot1992/><ref name=Raposo2004/><ref name=BLI/>
孤䳍現時因[[城市化]]、[[工業化]]、[[農業]]發展及建設道路不斷的伐林而受到威脅。牠們因過度獵殺,[[世界自然保護聯盟]]將牠們列為近危<ref name="BLI"/>,其分佈地只有990000平方公里。<ref name=BLI2008a>{{cite web | url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=12&m=0 | title=Solitary Tinamou - BirdLife Species Factsheet | accessdate=6 Feb 2009 | author=BirdLife International | year=2008(a) | work=Data Zone | archive-date=2009-01-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105001238/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=12&m=0 | dead-url=no }}</ref>以往分類為''T. s. pernambucensis''的群族已經非常罕有或已消失。北方的群族亦很稀有,歷史上就只有不多於6個標本。<ref name=BLI/><ref name=Raposo2004/><ref name=cabot1992/>


孤䳍較容易被引入到其他環境,在一些只有610公頃的森林地區,也可以見到牠們。<ref name=Faria2006>{{Cite journal en|author=Faria, Christiana M.A.; Rodrigues, Marcos; do Amaral, Frederico Q.; Módena, Érica & Fernandes, Alexandre M.|year=2006|title=Aves de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no alto Rio Doce, Minas Gerais: colonização e extinção|journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia|volume=23|issue=4|pages=1217-1230|doi=10.1590/S0101-81752006000400032|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v23n4/32.pdf}}</ref>
孤䳍較容易被引入到其他環境,在一些只有610公頃的森林地區,也可以見到牠們。<ref name=Faria2006>{{Cite journal en|author=Faria, Christiana M.A.; Rodrigues, Marcos; do Amaral, Frederico Q.; Módena, Érica & Fernandes, Alexandre M.|year=2006|title=Aves de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no alto Rio Doce, Minas Gerais: colonização e extinção|journal=Revista Brasileira de Zoologia|volume=23|issue=4|pages=1217-1230|doi=10.1590/S0101-81752006000400032|url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v23n4/32.pdf|access-date=2009-03-31|archive-date=2010-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331083017/http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbzool/v23n4/32.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>


==參考==
==參考==
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==外部連結==
==外部連結==
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=12&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=12&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]{{Wayback|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=12&m=0 |date=20090105001238 }}
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=12 Internet Bird Collection]
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=12 Internet Bird Collection]
* [http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/600200.htm 孤䳍的郵票]
* [http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/600200.htm 孤䳍的郵票]{{Wayback|url=http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/600200.htm |date=20090403032813 }}
* [http://www.classicnatureprints.com/pr.Smit%20Birds/sm.tinamus.soltarius.sm.jpg 孤䳍的圖片];[http://www.classicnatureprints.com/pr.Smit%20Birds/Smit.birds.index1.html 孤䳍的介紹]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210640/http://www.classicnatureprints.com/pr.Smit%20Birds/sm.tinamus.soltarius.sm.jpg 孤䳍的圖片];[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708163224/http://www.classicnatureprints.com/pr.Smit%20Birds/Smit.birds.index1.html 孤䳍的介紹]
* [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=solitary+tinamou&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 孤䳍的相片及映片]
* [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=solitary+tinamou&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 孤䳍的相片及映片]{{Wayback|url=http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=solitary+tinamou&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 |date=20110516103910 }}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q602080}}


[[Category:䳍屬]]


[[Category:䳍屬|G]]
[[br:Tinamou digenvez]]
[[Category:1819年描述的鸟类|G]]
[[de:Grausteißtinamu]]
[[en:Solitary Tinamou]]
[[es:Tinamus solitarius]]
[[fi:Erakkotinami]]
[[fr:Tinamou solitaire]]
[[hu:Remetetinamu]]
[[it:Tinamus solitarius]]
[[ja:オバシギダチョウ]]
[[lt:Ochrinis tinamas]]
[[pl:Kusacz samotny]]
[[pt:Macuco]]

2023年7月19日 (三) 03:51的最新版本

孤䳍
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 鸟纲 Aves
目: 䳍形目 Tinamiformes
科: 䳍科 Tinamidae
属: 䳍属 Tinamus
种:
孤䳍 T. solitarius
二名法
Tinamus solitarius
(Vieillot, 1819)[2]
異名
  • Cryptura solitaria
  • Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis

孤䳍學名Tinamus solitarius)是巴西東部大西洋森林特有的一種鳥類

分類

[编辑]

孤䳍屬於䳍科。牠們一般能夠飛行,但不能長久。牠們是鴕鳥目的近親。[3]以往牠們分為兩個亞種巴西東北部的Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis巴拉圭東部南與阿根廷東北部的指名亞種Tinamus solitarius solitarius,不過前者並不獨特與指名亞種,只有個別的有特別的色彩。[4]

特徵

[编辑]

孤䳍平均長45厘米。[5]背部的色調由橄欖色至銹色不等,頸下羽毛的明暗部亦有不同,且有黑色斑紋。Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis的羽毛較黃,在頸部有較多斑紋。[6]

分佈

[编辑]

孤䳍分佈在巴西巴伊亞東南部、米納斯吉拉斯東部、聖埃斯皮里圖州里約熱內盧州聖保羅州南馬托格羅索州東部、巴拉那州聖卡塔琳娜州南里奧格蘭德州北部。牠們亦在巴拉圭東南部及阿根廷東北部的米西奧內斯省出沒。[1][7]

行為

[编辑]
孤䳍的蛋。

孤䳍會產形狀奇特的蛋,外表有光澤及充滿色彩。[6]牠們主要吃果實種子或低的植物。雄鳥會在巢中孵化鳥蛋,且會照顧雛鳥一段短時間。[3]

生態

[编辑]

孤䳍棲息在低地潮濕的熱帶雨林及山區高達海拔1200米的森林[1]牠們棲息在次生林,且能容忍一定程度的間伐。牠們不喜歡種植外來植物的地方。由於牠們的數量豐富,被獵殺仍未至瀕危的地步。有一些孤䳍生活在偏遠的森林交錯群落中,佔地只有約400公頃。[8][9]

保育

[编辑]

孤䳍現時因城市化工業化農業發展及建設道路不斷的伐林而受到威脅。牠們因過度獵殺,世界自然保護聯盟將牠們列為近危[1],其分佈地只有990000平方公里。[10]以往分類為T. s. pernambucensis的群族已經非常罕有或已消失。北方的群族亦很稀有,歷史上就只有不多於6個標本。[1][4][6]

孤䳍較容易被引入到其他環境,在一些只有610公頃的森林地區,也可以見到牠們。[11]

參考

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 BirdLife International. Tinamus solitarius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [06 November 2008]. 
  2. ^ Brands, Sheila. Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Tinamus solitarius. Project: The Taxonomicon. Aug 14, 2008 [Feb 4, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-01). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Davies, S.J.J.F. Tinamous. Hutchins, Michael (编). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins 2. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group: 57–59. 2003. ISBN 0 7876 5784 0. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Raposo do Amaral, Fábio Sarubbi & Silveira, Luís Fábio. Tinamus solitarius pernambucensis Berla, 1946 é sinônimo de Tinamus solitarius (Vieillot, 1819) (PDF). Ararajuba. 2004, 12 (1): 33–41 [2009-03-31]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-09-27). 
  5. ^ Harrison, Colin; Greensmith, Alan. Non-asserines. Bunting, Edward (编). Birds of the World First. New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. 1993: 42. ISBN 1 56458 295 7. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cabot, José. Solitary Tinamou. del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.) (编). Handbook of Birds of the World (Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 1992: 127, Plate 6. ISBN 84-87334-10-5. 
  7. ^ Clements, James. The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World 6. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2007. ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9. 
  8. ^ Simon, José Eduardo. Composição da Avifauna da Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia, Santa Teresa - ES (PDF). Boletim do Museu de Biologia Mello Leitão N.S. 2000, 11–12: 149–170 [2009-03-31]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-07-30). 
  9. ^ Silveira, Luís Fábio; Develey, Pedro Ferreira; Pacheco, José Fernando & Whitney, Bret M. Avifauna of the Serra das Lontras–Javi montane complex, Bahia, Brazil (PDF). Cotinga. 2005, 24: 45–54. [永久失效連結]
  10. ^ BirdLife International. Solitary Tinamou - BirdLife Species Factsheet. Data Zone. 2008(a) [6 Feb 2009]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-05). 
  11. ^ Faria, Christiana M.A.; Rodrigues, Marcos; do Amaral, Frederico Q.; Módena, Érica & Fernandes, Alexandre M. Aves de um fragmento de Mata Atlântica no alto Rio Doce, Minas Gerais: colonização e extinção (PDF). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 2006, 23 (4): 1217–1230 [2009-03-31]. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752006000400032. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2010-03-31). 

外部連結

[编辑]