袋獅:修订间差异
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| name = 袋獅 |
| name = 袋獅 |
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| fossil_range = {{fossil range|2.0|0.046}} [[上新世]]末至[[更新世]]末 |
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|2.0|0.046}} [[上新世]]末至[[更新世]]末 |
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| status = |
| status = ex |
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| taxon = Thylacoleo |
| taxon = Thylacoleo |
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| authority = [[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1859 |
| authority = [[Richard Owen|Owen]], 1859 |
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袋獅的最近親是[[草食性]]的[[袋熊]]及[[樹熊]]。牠是所有現存及已[[滅絕]]的[[哺乳動物]]中,咬勁最強的,重{{convert|101|kg|abbr=on}}公斤的袋獅一咬可以媲美一頭重250公斤的[[獅子]],研究也顯示,袋獅會狩獵比牠還大型的獵物。<ref>{{Cite news en|author=Jonathan Amos|date=2005-04-05|title=Marsupial munch tops big biters|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4409039.stm|accessdate=2008-01-25|archive-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408004906/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4409039.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref> 牠會獵食像[[雙門齒獸]]及[[巨型短面袋鼠]]等大型動物。牠是有袋類中專門的獵食者<ref>{{Cite news en|author=Bijal P. Trivedi|title=Extinct Australian "Lion" Was Big Biter, Expert Says|date=2004-03-05|publisher=National Geographic Channel|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0305_040305_TVsuperpredator.html|accessdate=2008-01-25|archive-date=2007-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227120332/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0305_040305_TVsuperpredator.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>,牠的前肢極度強壯,有可收縮的爪,這都是有袋類中未曾有過的。牠有鋒利的[[裂齒]]及強壯的顎肌,可以從獵物撕開一大片的肉。這些特徵綜合起來估計牠有可能會攀樹,並保存獵物的腐肉(類似於現存的[[花豹]])<ref name="Claw">{{Cite journal|title = Behaviour of the Pleistocene marsupial lion deduced from claw marks in a southwestern Australian cave|journal = Scientific Reports|volume = 6|pages = 21372|url = http://www.nature.com/articles/srep21372|author1 = Samuel D. Arman|author2 = Gavin J. Prideaux|date = 15 February 2016|accessdate = 21 February 2016|doi = 10.1038/srep21372|pmid = 26876952|pmc = 4753435|archive-date = 2019-07-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190726030744/https://www.nature.com/articles/srep21372|dead-url = no}}</ref>。 |
袋獅的最近親是[[草食性]]的[[袋熊]]及[[樹熊]]。牠是所有現存及已[[滅絕]]的[[哺乳動物]]中,咬勁最強的,重{{convert|101|kg|abbr=on}}公斤的袋獅一咬可以媲美一頭重250公斤的[[獅子]],研究也顯示,袋獅會狩獵比牠還大型的獵物。<ref>{{Cite news en|author=Jonathan Amos|date=2005-04-05|title=Marsupial munch tops big biters|publisher=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4409039.stm|accessdate=2008-01-25|archive-date=2008-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408004906/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4409039.stm|dead-url=no}}</ref> 牠會獵食像[[雙門齒獸]]及[[巨型短面袋鼠]]等大型動物。牠是有袋類中專門的獵食者<ref>{{Cite news en|author=Bijal P. Trivedi|title=Extinct Australian "Lion" Was Big Biter, Expert Says|date=2004-03-05|publisher=National Geographic Channel|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0305_040305_TVsuperpredator.html|accessdate=2008-01-25|archive-date=2007-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227120332/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0305_040305_TVsuperpredator.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>,牠的前肢極度強壯,有可收縮的爪,這都是有袋類中未曾有過的。牠有鋒利的[[裂齒]]及強壯的顎肌,可以從獵物撕開一大片的肉。這些特徵綜合起來估計牠有可能會攀樹,並保存獵物的腐肉(類似於現存的[[花豹]])<ref name="Claw">{{Cite journal|title = Behaviour of the Pleistocene marsupial lion deduced from claw marks in a southwestern Australian cave|journal = Scientific Reports|volume = 6|pages = 21372|url = http://www.nature.com/articles/srep21372|author1 = Samuel D. Arman|author2 = Gavin J. Prideaux|date = 15 February 2016|accessdate = 21 February 2016|doi = 10.1038/srep21372|pmid = 26876952|pmc = 4753435|archive-date = 2019-07-26|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190726030744/https://www.nature.com/articles/srep21372|dead-url = no}}</ref>。 |
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袋獅肩高{{convert|71|cm|abbr=on}},長{{convert|114|cm|abbr=on}}。牠們平均重{{convert|101|to|130|kg|abbr=on}},個別的可重達{{convert|124|to|160|kg|abbr=on}}。<ref>{{cite journal en|author=Wroe, S., Myers, T. J., Wells, R. T., and Gillespie, A.|year=1999|title=Estimating the weight of the Pleistocene marsupial lion, ''Thylacoleo carnifex'' (Thylacoleonidae : Marsupialia): implications for the ecomorphology of a marsupial super-predator and hypotheses of impoverishment of Australian marsupial carnivore faunas|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|volume=47|pages=489-498}}</ref> 牠們的體型差不多像雌獅及[[老虎]]。 |
袋獅肩高{{convert|71|cm|abbr=on}},長{{convert|114|cm|abbr=on}}。牠們平均重{{convert|101|to|130|kg|abbr=on}},個別的可重達{{convert|124|to|160|kg|abbr=on}}。<ref>{{cite journal en|author=Wroe, S., Myers, T. J., Wells, R. T., and Gillespie, A.|year=1999|title=Estimating the weight of the Pleistocene marsupial lion, ''Thylacoleo carnifex'' (Thylacoleonidae : Marsupialia): implications for the ecomorphology of a marsupial super-predator and hypotheses of impoverishment of Australian marsupial carnivore faunas|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_australian-journal-of-zoology_1999_47_5/page/489|journal=Australian Journal of Zoology|volume=47|pages=489-498}}</ref> 牠們的體型差不多像雌獅及[[老虎]]。 |
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===齒列=== |
===齒列=== |
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[[Image:Thylacoleo carnifex 1.JPG|thumb|袋獅頭顱骨,可以看到其特化的門牙與裂肉齒]] |
[[Image:Thylacoleo carnifex 1.JPG|thumb|袋獅頭顱骨,可以看到其特化的門牙與裂肉齒]] |
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從袋獅的[[齒列]]可得知其為一種十分特化的肉食動物。和其他[[雙門齒目]]一樣,袋獅自[[上頜骨]]與[[下頜骨]]各長出一對大[[門牙]],其外型已演化成類似於[[貓]]和[[狗]]的[[犬齒]]。袋獅齒列最特殊的特徵在於其巨大、類似利刃的[[裂肉齒]]。當上下[[前臼齒]]咬合時,其效果就類似於[[剪刀]],可以將肉從屍體上扯下,或是咬碎骨頭。 |
從袋獅的[[齒列]]可得知其為一種十分特化的肉食動物。和其他[[雙門齒目]]一樣,袋獅自[[上頜骨]]與[[下頜骨]]各長出一對大[[門牙]],其外型已演化成類似於[[貓]]和[[狗]]的[[犬齒]]。袋獅齒列最特殊的特徵在於其巨大、類似利刃的[[裂肉齒]]。當上下[[前臼齒]]咬合時,其效果就類似於[[剪刀]],可以將肉從屍體上扯下,或是咬碎骨頭。 |
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袋獅的顎肌十分發達,提供強大的[[咬合力]]。以體型比例來說,袋獅擁有全[[哺乳動物]]中最強的咬合力,一頭 101 公斤的袋獅其咬合力相當於一頭 250 公斤的[[非洲獅]]<ref name=pmid15817436>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2986 |pmc=1564077 |title=Bite club: Comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=272 |issue=1563 |pages=619–625 |year=2005 |last1=Wroe |first1=S |last2=McHenry |first2=C |last3=Thomason |first3=J }}</ref>。透過研究[[X射線電腦斷層掃描]]所構成的[[三維模型]]發現,袋獅殺死獵物的方式與現生的大貓有所不同。袋獅透過其門牙咬開獵物的血肉,並利用其裂肉齒直接咬穿獵物的[[氣管]]、[[脊髓]]與[[血管]]([[總頸動脈]]或是{{link-en|頸靜脈|Jugular vein}})。一般非洲獅需要約 15 分鐘才能使獵物窒息而死,而袋獅只需要僅僅不到 1 分鐘。袋獅特殊的齒列十分適合獵捕大型獵物,但在捕捉小型獵物上幾乎無用,這也可能是牠們滅絕的原因之一<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080117093440.htm "Extinct Marsupial Lion Tops African Lion In Fight To Death"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080117093440.htm |date=20190116174146 }}, ''[[Science Daily]]'', 17 January 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/marsupial-lion-was-fast-killer/story-e6frg8gf-1111115343423 "Marsupial lion was fast killer"], ''[[The Australian]]'', 18 January 2008.</ref>。 |
袋獅的顎肌十分發達,提供強大的[[咬合力]]。以體型比例來說,袋獅擁有全[[哺乳動物]]中最強的咬合力,一頭 101 公斤的袋獅其咬合力相當於一頭 250 公斤的[[非洲獅]]<ref name=pmid15817436>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2986 |pmc=1564077 |title=Bite club: Comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=272 |issue=1563 |pages=619–625 |year=2005 |last1=Wroe |first1=S |last2=McHenry |first2=C |last3=Thomason |first3=J }}</ref>。透過研究[[X射線電腦斷層掃描]]所構成的[[三維模型]]發現,袋獅殺死獵物的方式與現生的大貓有所不同。袋獅透過其門牙咬開獵物的血肉,並利用其裂肉齒直接咬穿獵物的[[氣管]]、[[脊髓]]與[[血管]]([[總頸動脈]]或是{{link-en|頸靜脈|Jugular vein}})。一般非洲獅需要約 15 分鐘才能使獵物窒息而死,而袋獅只需要僅僅不到 1 分鐘。袋獅特殊的齒列十分適合獵捕大型獵物,但在捕捉小型獵物上幾乎無用,這也可能是牠們滅絕的原因之一<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080117093440.htm "Extinct Marsupial Lion Tops African Lion In Fight To Death"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080117093440.htm |date=20190116174146 }}, ''[[Science Daily]]'', 17 January 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/marsupial-lion-was-fast-killer/story-e6frg8gf-1111115343423 "Marsupial lion was fast killer"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/health-science/marsupial-lion-was-fast-killer/story-e6frg8gf-1111115343423 |date=20090417020211 }}, ''[[The Australian]]'', 18 January 2008.</ref>。 |
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==化石== |
==化石== |
2023年10月3日 (二) 04:52的最新版本
袋獅 | |
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科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
演化支: | 有袋類 Marsupialia |
目: | 雙門齒目 Diprotodontia |
科: | †袋獅科 Thylacoleonidae |
属: | †袋獅屬 Thylacoleo Owen, 1859 |
種 | |
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袋獅(学名:Thylacoleo)是一種已滅絕的肉食性有袋類動物,生存於上新世末至更新世末(2 百萬年前 - 46,000 年前)的澳洲。模式種是劊子手袋獅(T. carnifex)。
描述
[编辑]袋獅是澳洲最大的肉食性動物,且是最大的肉食性有袋類。牠可能在森林、林地、灌叢帶及河谷等地進行獵食。
袋獅的最近親是草食性的袋熊及樹熊。牠是所有現存及已滅絕的哺乳動物中,咬勁最強的,重101公斤(223磅)公斤的袋獅一咬可以媲美一頭重250公斤的獅子,研究也顯示,袋獅會狩獵比牠還大型的獵物。[1] 牠會獵食像雙門齒獸及巨型短面袋鼠等大型動物。牠是有袋類中專門的獵食者[2],牠的前肢極度強壯,有可收縮的爪,這都是有袋類中未曾有過的。牠有鋒利的裂齒及強壯的顎肌,可以從獵物撕開一大片的肉。這些特徵綜合起來估計牠有可能會攀樹,並保存獵物的腐肉(類似於現存的花豹)[3]。
袋獅肩高71 cm(28英寸),長114 cm(45英寸)。牠們平均重101至130公斤(223至287磅),個別的可重達124至160公斤(273至353磅)。[4] 牠們的體型差不多像雌獅及老虎。
齒列
[编辑]從袋獅的齒列可得知其為一種十分特化的肉食動物。和其他雙門齒目一樣,袋獅自上頜骨與下頜骨各長出一對大門牙,其外型已演化成類似於貓和狗的犬齒。袋獅齒列最特殊的特徵在於其巨大、類似利刃的裂肉齒。當上下前臼齒咬合時,其效果就類似於剪刀,可以將肉從屍體上扯下,或是咬碎骨頭。 袋獅的顎肌十分發達,提供強大的咬合力。以體型比例來說,袋獅擁有全哺乳動物中最強的咬合力,一頭 101 公斤的袋獅其咬合力相當於一頭 250 公斤的非洲獅[5]。透過研究X射線電腦斷層掃描所構成的三維模型發現,袋獅殺死獵物的方式與現生的大貓有所不同。袋獅透過其門牙咬開獵物的血肉,並利用其裂肉齒直接咬穿獵物的氣管、脊髓與血管(總頸動脈或是頸靜脈)。一般非洲獅需要約 15 分鐘才能使獵物窒息而死,而袋獅只需要僅僅不到 1 分鐘。袋獅特殊的齒列十分適合獵捕大型獵物,但在捕捉小型獵物上幾乎無用,這也可能是牠們滅絕的原因之一[6][7]。
化石
[编辑]袋獅的化石在澳洲多個位點都有發現。於2007年,在納拉伯平原下的山洞中就發現了整副袋獅的骨骼及頭顱骨,估計牠是在平原隙縫中摔死的。[8] 另外,亦發現了一頭幼獅在其母獅育幼袋中的化石。
參考
[编辑]- ^ Jonathan Amos. Marsupial munch tops big biters. BBC News. 2005-04-05 [2008-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2008-04-08).
- ^ Bijal P. Trivedi. Extinct Australian "Lion" Was Big Biter, Expert Says. National Geographic Channel. 2004-03-05 [2008-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2007-12-27).
- ^ Samuel D. Arman; Gavin J. Prideaux. Behaviour of the Pleistocene marsupial lion deduced from claw marks in a southwestern Australian cave. Scientific Reports. 15 February 2016, 6: 21372 [21 February 2016]. PMC 4753435 . PMID 26876952. doi:10.1038/srep21372. (原始内容存档于2019-07-26).
- ^ Wroe, S., Myers, T. J., Wells, R. T., and Gillespie, A. Estimating the weight of the Pleistocene marsupial lion, Thylacoleo carnifex (Thylacoleonidae : Marsupialia): implications for the ecomorphology of a marsupial super-predator and hypotheses of impoverishment of Australian marsupial carnivore faunas. Australian Journal of Zoology. 1999, 47: 489–498.
- ^ Wroe, S; McHenry, C; Thomason, J. Bite club: Comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2005, 272 (1563): 619–625. PMC 1564077 . doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986.
- ^ "Extinct Marsupial Lion Tops African Lion In Fight To Death" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Science Daily, 17 January 2008.
- ^ "Marsupial lion was fast killer" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The Australian, 18 January 2008.
- ^ Caverns give up huge fossil haul. BBC News. 2007-01-25 [2008-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2007-11-03).