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锑化氢：修订间差异

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{{Chembox
{{translating|[[:en: Stibine|Stibine ]]|1|time=2008-03-08}}
| Name = 锑化氢
{{Chembox new
| NameEn = Stibine
| Name = 三氢化锑
| ImageFile = Stibine.png
| ImageFileL1 = Stibine.png
<!-- | ImageSize = 120px -->
| ImageSizeL1 = 120px
| ImageName = Stibine
| ImageFileR1 = Stibine-3D-vdW.png
| ImageSizeR1 = 120px
| ImageFile1 = Stibine-3D-vdW.png
| OtherNames = 氢化锑，三氢化锑
<!-- | ImageSize1 = 120px -->
| ImageName1 = Stibine
| OtherNames = Antimony trihydride<br />stibane
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo = 7803-52-3
| CASNo = 7803-52-3
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
}}
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}| ChemSpiderID = 8992
| InChI = 1/Sb.3H/rH3Sb/h1H3
| InChIKey = OUULRIDHGPHMNQ-LQMOCBGJAH
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}| ChEBI = 30288
| SMILES = [SbH3]
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}| StdInChI = 1S/Sb.3H
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}| StdInChIKey = OUULRIDHGPHMNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| Gmelin = 795

}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = H<sub>3</sub>Sb
| Formula = H<sub>3</sub>Sb
| MolarMass = 124.784 g/mol
| MolarMass = 124.784
| Appearance = 無色氣體
| Appearance = 無色氣體
| Density = 5.48 g/L, gas.
| Density = (g.) 5.48 * 10<sup>3</sup>
| Solvent = other solvents
| Solvent = 其他溶剂
| SolubleOther = Insoluble
| SolubleOther = 不可溶
| MeltingPt = −88 °C
| MeltingPt = −88&nbsp;°C
| BoilingPt = −17 °C
| BoilingPt = −17&nbsp;°C
| pKb =
| pKb =
}}
}}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
| MolShape = Trigonal pyramidal
| MolShape = [[三角锥形分子构型|三角锥]]
| Dipole =
| Dipole =
}}
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS =
| ExternalMSDS =
| wxxfh={{wxxfh|Xn|N}}
| EUClass = Harmful ('''Xn''')<br />Dangerous for<br />the environment ('''N''')
| NFPA-H = 4
| NFPA-H = 4
| NFPA-R = 2
| NFPA-R = 3
| NFPA-F = 4
| NFPA-F = 4
| RPhrases = {{R20/22}}, {{R50/53}}
| RPhrases = {{R20/22}}, {{R50/53}}
| SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S61}}
| SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S61}}
| FlashPt = 可燃氣體
| FlashPt = 可燃氣體
}}
}}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherCpds = [[三苯基锑]]
| OtherCpds = [[Ammonia]],<br />[[Phosphine]],<br />[[Arsine]]<br />[[Bismuthine]]<br />[[Triphenylstibine]]
| Function = 氢化物
| OtherFunctn = [[氨]]、[[磷化氢]]、[[砷化氢]]、[[铋化氢]]
}}
}}
}}
}}


'''锑化氢'''又稱'''[[䏲]]'''，是化學式為SbH<sub>3</sub>的[[化合物]]，是具有恶臭气味的无色剧毒气体，不稳定。与[[氨]]同类，是主要的[[锑]][[氢化物]]。其为[[三角锥]]结构，H–Sb–H [[键角]]为 91.7°，Sb–H [[键长]] 1.707[[埃格斯特朗|Å]]（170.7[[皮米|pm]]）。
'''三氫化銻'''是化學式為SbH<sub>3</sub>的[[化合物]]。
'''Stibine''' is the [[chemical compound]] with the formula SbH<sub>3</sub>.
This colourless gas is the principal [[covalent hydride]] of [[antimony]] and a heavy analogue of [[ammonia]]. The molecule is pyramidal with H–Sb–H angles of 91.7° and Sb–H distances of 1.707 [[Angstrom|Å]] (170.7 [[picometre|pm]]).


== 制备和性质 ==
==Preparation and properties==
SbH<sub>3</sub> is generally prepared by the reaction of Sb<sup>3+</sup> sources with H<sup>&minus;</sup> equivalents:<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bellama, J. M.; MacDiarmid, A. G. | title = Synthesis of the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and Antimony by the Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride | journal = [[Inorg. Chem.]] | year = 1968 | | volume = 7| pages = 2070–2 | doi = 10.1021/ic50068a024}}</ref>
::2 Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 LiAlH<sub>4</sub> → 4 SbH<sub>3</sub> + 1.5 Li<sub>2</sub>O + 1.5 Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
::SbCl<sub>3</sub> + 3/4 NaBH<sub>4</sub> → SbH<sub>3</sub> + 0.75 NaCl + 0.75 BCl<sub>3</sub>


锑化氢通常由 Sb<sup>3+</sup> 与含负氢的化合物反应制备：<ref>{{cite journal | author = Bellama, J. M.; MacDiarmid, A. G. | title = Synthesis of the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and Antimony by the Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride | journal = [[Inorg. Chem.]] | year = 1968 | | volume = 7| pages = 2070–2 | doi = 10.1021/ic50068a024}}</ref>
Alternatively, sources of Sb<sup>3&minus;</sup> react with protonic reagents (even water) to also produce this unstable gas:
::Na<sub>3</sub>Sb + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O → SbH<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaOH


:: 2 Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 LiAlH<sub>4</sub> → 4 SbH<sub>3</sub> + 1.5 Li<sub>2</sub>O + 1.5 Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
The chemical properties of SbH<sub>3</sub> resemble those for [[arsine|AsH<sub>3</sub>]].<ref name="Holleman">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001</ref> Typical for a heavy hydride (e.g. AsH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>Te, SnH<sub>4</sub>), SbH<sub>3</sub> is unstable with respect to its elements. The gas decomposes slowly at room temperature but rapidly at 200 °C:
::2 SbH<sub>3</sub> → 3 H<sub>2</sub> + 2 Sb
:: SbCl<sub>3</sub> + 3/4 NaBH<sub>4</sub> → SbH<sub>3</sub> + 0.75 NaCl + 0.75 BCl<sub>3</sub>
The decomposition is [[autocatalytic]] and can be explosive.


除此之外，也可通过 Sb<sup>3−</sup> 与含[[质子]]的试剂（甚至[[水分子|水]]）反应制备锑化氢：
SbH<sub>3</sub> is readily [[Oxidation|oxidized]] by O<sub>2</sub> or even air:
::2 SbH<sub>3</sub> + 3 O<sub>2</sub> → Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O


SbH<sub>3</sub> exhibits no basicity, but it can be deprotonated:
:: Na<sub>3</sub>Sb + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O → SbH<sub>3</sub> + 3 NaOH
::SbH<sub>3</sub> + NaNH<sub>2</sub> → NaSbH<sub>2</sub> + NH<sub>3</sub>


锑化氢的化学性质与[[砷化氢]]很相像，<ref name="Holleman">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001</ref> 在真空狀態下加熱，分解为氢气和锑，在容器壁上形成一层明亮的锑镜，锑镜不溶于次氯酸钠溶液，可以以此反应来分别砷和锑。
==Uses==
Stibine is used in the [[semiconductor]] industry to [[doping (semiconductor)|dope]] small quantities of [[antimony]] via the process of [[chemical vapour deposition]] (CVD). Reports claim the use of SbH<sub>3</sub> as a [[fumigation|fumigant]] but its instability and awkward preparation contrast with the more conventional fumigant PH<sub>3</sub>.


[[重金属]]氢化物一般不很稳定（如 AsH<sub>3</sub>，H<sub>2</sub>Te，SnH<sub>4</sub>），SbH<sub>3</sub> 亦是如此。锑化氢室温缓慢分解，200&nbsp;°C 时的速率则非常快：
==History==
As stibine (SbH<sub>3</sub>) is very similar to arsine (AsH<sub>3</sub>), it is also detected by the [[Marsh test]]. This sensitive test detects arsine generated in the presence of arsenic.<ref name="Holleman"/> This procedure, developed around 1836 by [[James Marsh (chemist)|James Marsh]], is based upon treating a sample with arsenic-free [[zinc]] and dilute [[sulfuric acid]]: if the sample contains arsenic, gaseous arsine will form. The gas is swept into a glass tube and decomposed by means of heating around 250–300 °C. The presence of arsenic is indicated by formation of a deposit in the heated part of the equipment. The formation of a black mirror deposit in the cool part of the equipment indicates the presence of antimony.


:: 2 SbH<sub>3</sub> → 3 H<sub>2</sub> + 2 Sb
In 1837 Lewis Thomson and Pfaff independently discovered stibine. It took some time before the properties of the toxic case could be determined, partly because a suitable synthesis was not available. In 1876 Francis Jones tested several synthesis methods,<ref>{{cite journal

该反应是[[自催化]]反应，可能爆炸。

SbH<sub>3</sub> 被[[氧气]]很快[[氧化]]：

:: 2 SbH<sub>3</sub> + 3 O<sub>2</sub> → Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O

SbH<sub>3</sub> 不呈[[碱性]]。但可被[[氨基钠]]去质子化：

:: SbH<sub>3</sub> + NaNH<sub>2</sub> → NaSbH<sub>2</sub> + NH<sub>3</sub>

== 用途 ==

锑化氢可被用于[[半导体]]工业，[[化学气相沉积]]（CVD）中[[掺杂]]少量的锑。有报道称锑化氢可以作[[熏蒸剂]]，但显然与更常见的 PH<sub>3</sub> 相比，SbH<sub>3</sub> 的不稳定性及相对复杂的制法使其应用受限。

== 历史 ==
由于锑与砷同族，[[马氏试砷法]]也能检测锑化氢。<ref name="Holleman"/> 该法于1836年被 James Marsh 发现，是利用样品与无砷[[锌]]及稀[[硫酸]]反应，若样品含砷，则气态的砷化氢通过热管时（250–300&nbsp;°C）会分解为黑色的砷镜；若样品含锑，则在管不被加热的地方都会出现黑色的锑镜。

1837年 Lewis Thomson 和 Pfaff 分别独立发现了锑化氢。由于锑化氢的合成方法复杂，因此锑化氢的毒性在很久之后才被确定清楚。1876年 Francis Jones 检验了几条合成锑化氢的路线，<ref>{{cite journal
| author= Francis Jones
| author= Francis Jones
| title = On stibine
| title = On stibine
| journal = Journal of the Chemical Society
| journal = Journal of the Chemical Society
| year = 1876
| year = 1876
| volume = 29
| volume = 29
| issue = 2
| issue = 2
| pages = 641
| pages = 641
| doi = 10.1039/JS8762900641}}</ref> but it was not before 1901 when [[Alfred Stock]] determined most of the properties of stibine.<ref>{{cite journal
| doi = 10.1039/JS8762900641}}</ref> 但直到1901年 Alfred Stock 才确定了锑化氢的大部分化学性质。<ref>{{cite journal
| author= Alfred Stock, Walther Doht
| author= Alfred Stock, Walther Doht
| title = Die Reindarstellung des Antimonwasserstoffes
| title = Die Reindarstellung des Antimonwasserstoffes
| journal = Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
| journal = Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
| year = 1901
| year = 1901
| volume = 34
| volume = 34
| issue = 2
| issue = 2
| pages = 2339-2344
| pages = 2339-2344
| doi = 10.1002/cber.190103402166}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| doi = 10.1002/cber.190103402166}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| author= Alfred Stock, Oskar Guttmann
| author= Alfred Stock, Oskar Guttmann
| title = Ueber den Antimonwasserstoff und das gelbe Antimon
| title = Ueber den Antimonwasserstoff und das gelbe Antimon
| journal = Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
| journal = Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
| year = 1904
| year = 1904
| volume = 37
| volume = 37
| issue = 1
| issue = 1
| pages = 885-900
| pages = 885-900
| doi = 10.1002/cber.190403701148}}</ref>
| doi = 10.1002/cber.190403701148}}</ref>


==Safety==
== 安全 ==
SbH<sub>3</sub> is an unstable flammable gas. It is highly toxic, with an [[LC50]] of 100 ppm in mice. Fortunately, SbH<sub>3</sub> is so unstable that it is rarely encountered outside of laboratories.


SbH<sub>3</sub> 是不稳定的易燃气体。锑化氢极毒，老鼠[[LC50]]为100ppm。但幸运的是，正是由于它的不稳定，使得锑化氢的污染大大减少。
==Toxicology==
:''For the toxicology of other [[antimony]] compounds, see [[Antimony trioxide]].''
The toxicity of stibine is distinct from that of other [[antimony]] compounds, but similar to that of [[arsine]].<ref>Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS), ''Fiche toxicologique n° 202&nbsp;: Trihydrure d'antimoine'', 1992.</ref> Stibine binds to the [[haemoglobin]] of red blood cells, causing them to be destroyed by the body. Most cases of stibine poisoning have been accompanied by arsine poisoning, although animal studies indicate that their toxicities are equivalent. The first signs of exposure, which can take several hours to become apparent, are [[headache]]s, [[Vertigo (medical)|vertigo]] and [[nausea]], followed by the syptoms of [[hemolytic anemia]] (high levels of unconjugated [[bilirubin]]), [[hemoglobinuria]] and [[nephropathy]].


== 毒理学 ==


锑化氢的毒性与其他[[:Category:锑化合物|锑化合物]]不同，但与砷化氢类似。<ref>Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS), ''Fiche toxicologique n° 202&nbsp;: Trihydrure d'antimoine'', 1992.</ref> 锑化氢可与[[红细胞]]中的[[血红蛋白]]结合，从而失去载氧功能。大多数锑化氢中毒都包含砷化氢中毒，尽管动物学实验已经证明两者毒性相差不大。中毒症状，如[[头痛]]、[[眩暈 (醫學)|眩晕]]和恶心，及[[溶血性贫血]]（高浓度的非结合[[胆红素]]）、[[血红素尿]]和肾病，有可能在接触数小时才显现出来。


==參考資料==
== 參考文献 ==
{{Reflist}}
<references/>
==参见==
* [[䏲]]


==外部連結==
== 外部連結 ==
* [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc07/icsc0776.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0776]
* [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc07/icsc0776.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0776] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc07/icsc0776.htm |date=20080417062737 }}
* [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0568.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0568.html NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0568.html |date=20080523050049 }}
* {{ecb}}
* {{ecb}}
* {{inrs|title=Trihydrure d'antimoine|number=202|year=1992}}
* {{inrs|title=Trihydrure d'antimoine|number=202|year=1992}}
{{锑化合物}}

{{氢化合物}}
[[Category:Antimony compounds]]
[[Category:Hydrides]]
[[Category:锑化物]]
[[Category:金屬氫化物]]

[[Category:缺少物质图片的化学品条目]]
[[cs:Stiban]]
[[Category:1830年代发现的物质]]
[[de:Stiban]]
[[Category:自燃物质]]
[[nl:Stibine]]
[[ja:スチビン]]
[[ro:Stibină]]
[[ru:Стибин]]
[[zh:䏲]]

2023年12月7日 (四) 10:12的最新版本

锑化氢
英文名 Stibine
别名 氢化锑，三氢化锑
识别
CAS号 7803-52-3  checkY
ChemSpider 8992
SMILES
 
  • [SbH3]
InChI
 
  • 1/Sb.3H/rH3Sb/h1H3
InChIKey OUULRIDHGPHMNQ-LQMOCBGJAH
Gmelin 795
ChEBI 30288
性质
化学式 H3Sb
摩尔质量 124.784 g·mol⁻¹
外观 無色氣體
密度 (g.) 5.48 * 103
熔点 −88 °C
沸点 −17 °C
溶解性（其他溶剂） 不可溶
结构
分子构型 三角锥
危险性
欧盟危险性符号
有害有害 Xn
危害环境危害环境N
警示术语 R：R20/22, R50/53
安全术语 S：S2, S61
NFPA 704
4
4
3
 
闪点 可燃氣體
相关物质
相关氢化物 氨、磷化氢、砷化氢、铋化氢
相关化学品 三苯基锑
若非注明，所有数据均出自标准状态（25 ℃，100 kPa）下。

锑化氢又稱䏲，是化學式為SbH3的化合物，是具有恶臭气味的无色剧毒气体，不稳定。与氨同类，是主要的锑氢化物。其为三角锥结构，H–Sb–H 键角为 91.7°，Sb–H 键长 1.707Å（170.7pm）。

制备和性质

[编辑]

锑化氢通常由 Sb3+ 与含负氢的化合物反应制备：[1]

2 Sb2O3 + 3 LiAlH4 → 4 SbH3 + 1.5 Li2O + 1.5 Al2O3
SbCl3 + 3/4 NaBH4 → SbH3 + 0.75 NaCl + 0.75 BCl3

除此之外，也可通过 Sb3− 与含质子的试剂（甚至水）反应制备锑化氢：

Na3Sb + 3 H2O → SbH3 + 3 NaOH

锑化氢的化学性质与砷化氢很相像，[2] 在真空狀態下加熱，分解为氢气和锑，在容器壁上形成一层明亮的锑镜，锑镜不溶于次氯酸钠溶液，可以以此反应来分别砷和锑。

重金属氢化物一般不很稳定（如 AsH3，H2Te，SnH4），SbH3 亦是如此。锑化氢室温缓慢分解，200 °C 时的速率则非常快：

2 SbH3 → 3 H2 + 2 Sb

该反应是自催化反应，可能爆炸。

SbH3 被氧气很快氧化：

2 SbH3 + 3 O2 → Sb2O3 + 3 H2O

SbH3 不呈碱性。但可被氨基钠去质子化：

SbH3 + NaNH2 → NaSbH2 + NH3

用途

[编辑]

锑化氢可被用于半导体工业，化学气相沉积（CVD）中掺杂少量的锑。有报道称锑化氢可以作熏蒸剂，但显然与更常见的 PH3 相比，SbH3 的不稳定性及相对复杂的制法使其应用受限。

历史

[编辑]

由于锑与砷同族，马氏试砷法也能检测锑化氢。[2] 该法于1836年被 James Marsh 发现，是利用样品与无砷锌及稀硫酸反应，若样品含砷，则气态的砷化氢通过热管时（250–300 °C）会分解为黑色的砷镜；若样品含锑，则在管不被加热的地方都会出现黑色的锑镜。

1837年 Lewis Thomson 和 Pfaff 分别独立发现了锑化氢。由于锑化氢的合成方法复杂，因此锑化氢的毒性在很久之后才被确定清楚。1876年 Francis Jones 检验了几条合成锑化氢的路线，[3] 但直到1901年 Alfred Stock 才确定了锑化氢的大部分化学性质。[4][5]

安全

[编辑]

SbH3 是不稳定的易燃气体。锑化氢极毒，老鼠LC50为100ppm。但幸运的是，正是由于它的不稳定，使得锑化氢的污染大大减少。

毒理学

[编辑]

锑化氢的毒性与其他锑化合物不同，但与砷化氢类似。[6] 锑化氢可与红细胞中的血红蛋白结合，从而失去载氧功能。大多数锑化氢中毒都包含砷化氢中毒，尽管动物学实验已经证明两者毒性相差不大。中毒症状，如头痛、眩晕和恶心，及溶血性贫血（高浓度的非结合胆红素）、血红素尿和肾病，有可能在接触数小时才显现出来。

參考文献

[编辑]
  1. ^ Bellama, J. M.; MacDiarmid, A. G. Synthesis of the Hydrides of Germanium, Phosphorus, Arsenic, and Antimony by the Solid-Phase Reaction of the Corresponding Oxide with Lithium Aluminum Hydride. Inorg. Chem. 1968, 7: 2070–2. doi:10.1021/ic50068a024. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001
  3. ^ Francis Jones. On stibine. Journal of the Chemical Society. 1876, 29 (2): 641. doi:10.1039/JS8762900641. 
  4. ^ Alfred Stock, Walther Doht. Die Reindarstellung des Antimonwasserstoffes. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 1901, 34 (2): 2339–2344. doi:10.1002/cber.190103402166. 
  5. ^ Alfred Stock, Oskar Guttmann. Ueber den Antimonwasserstoff und das gelbe Antimon. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft. 1904, 37 (1): 885–900. doi:10.1002/cber.190403701148. 
  6. ^ Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS), Fiche toxicologique n° 202 : Trihydrure d'antimoine, 1992.

参见

[编辑]

外部連結

[编辑]
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=锑化氢&oldid=80027355”