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2023年埃塞奎博圭亚那危机：修订间差异

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{{noteTA
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| G1 = 人民
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| G2 = 地名
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| T = zh-hans:2023年埃塞奎博圭亚那危机;zh-hant:2023年蓋亞那埃塞奎博危機;
| 1 = zh-hans:2023年埃塞奎博圭亚那危机;zh-hant:2023年蓋亞那埃塞奎博危機;
⚫
}}
{{Current}}
{{Current}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Missing information|1=领土冲突背景|time=2023-12-11T04:54:25+00:00}}
{{Expand language|1=en|time=2023-12-11T04:54:00+00:00}}
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}}
{{NoteTA
⚫
| G1 = 人物譯名
⚫
| G2 = 地名翻譯
| G3 = 政治人物
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| 1 = zh-hans:埃塞奎博圭亚那; zh-tw:蓋亞那埃塞奎博; zh-hk: 埃塞奎博圭亞那
| 2 = zh-hant:艾瑟奎波河; zh-hans:埃塞奎博河;
}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
{{Infobox civil conflict
|title=2023年蓋亞那-委內瑞拉危機|partof=
|title=2023年埃塞奎博圭亚那危機|partof=
|image=File:Guyana Venezuela Locator.png
|image=File:Guyana Venezuela Locator.png
|caption=淺綠色為爭議地區。<br>深綠色為[[圭亞那]]，橙色為[[委內瑞拉]]。
|caption=淺綠色為爭議地區<br>深綠色為[[圭亞那]]，橙色為[[委內瑞拉]]
|date=2023年11月1日–至今<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|day1=1|month1=11|year1=2023|day2=|month2=|year2=|duration=yes}})
|date=2023年11月1日–12月14日<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|day1=1|month1=11|year1=2023|day2=|month2=|year2=|duration=yes}})
|place=[[埃塞奎博河]]以西的爭議領土
|place=[[埃塞奎博河]]以西的爭議領土
|status=進行中
|status=暂时缓和
| causes = [[2023年委内瑞拉公投]]
| causes = [[2023年委内瑞拉公投]]
| goals =奪回[[埃塞奎博圭亚那]]主權
| goals =奪回[[埃塞奎博圭亚那]]主權
|side1={{flag|Guyana}} <br>支持方: <br>{{flag|USA}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-expresses-support-guyanas-sovereignty-amid-border-tensions-with-venezuela-2023-12-07/|title=US expresses support for Guyana's sovereignty amid border tensions with Venezuela|work=Reuters|date=2023-12-07|accessdate=2023-12-07|language=en}}</ref><br>{{flag|Brazil}}（政治支持)<br>{{flag|Caribbean Community}}<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 December 2023|date=26 October 2023|language=en|title=Caricom urges respect for international law|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/caricom-urges-respect-for-international-law/|website=Jamaica Observer}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><br>{{flag|Commonwealth of Nations}}<ref>https://thecommonwealth.org/news/statement-commonwealth-secretary-general-escalation-guyana-venezuela-border-dispute</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/lula-me-garantiu-que-o-brasil-nos-apoia-fortemente-diz-presidente-da-guiana-a-cnn/|title=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/lula-me-garantiu-que-o-brasil-nos-apoia-fortemente-diz-presidente-da-guiana-a-cnn/|work= CNN |date=2023-12-06|accessdate=2023-12-06|language=en}}</ref>
|side1={{flag|Guyana}} <br>支持方: <br>{{flag|USA}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-expresses-support-guyanas-sovereignty-amid-border-tensions-with-venezuela-2023-12-07/|title=US expresses support for Guyana's sovereignty amid border tensions with Venezuela|work=Reuters|date=2023-12-07|accessdate=2023-12-07|language=en|archive-date=2023-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209033318/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-expresses-support-guyanas-sovereignty-amid-border-tensions-with-venezuela-2023-12-07/|dead-url=no}}</ref><br>{{flag|Brazil}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/lula-me-garantiu-que-o-brasil-nos-apoia-fortemente-diz-presidente-da-guiana-a-cnn/|title=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/lula-me-garantiu-que-o-brasil-nos-apoia-fortemente-diz-presidente-da-guiana-a-cnn/|work=CNN|date=2023-12-06|accessdate=2023-12-06|language=en|archive-date=2024-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222052212/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/lula-me-garantiu-que-o-brasil-nos-apoia-fortemente-diz-presidente-da-guiana-a-cnn/|dead-url=no}}</ref><br>{{flag|Caribbean Community}}<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-12-09|date=2023-10-26|language=en|title=Caricom urges respect for international law|url=https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/caricom-urges-respect-for-international-law/|website=Jamaica Observer|archive-date=2023-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103082208/https://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/caricom-urges-respect-for-international-law/|dead-url=no}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><br>{{flag|Commonwealth of Nations}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/news/statement-commonwealth-secretary-general-escalation-guyana-venezuela-border-dispute |title=存档副本 |access-date=2023-12-10 |archive-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103082209/https://thecommonwealth.org/news/statement-commonwealth-secretary-general-escalation-guyana-venezuela-border-dispute |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|side2={{flag|Venezuela}}<br>'''支持方:'''<br>{{flagcountry|Nicaragua}}<ref>https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2023/12/04/nicaragua-felicito-a-venezuela-tras-referendo-consultivo</ref>
|side2={{flag|Venezuela}}<br>'''支持方:'''<br>{{flagcountry|Nicaragua}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2023/12/04/nicaragua-felicito-a-venezuela-tras-referendo-consultivo |title=存档副本 |access-date=2023-12-10 |archive-date=2023-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205024309/https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2023/12/04/nicaragua-felicito-a-venezuela-tras-referendo-consultivo |dead-url=no }}</ref>
|leadfigures1={{flagdeco|Guyana}} [[伊爾凡·阿里]]
|leadfigures1={{flagdeco|Guyana}} [[伊爾凡·阿里]]
|leadfigures2={{flagdeco|Venezuela}} [[尼古拉斯·馬杜洛]]
|leadfigures2={{flagdeco|Venezuela}} [[尼古拉斯·馬杜洛]]
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}}
}}


[[圭亚那]]和[[委內瑞拉|委内瑞拉]]之间正經歷[[國際事件|外交危机]]，该危机与[[埃塞奎博圭亚那|埃塞奎博地区]]持续存在的领土争端有关。委内瑞拉声称对[[埃塞奎博河]]以西的领土拥有主权， <ref >{{Cite web|last=Taglioni|first=Augusto|title=Lula quiere evitar una guerra entre Venezuela y Guyana y manda a un hombre de confianza a mediar|url=https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/internacionales/lula-quiere-evitar-una-escalada-entre-venezuela-y-guyana-y-manda-a-un-hombre-de-confianza-a-mediar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050447/https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/internacionales/lula-quiere-evitar-una-escalada-entre-venezuela-y-guyana-y-manda-a-un-hombre-de-confianza-a-mediar/|archive-date=29 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[La Política Online]]}}</ref>而圭亚那则认为委内瑞拉在[[1895年委内瑞拉危机|巴黎裁决]]后放弃了该领土。 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/afp/guyana-se-planta-en-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela-y-estudia-presencia-militar-extranjera/49005318|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125015716/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/afp/guyana-se-planta-en-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela-y-estudia-presencia-militar-extranjera/49005318|archive-date=25 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[Swissinfo]]}}</ref>正就有關争端进行审視和裁决的[[国际法院]]表示，委内瑞拉官员的声明表明委内瑞拉正试图从圭亚那手中夺取有争议领土的控制权。 <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=3 December 2023|title=Venezuelans to vote in referendum over large swathe of territory under dispute with Guyana|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/venezuelans-vote-referendum-large-swathe-territory-dispute-guyana-105336154|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233122/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/venezuelans-vote-referendum-large-swathe-territory-dispute-guyana-105336154|archive-date=3 December 2023|access-date=2023-12-03|website=[[ABC News]]|language=en}}</ref>
2023年11-12月间，[[圭亚那]]和[[委內瑞拉|委内瑞拉]]之间因[[埃塞奎博圭亚那|埃塞奎博地区]]持续存在的领土争端經歷了[[國際事件|外交危机]]。委内瑞拉声称对[[埃塞奎博河]]以西的领土拥有主权， <ref >{{Cite web|last=Taglioni|first=Augusto|title=Lula quiere evitar una guerra entre Venezuela y Guyana y manda a un hombre de confianza a mediar|url=https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/internacionales/lula-quiere-evitar-una-escalada-entre-venezuela-y-guyana-y-manda-a-un-hombre-de-confianza-a-mediar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050447/https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/internacionales/lula-quiere-evitar-una-escalada-entre-venezuela-y-guyana-y-manda-a-un-hombre-de-confianza-a-mediar/|archive-date=2023-11-29|access-date=2023-11-29|website=[[La Política Online]]}}</ref>而圭亚那则认为委内瑞拉在[[1895年委内瑞拉危机|巴黎裁决]]后放弃了该领土。 <ref name="未命名-20240110220856">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/afp/guyana-se-planta-en-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela-y-estudia-presencia-militar-extranjera/49005318|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125015716/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/afp/guyana-se-planta-en-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela-y-estudia-presencia-militar-extranjera/49005318|archive-date=2023-11-25|access-date=2023-11-29|website=[[Swissinfo]]}}</ref>正就有關争端进行审視和裁决的[[国际法院]]表示，委内瑞拉官员的声明表明委内瑞拉正试图从圭亚那手中夺取有争议领土的控制权。 <ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-12-03|title=Venezuelans to vote in referendum over large swathe of territory under dispute with Guyana|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/venezuelans-vote-referendum-large-swathe-territory-dispute-guyana-105336154|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233122/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/venezuelans-vote-referendum-large-swathe-territory-dispute-guyana-105336154|archive-date=2023-12-03|access-date=2023-12-03|website=[[ABC News]]|language=en}}</ref>12月14日，两国首脑发表联合声明，宣布将和平解决这一争端。


== 事件时间線 ==
== 事件时间線 ==
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=== 委内瑞拉宣布公投 ===
=== 委内瑞拉宣布公投 ===
[[File:Nicolás_Maduro_in_2023.jpg|thumb|300x300px|委内瑞拉总统[[尼古拉斯·马杜罗]]， [[2023年委内瑞拉公投]]的主要支持者]]
[[File:Nicolás_Maduro_in_2023.jpg|thumb|300x300px|委内瑞拉总统[[尼古拉斯·马杜罗]]， [[2023年委内瑞拉公投]]的主要支持者]]
[[尼古拉斯·马杜罗]]政府推动委内瑞拉于2023年12月3日举行[[2023年委内瑞拉公投|协商公投]]，其中将向公民提出五个问题，其中包括他们是否同意“依法以一切方式反对圭亚那单方面主张”非法并违反国际法处置待划界海域”，以及他们是否赞成给予圭亚那[[埃塞奎博圭亚那|埃塞奎博]]的125,000名居民委内瑞拉国籍。<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 October 2023|title=Venezuela fija para 3 de diciembre referendo sobre territorio en disputa con Guyana|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/venezuela-fija-diciembre-referendo-disputa-guyana-/7319868.html|accessdate=29 November 2023|archivedate=15 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115130937/https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/venezuela-fija-diciembre-referendo-disputa-guyana-/7319868.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-17|title=Peligro de conflicto armado entre Venezuela y Guyana es "grande y real" advierten expertos|url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/peligro-conflicto-armado-entre-venezuela-guyana-es-grande-real-advierten-expertos/7357626.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122193823/https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/peligro-conflicto-armado-entre-venezuela-guyana-es-grande-real-advierten-expertos/7357626.html|archive-date=22 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera|url=https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053523/https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|archive-date=27 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[France 24]]}}</ref>政府批评“埃克森美孚的滥用行为”和[[美国南方司令部]]，<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/afp/guyana-se-planta-en-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela-y-estudia-presencia-militar-extranjera/49005318|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125015716/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/afp/guyana-se-planta-en-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela-y-estudia-presencia-militar-extranjera/49005318|archive-date=25 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[Swissinfo]]}}</ref><ref name=":2" />开展媒体宣传活动，呼吁委内瑞拉之爱国主义。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-21|title=Venezuela recurre a reguetón patriótico y videos para avivar disputa territorial con Guyana|url=https://apnews.com/world-news/general-news-f222185e01dfd9cc8339ccece5d579f9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127232427/https://apnews.com/world-news/general-news-f222185e01dfd9cc8339ccece5d579f9|archive-date=27 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[Associated Press]]|language=es}}</ref>
[[尼古拉斯·马杜罗]]政府推动委内瑞拉于2023年12月3日举行[[2023年委内瑞拉公投|协商公投]]，其中将向公民提出五个问题，其中包括他们是否同意“依法以一切方式反对圭亚那单方面主张”非法并违反国际法处置待划界海域”，以及他们是否赞成给予圭亚那[[埃塞奎博圭亚那|埃塞奎博]]的125,000名居民委内瑞拉国籍。<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-10-20|title=Venezuela fija para 3 de diciembre referendo sobre territorio en disputa con Guyana|agency=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/venezuela-fija-diciembre-referendo-disputa-guyana-/7319868.html|accessdate=2023-11-29|archivedate=2023-11-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115130937/https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/venezuela-fija-diciembre-referendo-disputa-guyana-/7319868.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-17|title=Peligro de conflicto armado entre Venezuela y Guyana es "grande y real" advierten expertos|url=https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/peligro-conflicto-armado-entre-venezuela-guyana-es-grande-real-advierten-expertos/7357626.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122193823/https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/peligro-conflicto-armado-entre-venezuela-guyana-es-grande-real-advierten-expertos/7357626.html|archive-date=2023-11-22|access-date=2023-11-29|website=[[Voice of America]]|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera|url=https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053523/https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|archive-date=2023-11-27|access-date=2023-11-29|website=[[France 24]]}}</ref>政府批评“埃克森美孚的滥用行为”和[[美国南方司令部]]，<ref name="未命名-20240110220856"/><ref name=":2" />开展媒体宣传活动，呼吁委内瑞拉之爱国主义。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-21|title=Venezuela recurre a reguetón patriótico y videos para avivar disputa territorial con Guyana|url=https://apnews.com/world-news/general-news-f222185e01dfd9cc8339ccece5d579f9|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127232427/https://apnews.com/world-news/general-news-f222185e01dfd9cc8339ccece5d579f9|archive-date=2023-11-27|access-date=2023-11-29|website=[[Associated Press]]|language=es}}</ref>


=== 据报军事集结 ===
=== 据报军事集结 ===
2023年10月，有报道称委内瑞拉军方正在与圭亚那埃塞奎博边境附近修建一条[[跑道]]，以“开发”该地区。圭亚那总统[[伊尔凡·阿里|伊尔法安·阿里]]回应称，该国不会放弃该地区“一寸”土地。<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 October 2023|title=Venezuela construye pista de aterrizaje cerca del Esequibo|url=https://www.dw.com/es/venezuela-construye-pista-de-aterrizaje-cerca-del-esequibo/a-67246404|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114195605/https://www.dw.com/es/venezuela-construye-pista-de-aterrizaje-cerca-del-esequibo/a-67246404|archive-date=14 November 2023|access-date=2023-11-04|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=es}}</ref>
2023年10月，有报道称委内瑞拉军方正在与圭亚那埃塞奎博边境附近修建一条[[跑道]]，以“开发”该地区。圭亚那总统[[伊尔凡·阿里|伊尔法安·阿里]]回应称，该国不会放弃该地区“一寸”土地。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-20|title=Venezuela construye pista de aterrizaje cerca del Esequibo|url=https://www.dw.com/es/venezuela-construye-pista-de-aterrizaje-cerca-del-esequibo/a-67246404|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114195605/https://www.dw.com/es/venezuela-construye-pista-de-aterrizaje-cerca-del-esequibo/a-67246404|archive-date=2023-11-14|access-date=2023-11-04|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=es}}</ref>


在两国关系日益紧张的背景下，圭亚那主要反对党变革联盟于11月4日呼吁禁止拥有圭亚那公民身份的委内瑞拉人参加选举投票，并且不向更多邻国公民授予公民身份。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-04|title=Oposición guyanesa pide prohibir votar a los venezolanos y no otorgarles más la ciudadanía|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/guyana-venezuela_oposici%C3%B3n-guyanesa-pide-prohibir-votar-a-los-venezolanos-y-no-otorgarles-m%C3%A1s-la-ciudadan%C3%ADa/48952726|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205173644/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/guyana-venezuela_oposici%C3%B3n-guyanesa-pide-prohibir-votar-a-los-venezolanos-y-no-otorgarles-m%C3%A1s-la-ciudadan%C3%ADa/48952726|archive-date=5 December 2023|access-date=2023-12-03|website=[[Swissinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|accessdate=3 December 2023|date=4 November 2023|work=[[El Nacional (Venezuela)|El Nacional]]|title=Oposición de Guyana pide prohibir votar a los venezolanos y no otorgarles más la ciudadanía|url=https://www.elnacional.com/mundo/oposicion-de-guyana-pide-prohibir-votar-a-los-venezolanos-y-no-otorgarles-mas-la-ciudadania/|archivedate=7 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107051321/https://www.elnacional.com/mundo/oposicion-de-guyana-pide-prohibir-votar-a-los-venezolanos-y-no-otorgarles-mas-la-ciudadania/}}</ref>
在两国关系日益紧张的背景下，圭亚那主要反对党变革联盟于11月4日呼吁禁止拥有圭亚那公民身份的委内瑞拉人参加选举投票，并且不向更多邻国公民授予公民身份。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-04|title=Oposición guyanesa pide prohibir votar a los venezolanos y no otorgarles más la ciudadanía|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/guyana-venezuela_oposici%C3%B3n-guyanesa-pide-prohibir-votar-a-los-venezolanos-y-no-otorgarles-m%C3%A1s-la-ciudadan%C3%ADa/48952726|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205173644/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/guyana-venezuela_oposici%C3%B3n-guyanesa-pide-prohibir-votar-a-los-venezolanos-y-no-otorgarles-m%C3%A1s-la-ciudadan%C3%ADa/48952726|archive-date=2023-12-05|access-date=2023-12-03|website=[[Swissinfo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|accessdate=2023-12-03|date=2023-11-04|work=[[El Nacional (Venezuela)|El Nacional]]|title=Oposición de Guyana pide prohibir votar a los venezolanos y no otorgarles más la ciudadanía|url=https://www.elnacional.com/mundo/oposicion-de-guyana-pide-prohibir-votar-a-los-venezolanos-y-no-otorgarles-mas-la-ciudadania/|archivedate=2023-11-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107051321/https://www.elnacional.com/mundo/oposicion-de-guyana-pide-prohibir-votar-a-los-venezolanos-y-no-otorgarles-mas-la-ciudadania/}}</ref>


委内瑞拉和圭亚那代表在 2023 年 11 月中旬在国际法院举行的听证会上要求法院承认他们对埃塞奎博的主权。圭亚那还要求废除公投，声称委内瑞拉打算吞并该领土，但委内瑞拉政府拒绝了这一要求。<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=14 November 2023|title=Venezuela y Guyana se enfrentan en La Haya por el Esequibo|url=https://www.dw.com/es/venezuela-y-guyana-se-enfrentan-en-la-haya-por-el-esequibo/a-67401460|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201183949/https://www.dw.com/es/venezuela-y-guyana-se-enfrentan-en-la-haya-por-el-esequibo/a-67401460|archive-date=1 December 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref>圭亚那總理马克·菲利普斯（{{Lang-en|Mark Phillips}}）将此案提交给[[美洲国家组织]]，他指责委内瑞拉在埃塞奎博边境附近进行军事集结，并警告这对圭亚那主权造成的后果。美洲国家组织秘书长{{Internal link helper/en|路易斯·阿尔马格罗|Luis Almagro}}、[[加勒比共同體|加勒比共同体]]和美国政府表达对圭亚那的支持。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferreira|first=Gonzalo|date=2023-11-01|title=Guyana acusó a Venezuela ante la OEA de haber "aumentado considerablemente sus fuerzas militares" en la frontera|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2023/11/01/guyana-acuso-a-venezuela-ante-la-oea-de-haber-aumentado-considerablemente-sus-fuerzas-militares-en-la-frontera/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106074618/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2023/11/01/guyana-acuso-a-venezuela-ante-la-oea-de-haber-aumentado-considerablemente-sus-fuerzas-militares-en-la-frontera/|archive-date=6 November 2023|access-date=2023-11-04|website=[[Infobae]]|language=es-ES}}</ref>
委内瑞拉和圭亚那代表在 2023 年 11 月中旬在国际法院举行的听证会上要求法院承认他们对埃塞奎博的主权。圭亚那还要求废除公投，声称委内瑞拉打算吞并该领土，但委内瑞拉政府拒绝了这一要求。<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-14|title=Venezuela y Guyana se enfrentan en La Haya por el Esequibo|url=https://www.dw.com/es/venezuela-y-guyana-se-enfrentan-en-la-haya-por-el-esequibo/a-67401460|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201183949/https://www.dw.com/es/venezuela-y-guyana-se-enfrentan-en-la-haya-por-el-esequibo/a-67401460|archive-date=2023-12-01|access-date=2023-11-29|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref>圭亚那總理马克·菲利普斯（{{Lang-en|Mark Phillips}}）将此案提交给[[美洲国家组织]]，他指责委内瑞拉在埃塞奎博边境附近进行军事集结，并警告这对圭亚那主权造成的后果。美洲国家组织秘书长{{Internal link helper/en|路易斯·阿尔马格罗|Luis Almagro}}、[[加勒比共同體|加勒比共同体]]和美国政府表达对圭亚那的支持。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferreira|first=Gonzalo|date=2023-11-01|title=Guyana acusó a Venezuela ante la OEA de haber "aumentado considerablemente sus fuerzas militares" en la frontera|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2023/11/01/guyana-acuso-a-venezuela-ante-la-oea-de-haber-aumentado-considerablemente-sus-fuerzas-militares-en-la-frontera/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106074618/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2023/11/01/guyana-acuso-a-venezuela-ante-la-oea-de-haber-aumentado-considerablemente-sus-fuerzas-militares-en-la-frontera/|archive-date=2023-11-06|access-date=2023-11-04|website=[[Infobae]]|language=es-ES}}</ref>


2023年11月底，[[圭亚那总统]][[伊尔凡·阿里]]会见守卫两国边境的士兵。在政府发布的一段影片中，阿里在委内瑞拉[[玻利瓦州|玻利瓦尔]]州附近的圭亚那埃塞奎博帕卡兰帕山举行的一次活动中升起了[[圭亞那國旗|圭亚那国旗]]，并宣誓效忠国家。<ref> {{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera|url=https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053523/https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|archive-date=27 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[France 24]]}}</ref>委内瑞拉国防部长{{Internal link helper/en|弗拉基米尔·帕德诺·洛佩兹|Vladímir Padrino López}}宣布，[[委內瑞拉軍事|委内瑞拉武装部队]]将“永远警惕”“任何威胁”“领土完整”的行动，要求民众在公投中投票，并补充指“目前”的冲突不是战争。<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 November 2023|title="Por ahora, no es guerra": Ministro de Defensa de Venezuela|url=https://urgente24.com/mundo/por-ahora-no-es-guerra-ministro-defensa-venezuela-n564263|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129112444/https://urgente24.com/mundo/por-ahora-no-es-guerra-ministro-defensa-venezuela-n564263|archive-date=29 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=Urgente24}}</ref>[[苏利亚州]]州长{{Internal link helper/en|曼努埃尔·罗萨莱斯|Manuel Rosales}}保证“圭亚那埃塞奎博百分百是委内瑞拉领土”，认为圭亚那的行为违反1966年日内瓦协议，并批评联合国和[[美洲国家组织]]没有就此事发声。<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 November 2023|title=Gobernador venezolano cuestiona silencio de ONU y OEA tras presunta provocación de Guyana|url=https://www.veintitres.com.ar/internacionales/Gobernador-venezolano-cuestiona-silencio-de-ONU-y-OEA-tras-presunta-provocacion-de-Guyana-20231128-0012.html|website=[[Veintitrés (revista)|Veintitrés]]}}</ref>
2023年11月底，[[圭亚那总统]][[伊尔凡·阿里]]会见守卫两国边境的士兵。在政府发布的一段影片中，阿里在委内瑞拉[[玻利瓦州|玻利瓦尔]]州附近的圭亚那埃塞奎博帕卡兰帕山举行的一次活动中升起了[[圭亞那國旗|圭亚那国旗]]，并宣誓效忠国家。<ref> {{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera|url=https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053523/https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|archive-date=2023-11-27|access-date=2023-11-29|website=[[France 24]]}}</ref>委内瑞拉国防部长{{Internal link helper/en|弗拉基米尔·帕德诺·洛佩兹|Vladímir Padrino López}}宣布，[[委內瑞拉軍事|委内瑞拉武装部队]]将“永远警惕”“任何威胁”“领土完整”的行动，要求民众在公投中投票，并补充指“目前”的冲突不是战争。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title="Por ahora, no es guerra": Ministro de Defensa de Venezuela|url=https://urgente24.com/mundo/por-ahora-no-es-guerra-ministro-defensa-venezuela-n564263|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129112444/https://urgente24.com/mundo/por-ahora-no-es-guerra-ministro-defensa-venezuela-n564263|archive-date=2023-11-29|access-date=2023-11-29|website=Urgente24}}</ref>[[苏利亚州]]州长{{Internal link helper/en|曼努埃尔·罗萨莱斯|Manuel Rosales}}保证“圭亚那埃塞奎博百分百是委内瑞拉领土”，认为圭亚那的行为违反1966年日内瓦协议，并批评联合国和[[美洲国家组织]]没有就此事发声。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-28|title=Gobernador venezolano cuestiona silencio de ONU y OEA tras presunta provocación de Guyana|url=https://www.veintitres.com.ar/internacionales/Gobernador-venezolano-cuestiona-silencio-de-ONU-y-OEA-tras-presunta-provocacion-de-Guyana-20231128-0012.html|website=[[Veintitrés (revista)|Veintitrés]]|access-date=2023-12-06|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231204202009/https://www.veintitres.com.ar/internacionales/Gobernador-venezolano-cuestiona-silencio-de-ONU-y-OEA-tras-presunta-provocacion-de-Guyana-20231128-0012.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>


11月23日，圭亚那国防军和[[巴西武装力量|巴西武装部队]]高级军官举行军事交流。巴西在边界争议中被認為一直是圭亚那的坚定支持者。<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=23 November 2023|title=Guyana and Brazil Military Officials meeting on border security and military cooperation|url=https://newssourcegy.com/news/guyana-and-brazil-military-officials-meeting-on-border-security-and-military-cooperation/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130160707/https://newssourcegy.com/news/guyana-and-brazil-military-officials-meeting-on-border-security-and-military-cooperation/|archive-date=30 November 2023|access-date=30 November 2023|website=News Source}}</ref>
11月23日，圭亚那国防军和[[巴西武装力量|巴西武装部队]]高级军官举行军事交流。巴西在边界争议中被認為一直是圭亚那的坚定支持者。<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=2023-11-23|title=Guyana and Brazil Military Officials meeting on border security and military cooperation|url=https://newssourcegy.com/news/guyana-and-brazil-military-officials-meeting-on-border-security-and-military-cooperation/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130160707/https://newssourcegy.com/news/guyana-and-brazil-military-officials-meeting-on-border-security-and-military-cooperation/|archive-date=2023-11-30|access-date=2023-11-30|website=News Source}}</ref>


巴西目前正试图在两国之间进行调解，以避免武装冲突。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taglioni|first=Augusto|title=Lula quiere evitar una guerra entre Venezuela y Guyana y manda a un hombre de confianza a mediar|url=https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/internacionales/lula-quiere-evitar-una-escalada-entre-venezuela-y-guyana-y-manda-a-un-hombre-de-confianza-a-mediar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050447/https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/internacionales/lula-quiere-evitar-una-escalada-entre-venezuela-y-guyana-y-manda-a-un-hombre-de-confianza-a-mediar/|archive-date=29 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[La Política Online]]}}</ref>[[美国国防部]]的两支小组定于11月下旬访问圭亚那。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera|url=https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053523/https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|archive-date=27 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[France 24]]}}</ref>圭亚那提议在该国建立外国军事基地。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/afp/guyana-se-planta-en-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela-y-estudia-presencia-militar-extranjera/49005318|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125015716/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/afp/guyana-se-planta-en-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela-y-estudia-presencia-militar-extranjera/49005318|archive-date=25 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=[[Swissinfo]]}}</ref>巴西军队向两国边境动员，预计委内瑞拉可能会占领该国。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-29|title=El Ejército de Brasil se moviliza por una posible invasión de Venezuela a Guyana|url=https://www.escenariomundial.com/2023/11/29/el-ejercito-de-brasil-se-dispone-en-alerta-maxima-por-una-posible-invasion-de-venezuela-a-guyana/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130061414/https://www.escenariomundial.com/2023/11/29/el-ejercito-de-brasil-se-dispone-en-alerta-maxima-por-una-posible-invasion-de-venezuela-a-guyana/|archive-date=30 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|website=Escenario Mundial}}</ref>
巴西目前正试图在两国之间进行调解，以避免武装冲突。<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taglioni|first=Augusto|title=Lula quiere evitar una guerra entre Venezuela y Guyana y manda a un hombre de confianza a mediar|url=https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/internacionales/lula-quiere-evitar-una-escalada-entre-venezuela-y-guyana-y-manda-a-un-hombre-de-confianza-a-mediar/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050447/https://www.lapoliticaonline.com/internacionales/lula-quiere-evitar-una-escalada-entre-venezuela-y-guyana-y-manda-a-un-hombre-de-confianza-a-mediar/|archive-date=2023-11-29|access-date=2023-11-29|website=[[La Política Online]]}}</ref>[[美国国防部]]的两支小组定于11月下旬访问圭亚那。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-24|title=Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera|url=https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053523/https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20231124-guyana-plantea-bases-militares-con-apoyo-extranjero-en-una-zona-reclamada-por-venezuela|archive-date=2023-11-27|access-date=2023-11-29|website=[[France 24]]}}</ref>圭亚那提议在该国建立外国军事基地。<ref name="未命名-20240110220856"/>巴西军队向两国边境动员，预计委内瑞拉可能会占领该国。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-29|title=El Ejército de Brasil se moviliza por una posible invasión de Venezuela a Guyana|url=https://www.escenariomundial.com/2023/11/29/el-ejercito-de-brasil-se-dispone-en-alerta-maxima-por-una-posible-invasion-de-venezuela-a-guyana/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130061414/https://www.escenariomundial.com/2023/11/29/el-ejercito-de-brasil-se-dispone-en-alerta-maxima-por-una-posible-invasion-de-venezuela-a-guyana/|archive-date=2023-11-30|access-date=2023-11-29|website=Escenario Mundial}}</ref>


11月30日，巴西国防部长{{Internal link helper/en|若泽·穆西奥|José Múcio}}宣布，巴西陆军将向[[帕卡賴馬]]派遣60名士兵，以加强与委内瑞拉边境口岸的安全，以阻止委内瑞拉人从巴西领土进入圭亚那。<ref name="g1">{{Cite web|last=Júlio Mosquéra, Kellen Barreto, TV Globo|date=30 November 2023|title=Exército reforça fronteira com Venezuela e Guiana para evitar uso do território brasileiro em disputa por petróleo, diz Múcio|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/11/30/exercito-envia-reforcos-a-fronteira-com-venezuela-e-guiana-para-evitar-uso-do-territorio-brasileiro-em-disputa-por-petroleo-diz-mucio.ghtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201162942/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/11/30/exercito-envia-reforcos-a-fronteira-com-venezuela-e-guiana-para-evitar-uso-do-territorio-brasileiro-em-disputa-por-petroleo-diz-mucio.ghtml|archive-date=1 December 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[G1 (website)|G1]]|language=pt}}</ref>
11月30日，巴西国防部长{{Internal link helper/en|若泽·穆西奥|José Múcio}}宣布，巴西陆军将向[[帕卡賴馬]]派遣60名士兵，以加强与委内瑞拉边境口岸的安全，以阻止委内瑞拉人从巴西领土进入圭亚那。<ref name="g1">{{Cite web|last=Júlio Mosquéra, Kellen Barreto, TV Globo|date=2023-11-30|title=Exército reforça fronteira com Venezuela e Guiana para evitar uso do território brasileiro em disputa por petróleo, diz Múcio|url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/11/30/exercito-envia-reforcos-a-fronteira-com-venezuela-e-guiana-para-evitar-uso-do-territorio-brasileiro-em-disputa-por-petroleo-diz-mucio.ghtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201162942/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/11/30/exercito-envia-reforcos-a-fronteira-com-venezuela-e-guiana-para-evitar-uso-do-territorio-brasileiro-em-disputa-por-petroleo-diz-mucio.ghtml|archive-date=2023-12-01|access-date=2023-12-01|publisher=[[G1 (website)|G1]]|language=pt}}</ref>


12月1日，[[国际法院]]命令委内瑞拉不要在与圭亚那的边界争端中采取行动。首席法官{{Internal link helper/en|琼·多诺霍|Joan Donoghue}}稱：“法院认为，争议领土目前的情况是圭亚那对该地区进行管理和控制。”她补充说：“委内瑞拉必须避免采取任何可能改变这种情况的行动。”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Berg|first=Stephanie van den|last2=Sequera|first2=Vivian|last3=Sequera|first3=Vivian|date=1 December 2023|title=World Court orders Venezuela to refrain from action in border dispute with Guyana|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/world-court-orders-venezuela-refrain-action-border-dispute-with-guyana-2023-12-01/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202042521/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/world-court-orders-venezuela-refrain-action-border-dispute-with-guyana-2023-12-01/|archive-date=2 December 2023|access-date=2 December 2023|website=[[Reuters]]|via=}}</ref>
12月1日，[[国际法院]]命令委内瑞拉不要在与圭亚那的边界争端中采取行动。首席法官{{Internal link helper/en|琼·多诺霍|Joan Donoghue}}稱：“法院认为，争议领土目前的情况是圭亚那对该地区进行管理和控制。”她补充说：“委内瑞拉必须避免采取任何可能改变这种情况的行动。”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Berg|first=Stephanie van den|last2=Sequera|first2=Vivian|last3=Sequera|first3=Vivian|date=2023-12-01|title=World Court orders Venezuela to refrain from action in border dispute with Guyana|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/world-court-orders-venezuela-refrain-action-border-dispute-with-guyana-2023-12-01/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202042521/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/world-court-orders-venezuela-refrain-action-border-dispute-with-guyana-2023-12-01/|archive-date=2023-12-02|access-date=2023-12-02|website=[[Reuters]]|via=}}</ref>


=== 委拉瑞拉公投 ===
=== 委拉瑞拉公投 ===
2023年12月3日，委内瑞拉人於[[2023年委内瑞拉公投|公投]]中投票支持政府在这场争端中的立场，国家选举委员会初步报告称，95%的选民支持每个问题。（此为官方数据。据了解委内瑞拉民众普遍不承认此次公投的结果且对此次公投持不同意见，政府应该着力解决国内经济与民生问题）<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shortell|first=David|date=2023-12-04|title=Venezuelans approve takeover of oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/04/americas/venezuelans-approve-takeover-of-oil-rich-region-of-guyana-in-referendum/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204043413/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/04/americas/venezuelans-approve-takeover-of-oil-rich-region-of-guyana-in-referendum/index.html|archive-date=4 December 2023|access-date=2023-12-04|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref>圭亚那副总统[[巴拉特·贾格迪奥]]在接受采访时表示，他正在做最坏的打算，政府正在与合作伙伴加强“防务合作”。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-04|title=Maduro diz que Venezuela vai conseguir 'recuperar Essequibo'; vice-presidente da Guiana diz que país precisa estar preparado para se defender|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/12/04/vice-presidente-da-guiana-pais-precisa-estar-preparado-para-se-defender-maduro-diz-que-venezuela-vai-conseguir-recuperar-essequibo.ghtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205173551/https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/12/04/vice-presidente-da-guiana-pais-precisa-estar-preparado-para-se-defender-maduro-diz-que-venezuela-vai-conseguir-recuperar-essequibo.ghtml|archive-date=5 December 2023|access-date=2023-12-05|website=[[G1 (website) |G1]]|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Venezuela's Maduro pledges to permit oil, mines development in disputed territory|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelas-maduro-push-oil-exploration-disputed-territory-2023-12-06/|publisher=Returs}}</ref>
2023年12月3日，委内瑞拉人於[[2023年委内瑞拉公投|公投]]中投票支持政府在这场争端中的立场，国家选举委员会初步报告称，95%的选民支持每个问题。（此为官方数据。据了解委内瑞拉民众普遍不承认此次公投的结果且对此次公投持不同意见，政府应该着力解决国内经济与民生问题）<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shortell|first=David|date=2023-12-04|title=Venezuelans approve takeover of oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/04/americas/venezuelans-approve-takeover-of-oil-rich-region-of-guyana-in-referendum/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204043413/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/04/americas/venezuelans-approve-takeover-of-oil-rich-region-of-guyana-in-referendum/index.html|archive-date=2023-12-04|access-date=2023-12-04|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref>圭亚那副总统[[巴拉特·贾格迪奥]]在接受采访时表示，他正在做最坏的打算，政府正在与合作伙伴加强“防务合作”。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-04|title=Maduro diz que Venezuela vai conseguir 'recuperar Essequibo'; vice-presidente da Guiana diz que país precisa estar preparado para se defender|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/12/04/vice-presidente-da-guiana-pais-precisa-estar-preparado-para-se-defender-maduro-diz-que-venezuela-vai-conseguir-recuperar-essequibo.ghtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205173551/https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/12/04/vice-presidente-da-guiana-pais-precisa-estar-preparado-para-se-defender-maduro-diz-que-venezuela-vai-conseguir-recuperar-essequibo.ghtml|archive-date=2023-12-05|access-date=2023-12-05|website=[[G1 (website) |G1]]|language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Venezuela's Maduro pledges to permit oil, mines development in disputed territory|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelas-maduro-push-oil-exploration-disputed-territory-2023-12-06/|publisher=Returs|access-date=2023-12-06|archive-date=2023-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206101904/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelas-maduro-push-oil-exploration-disputed-territory-2023-12-06/|dead-url=no}}</ref>


=== 巴西边境军事化 ===
=== 巴西边境军事化 ===
12月5日，巴西陆军调动20辆Iveco LMV车辆加入驻扎在[[博阿维斯塔 (罗赖马州)|博阿维斯塔]]的新组建的第18机械化骑兵团，预计将于1月初抵达。<ref name="guaicuru">{{Cite web|last=Monica Gugliano|date=5 December 2023|title=Exército brasileiro envia 20 blindados para Roraima, em meio às tensões entre Venezuela e Guiana|url=https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/monica-gugliano/exercito-brasileiro-envia-20-blindados-para-roraima-em-meio-as-tensoes-entre-venezuela-e-guiana/?utm_source=twitter:newsfeed&utm_medium=social-organic&utm_campaign=redes-sociais:122023:e&utm_content=:::&utm_term=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205173710/https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/monica-gugliano/exercito-brasileiro-envia-20-blindados-para-roraima-em-meio-as-tensoes-entre-venezuela-e-guiana/|archive-date=5 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|publisher=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]|language=pt}}</ref>该团原计划于2026年组建，于11月29日在原有的第12机械化骑兵中队的基础上组建而成。 {{Efn|Regiments and Squadrons being equivalent to [[Battalions]] and [[Company (military unit)|Companies]], respectively, in Brazilian Cavalry terminology}}<ref name="18rcm">{{Cite web|date=2 December 2023|title=Exército Brasileiro ativa o 18º Regimento de Cavalaria Mecanizado em Boa Vista (RR)|url=https://www.forte.jor.br/2023/12/02/exercito-brasileiro-ativa-o-18o-regimento-de-cavalaria-mecanizado-em-boa-vista-rr/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205173624/https://www.forte.jor.br/2023/12/02/exercito-brasileiro-ativa-o-18o-regimento-de-cavalaria-mecanizado-em-boa-vista-rr/|archive-date=5 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|publisher=Forças Terrestres|language=pt}}</ref>新组建的第18骑兵团将新增600名士兵，组建了一支由28辆装甲车组成的装甲特遣部队：6辆[[VBTP-MR裝甲車]] 、6辆[[EE-9裝甲車]]和16辆Iveco LMV。<ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-reinforces-border-with-venezuela-guyana-over-esequibo-tensions-2023-12-05/?taid=656f6074d6bae000019e7b2e&utm_campaign=trueAnthem:+Trending+Content&utm_medium=trueAnthem&utm_source=twitter</ref><ref>https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/julia-duailibi/noticia/2023/12/05/brasil-vai-enviar-28-blindados-para-defender-a-fronteira-com-a-venezuela-conheca-os-modelos.ghtml</ref>
12月5日，巴西陆军调动20辆Iveco LMV车辆加入驻扎在[[博阿维斯塔 (罗赖马州)|博阿维斯塔]]的新组建的第18机械化骑兵团，预计将于1月初抵达。<ref name="guaicuru">{{Cite web|last=Monica Gugliano|date=2023-12-05|title=Exército brasileiro envia 20 blindados para Roraima, em meio às tensões entre Venezuela e Guiana|url=https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/monica-gugliano/exercito-brasileiro-envia-20-blindados-para-roraima-em-meio-as-tensoes-entre-venezuela-e-guiana/?utm_source=twitter:newsfeed&utm_medium=social-organic&utm_campaign=redes-sociais:122023:e&utm_content=:::&utm_term=|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205173710/https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/monica-gugliano/exercito-brasileiro-envia-20-blindados-para-roraima-em-meio-as-tensoes-entre-venezuela-e-guiana/|archive-date=2023-12-05|access-date=2023-12-05|publisher=[[O Estado de S. Paulo]]|language=pt}}</ref>该团原计划于2026年组建，于11月29日在原有的第12机械化骑兵中队的基础上组建而成。 {{Efn|Regiments and Squadrons being equivalent to [[Battalions]] and [[Company (military unit)|Companies]], respectively, in Brazilian Cavalry terminology}}<ref name="18rcm">{{Cite web|date=2023-12-02|title=Exército Brasileiro ativa o 18º Regimento de Cavalaria Mecanizado em Boa Vista (RR)|url=https://www.forte.jor.br/2023/12/02/exercito-brasileiro-ativa-o-18o-regimento-de-cavalaria-mecanizado-em-boa-vista-rr/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205173624/https://www.forte.jor.br/2023/12/02/exercito-brasileiro-ativa-o-18o-regimento-de-cavalaria-mecanizado-em-boa-vista-rr/|archive-date=2023-12-05|access-date=2023-12-05|publisher=Forças Terrestres|language=pt}}</ref>新组建的第18骑兵团将新增600名士兵，组建了一支由28辆装甲车组成的装甲特遣部队：6辆[[VBTP-MR裝甲車]] 、6辆[[EE-9裝甲車]]和16辆Iveco LMV。<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-reinforces-border-with-venezuela-guyana-over-esequibo-tensions-2023-12-05/?taid=656f6074d6bae000019e7b2e&utm_campaign=trueAnthem:+Trending+Content&utm_medium=trueAnthem&utm_source=twitter |title=存档副本 |access-date=2023-12-06 |archive-date=2023-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206063258/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-reinforces-border-with-venezuela-guyana-over-esequibo-tensions-2023-12-05/?taid=656f6074d6bae000019e7b2e&utm_campaign=trueAnthem:+Trending+Content&utm_medium=trueAnthem&utm_source=twitter |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/julia-duailibi/noticia/2023/12/05/brasil-vai-enviar-28-blindados-para-defender-a-fronteira-com-a-venezuela-conheca-os-modelos.ghtml |title=存档副本 |access-date=2023-12-06 |archive-date=2023-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205212129/https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/julia-duailibi/noticia/2023/12/05/brasil-vai-enviar-28-blindados-para-defender-a-fronteira-com-a-venezuela-conheca-os-modelos.ghtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>


12月8日，[[巴西总统]][[卢拉]]警告马杜罗不要针对埃塞奎博采取“单方面措施”。<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-09 |title=Guyana: Lula warns Maduro against 'unilateral measures' |language=en |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/12/09/guyana-lula-warns-maduro-against-unilateral-measures_6327464_4.html |access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>
12月8日，[[巴西总统]][[卢拉]]警告马杜罗不要针对埃塞奎博采取“单方面措施”。<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-09 |title=Guyana: Lula warns Maduro against 'unilateral measures' |language=en |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/12/09/guyana-lula-warns-maduro-against-unilateral-measures_6327464_4.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209194202/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/12/09/guyana-lula-warns-maduro-against-unilateral-measures_6327464_4.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
===委內瑞拉開采資源===
===委內瑞拉開采資源===
12月4日，[[委内瑞拉军事|委内瑞拉国家玻利瓦尔武装部队]]军官多明戈·埃尔南德斯·拉雷斯在委内瑞拉军方的社交媒体上发布了多條貼文，表示致力于修复或修建与埃塞奎博地区接壤的新道路、桥梁、简易机场和其他基础设施，他将其描述为“我们的圭亚那航线”。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perdigón |first=Ana |date=2023-12-06 |title=Venezuela: FANB Deployed in Territory Bordering Essequibo |url=https://orinocotribune.com/fanb-deployed-in-territory-bordering-essequibo/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Orinoco Tribune - News and opinion pieces about Venezuela and beyond |language=en-US |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207080716/https://orinocotribune.com/fanb-deployed-in-territory-bordering-essequibo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>12月5日，委内瑞拉总统尼古拉斯·马杜罗宣布，他将很快授權在圭亚那埃塞奎巴境内开采天然气、石油和矿藏等资源。他还表示[[委内瑞拉石油公司]]将在当地建立子公司。<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-06 |title=Venezuela's Maduro pledges to permit oil, mines development in disputed territory |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelas-maduro-push-oil-exploration-disputed-territory-2023-12-06/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206101904/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelas-maduro-push-oil-exploration-disputed-territory-2023-12-06/ |url-status=live }}</ref>同一天，巴西总统卢拉表示他将于明年对圭亚那进行外交访问。<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Lula diz que em 2024 visitará Etiópia e Guiana, país em que território é alvo de disputa com a Venezuela |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/12/05/lula-diz-que-em-2024-visitara-etiopia-e-guiana-pais-em-que-territorio-e-alvo-de-disputa-com-a-venezuela.ghtml |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=G1 |language=pt-br |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206042938/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/12/05/lula-diz-que-em-2024-visitara-etiopia-e-guiana-pais-em-que-territorio-e-alvo-de-disputa-com-a-venezuela.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
12月4日，[[委内瑞拉军事|委内瑞拉国家玻利瓦尔武装部队]]军官多明戈·埃尔南德斯·拉雷斯在委内瑞拉军方的社交媒体上发布了多條貼文，表示致力于修复或修建与埃塞奎博地区接壤的新道路、桥梁、简易机场和其他基础设施，他将其描述为“我们的圭亚那航线”。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perdigón |first=Ana |date=2023-12-06 |title=Venezuela: FANB Deployed in Territory Bordering Essequibo |url=https://orinocotribune.com/fanb-deployed-in-territory-bordering-essequibo/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Orinoco Tribune - News and opinion pieces about Venezuela and beyond |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207080716/https://orinocotribune.com/fanb-deployed-in-territory-bordering-essequibo/ |url-status=live }}</ref>12月5日，委内瑞拉总统尼古拉斯·马杜罗宣布，他将很快授權在圭亚那埃塞奎巴境内开采天然气、石油和矿藏等资源。他还表示[[委内瑞拉石油公司]]将在当地建立子公司。<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-06 |title=Venezuela's Maduro pledges to permit oil, mines development in disputed territory |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelas-maduro-push-oil-exploration-disputed-territory-2023-12-06/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |archive-date=2023-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206101904/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuelas-maduro-push-oil-exploration-disputed-territory-2023-12-06/ |url-status=live }}</ref>同一天，巴西总统卢拉表示他将于明年对圭亚那进行外交访问。<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Lula diz que em 2024 visitará Etiópia e Guiana, país em que território é alvo de disputa com a Venezuela |url=https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/12/05/lula-diz-que-em-2024-visitara-etiopia-e-guiana-pais-em-que-territorio-e-alvo-de-disputa-com-a-venezuela.ghtml |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=G1 |language=pt-br |archive-date=2023-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206042938/https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2023/12/05/lula-diz-que-em-2024-visitara-etiopia-e-guiana-pais-em-que-territorio-e-alvo-de-disputa-com-a-venezuela.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref>


圭亚那总统告诉巴西媒体，卢拉总统向他保证巴西将支持圭亚那，并感谢他的巴西“成熟”立场，同时形容委内瑞拉“鲁莽”和“不可描述”。他声称他们正在与美国南方司令部合作，并预计将在未来24小时内发表“强硬声明”。<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQhh5ttg1QE |title=Presidente da Guiana: Lula garantiu apoio ao nosso país {{!}} CNN PRIME TIME |date=7 December 2023 |type=Television production |language=en}}</ref>
圭亚那总统告诉巴西媒体，卢拉总统向他保证巴西将支持圭亚那，并感谢他的巴西“成熟”立场，同时形容委内瑞拉“鲁莽”和“不可描述”。他声称他们正在与美国南方司令部合作，并预计将在未来24小时内发表“强硬声明”。<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQhh5ttg1QE |title=Presidente da Guiana: Lula garantiu apoio ao nosso país {{!}} CNN PRIME TIME |date=2023-12-07 |type=Television production |language=en |access-date=2023-12-10 |archive-date=2023-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211224907/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQhh5ttg1QE |dead-url=no }}</ref>
===圭亚那直升机墜毀===
===圭亚那直升机墜毀===
12月6日，一架圭亚那国防军贝尔412直升机在从乔治敦阿扬纳营飞往位于埃塞奎博委内瑞拉边境的亚劳的途中失踪。机上载有3名乘客，由中校迈克尔·查尔斯 (Michael Charles) 驾驶。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Bell 412EP 8R-AYA |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/348662 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=aviation-safety.net |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206234324/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/348662 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Search still on for missing GDF helicopter; Army sees no Venezuelan involvement |url=https://newsroom.gy/2023/12/06/search-still-on-for-missing-gdf-helicopter-army-sees-no-venezuelan-involvement/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=News Room Guyana |language=en-US |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207081210/https://newsroom.gy/2023/12/06/search-still-on-for-missing-gdf-helicopter-army-sees-no-venezuelan-involvement/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
12月6日，一架圭亚那国防军[[贝尔412]]直升机在从乔治敦阿扬纳营飞往位于埃塞奎博委内瑞拉边境的亚劳的途中失踪。机上载有3名乘客，由中校迈克尔·查尔斯 (Michael Charles) 驾驶。<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incident Bell 412EP 8R-AYA |url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/348662 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=aviation-safety.net |archive-date=2023-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206234324/https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/348662 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Search still on for missing GDF helicopter; Army sees no Venezuelan involvement |url=https://newsroom.gy/2023/12/06/search-still-on-for-missing-gdf-helicopter-army-sees-no-venezuelan-involvement/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=News Room Guyana |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207081210/https://newsroom.gy/2023/12/06/search-still-on-for-missing-gdf-helicopter-army-sees-no-venezuelan-involvement/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 開展討論 ===
[[圣文森特和格林纳丁斯|聖文森特和格林納丁斯]]總理[[拉尔夫·冈萨维斯|拉爾夫·貢薩維斯]]於12月9日致函圭亞那總統[[伊尔凡·阿里|阿里]]和委內瑞拉總統[[尼古拉斯·马杜罗|馬杜羅]]，稱他將與巴西總統[[路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦|盧拉]]和聯合國秘書長[[安东尼奥·古特雷斯|古特雷斯]]一起主持會談，<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|last=Alvarado|first=Abel|date=2023-12-09|title=Venezuela and Guyana agree to high-level meeting amid annexation fears|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/09/world/essequibo-venezuela-meeting-with-guyana/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210190538/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/09/world/essequibo-venezuela-meeting-with-guyana/index.html|archive-date=10 December 2023|access-date=2023-12-10|website=[[CNN]]|language=en}}</ref>討論將由[[加勒比共同體]]和[[拉丁美洲和加勒比国家共同体|拉丁美洲和加勒比國家共同體]]調解。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leaders of Venezuela and Guyana to meet amid border dispute|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/10/leaders-of-venezuela-and-guyana-to-meet-amid-border-dispute|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210191109/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/10/leaders-of-venezuela-and-guyana-to-meet-amid-border-dispute|archive-date=10 December 2023|access-date=2023-12-10|website=[[Al Jazeera English]]|language=en}}</ref>圭委兩國同意會談，並擬定12月14日為會談日期。在與盧拉通電話後，馬杜羅表示，他正在尋求「和平與諒解」。<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-09|title=Após falar com Lula, Maduro diz que Guiana terá que "sentar e conversar" sobre Essequibo|url=https://exame.com/mundo/maduro-admite-dialogo-com-guiana-mas-depois-volta-a-elevar-o-tom/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210175406/https://exame.com/mundo/maduro-admite-dialogo-com-guiana-mas-depois-volta-a-elevar-o-tom/|archive-date=10 December 2023|access-date=2023-12-10|website=Exame|language=pt-br}}</ref> 12月14日，兩國發表聯合宣告表示，他們“在任何情況下都不會相互威脅或使用武力”，並且“無論是口頭還是行為，都不會升級任何衝突或分歧。”<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-12-15|title=Guyana, Venezuela agree to not use force or escalate tensions in Esequibo dispute|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-guyana-presidents-meet-amid-territorial-dispute-2023-12-14/|agency=Reuters|access-date=2023-12-15|archive-date=2024-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319230529/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-guyana-presidents-meet-amid-territorial-dispute-2023-12-14/|dead-url=no}}</ref>


==反應==
==反應==
*{{USA}}:
*{{USA}}:
**国务卿[[安东尼·布林肯]]在12月6日的电话中向[[圭亚那总统]]保证，圭亚那將會得到美国的“无条件支持”。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liy |first=Macarena Vidal |date=2023-12-07 |title=US conducts flight operations in Guyana after Venezuela's referendum on the Essequibo region |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-12-07/us-conducts-flight-operations-in-guyana-after-venezuelas-referendum-on-the-essequibo-region.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=[[El País]] |language=en-us}}</ref>
**国务卿[[安东尼·布林肯]]在12月6日的电话中向[[圭亚那总统]]保证，圭亚那將會得到美国的“无条件支持”。<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liy |first=Macarena Vidal |date=2023-12-07 |title=US conducts flight operations in Guyana after Venezuela's referendum on the Essequibo region |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-12-07/us-conducts-flight-operations-in-guyana-after-venezuelas-referendum-on-the-essequibo-region.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=[[El País]] |language=en-us |archive-date=2023-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208040158/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-12-07/us-conducts-flight-operations-in-guyana-after-venezuelas-referendum-on-the-essequibo-region.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
**五角大楼新闻秘书[[约翰·柯比]]于12月7日表示，美国将“坚决支持圭亚那主权”。<ref name=USsupport>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-expresses-support-guyanas-sovereignty-amid-border-tensions-with-venezuela-2023-12-07/ | title=US expresses support for Guyana's sovereignty amid border tensions with Venezuela | newspaper=Reuters | date=7 December 2023 | last1=Holland | first1=Steve | last2=Singh | first2=Kanishka | last3=Singh | first3=Kanishka | access-date=8 December 2023 | archive-date=9 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209033318/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-expresses-support-guyanas-sovereignty-amid-border-tensions-with-venezuela-2023-12-07/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
**五角大楼新闻秘书[[约翰·柯比]]于12月7日表示，美国将“坚决支持圭亚那主权”。<ref name=USsupport>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-expresses-support-guyanas-sovereignty-amid-border-tensions-with-venezuela-2023-12-07/ | title=US expresses support for Guyana's sovereignty amid border tensions with Venezuela | newspaper=Reuters | date=2023-12-07 | last1=Holland | first1=Steve | last2=Singh | first2=Kanishka | last3=Singh | first3=Kanishka | access-date=2023-12-08 | archive-date=2023-12-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209033318/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-expresses-support-guyanas-sovereignty-amid-border-tensions-with-venezuela-2023-12-07/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== 注释 ==
{{Notelist}}


== 参见 ==
== 参见 ==

2024年5月24日 (五) 05:38的最新版本

2023年埃塞奎博圭亚那危機
淺綠色為爭議地區
深綠色為圭亞那，橙色為委內瑞拉
日期2023年11月1日–12月14日
(11个月1周又3天)
地點
埃塞奎博河以西的爭議領土
起因2023年委内瑞拉公投
目標奪回埃塞奎博圭亚那主權
狀況暂时缓和
衝突方
領導人物
涉及單位
傷亡
5 人死亡，1 架直升機損失 (非戰鬥)
None

2023年11-12月间，圭亚那和委内瑞拉之间因埃塞奎博地区持续存在的领土争端經歷了外交危机。委内瑞拉声称对埃塞奎博河以西的领土拥有主权， [6]而圭亚那则认为委内瑞拉在巴黎裁决后放弃了该领土。 [7]正就有關争端进行审視和裁决的国际法院表示，委内瑞拉官员的声明表明委内瑞拉正试图从圭亚那手中夺取有争议领土的控制权。 [8]12月14日，两国首脑发表联合声明，宣布将和平解决这一争端。

事件时间線

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委内瑞拉宣布公投

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委内瑞拉总统尼古拉斯·马杜罗， 2023年委内瑞拉公投的主要支持者

尼古拉斯·马杜罗政府推动委内瑞拉于2023年12月3日举行协商公投，其中将向公民提出五个问题，其中包括他们是否同意“依法以一切方式反对圭亚那单方面主张”非法并违反国际法处置待划界海域”，以及他们是否赞成给予圭亚那埃塞奎博的125,000名居民委内瑞拉国籍。[9][10][11]政府批评“埃克森美孚的滥用行为”和美国南方司令部，[7][11]开展媒体宣传活动，呼吁委内瑞拉之爱国主义。[12]

据报军事集结

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2023年10月，有报道称委内瑞拉军方正在与圭亚那埃塞奎博边境附近修建一条跑道，以“开发”该地区。圭亚那总统伊尔法安·阿里回应称，该国不会放弃该地区“一寸”土地。[13]

在两国关系日益紧张的背景下，圭亚那主要反对党变革联盟于11月4日呼吁禁止拥有圭亚那公民身份的委内瑞拉人参加选举投票，并且不向更多邻国公民授予公民身份。[14][15]

委内瑞拉和圭亚那代表在 2023 年 11 月中旬在国际法院举行的听证会上要求法院承认他们对埃塞奎博的主权。圭亚那还要求废除公投，声称委内瑞拉打算吞并该领土，但委内瑞拉政府拒绝了这一要求。[16]圭亚那總理马克·菲利普斯（英語：Mark Phillips）将此案提交给美洲国家组织，他指责委内瑞拉在埃塞奎博边境附近进行军事集结，并警告这对圭亚那主权造成的后果。美洲国家组织秘书长路易斯·阿尔马格罗（英语：Luis Almagro）、加勒比共同体和美国政府表达对圭亚那的支持。[17]

2023年11月底，圭亚那总统伊尔凡·阿里会见守卫两国边境的士兵。在政府发布的一段影片中，阿里在委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔州附近的圭亚那埃塞奎博帕卡兰帕山举行的一次活动中升起了圭亚那国旗，并宣誓效忠国家。[18]委内瑞拉国防部长弗拉基米尔·帕德诺·洛佩兹（英语：Vladímir Padrino López）宣布，委内瑞拉武装部队将“永远警惕”“任何威胁”“领土完整”的行动，要求民众在公投中投票，并补充指“目前”的冲突不是战争。[19]苏利亚州州长曼努埃尔·罗萨莱斯（英语：Manuel Rosales）保证“圭亚那埃塞奎博百分百是委内瑞拉领土”，认为圭亚那的行为违反1966年日内瓦协议，并批评联合国和美洲国家组织没有就此事发声。[20]

11月23日，圭亚那国防军和巴西武装部队高级军官举行军事交流。巴西在边界争议中被認為一直是圭亚那的坚定支持者。[21]

巴西目前正试图在两国之间进行调解，以避免武装冲突。[22]美国国防部的两支小组定于11月下旬访问圭亚那。[23]圭亚那提议在该国建立外国军事基地。[7]巴西军队向两国边境动员，预计委内瑞拉可能会占领该国。[24]

11月30日，巴西国防部长若泽·穆西奥（英语：José Múcio）宣布，巴西陆军将向帕卡賴馬派遣60名士兵，以加强与委内瑞拉边境口岸的安全，以阻止委内瑞拉人从巴西领土进入圭亚那。[25]

12月1日，国际法院命令委内瑞拉不要在与圭亚那的边界争端中采取行动。首席法官琼·多诺霍（英语：Joan Donoghue）稱：“法院认为，争议领土目前的情况是圭亚那对该地区进行管理和控制。”她补充说：“委内瑞拉必须避免采取任何可能改变这种情况的行动。”[26]

委拉瑞拉公投

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2023年12月3日，委内瑞拉人於公投中投票支持政府在这场争端中的立场，国家选举委员会初步报告称，95%的选民支持每个问题。（此为官方数据。据了解委内瑞拉民众普遍不承认此次公投的结果且对此次公投持不同意见，政府应该着力解决国内经济与民生问题）[27]圭亚那副总统巴拉特·贾格迪奥在接受采访时表示，他正在做最坏的打算，政府正在与合作伙伴加强“防务合作”。[28][29]

巴西边境军事化

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12月5日，巴西陆军调动20辆Iveco LMV车辆加入驻扎在博阿维斯塔的新组建的第18机械化骑兵团，预计将于1月初抵达。[30]该团原计划于2026年组建，于11月29日在原有的第12机械化骑兵中队的基础上组建而成。 [a][31]新组建的第18骑兵团将新增600名士兵，组建了一支由28辆装甲车组成的装甲特遣部队：6辆VBTP-MR裝甲車 、6辆EE-9裝甲車和16辆Iveco LMV。[32][33]

12月8日，巴西总统卢拉警告马杜罗不要针对埃塞奎博采取“单方面措施”。[34]

委內瑞拉開采資源

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12月4日，委内瑞拉国家玻利瓦尔武装部队军官多明戈·埃尔南德斯·拉雷斯在委内瑞拉军方的社交媒体上发布了多條貼文，表示致力于修复或修建与埃塞奎博地区接壤的新道路、桥梁、简易机场和其他基础设施，他将其描述为“我们的圭亚那航线”。[35]12月5日，委内瑞拉总统尼古拉斯·马杜罗宣布，他将很快授權在圭亚那埃塞奎巴境内开采天然气、石油和矿藏等资源。他还表示委内瑞拉石油公司将在当地建立子公司。[36]同一天，巴西总统卢拉表示他将于明年对圭亚那进行外交访问。[37]

圭亚那总统告诉巴西媒体，卢拉总统向他保证巴西将支持圭亚那，并感谢他的巴西“成熟”立场，同时形容委内瑞拉“鲁莽”和“不可描述”。他声称他们正在与美国南方司令部合作，并预计将在未来24小时内发表“强硬声明”。[38]

圭亚那直升机墜毀

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12月6日，一架圭亚那国防军贝尔412直升机在从乔治敦阿扬纳营飞往位于埃塞奎博委内瑞拉边境的亚劳的途中失踪。机上载有3名乘客，由中校迈克尔·查尔斯 (Michael Charles) 驾驶。[39][40]

開展討論

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聖文森特和格林納丁斯總理拉爾夫·貢薩維斯於12月9日致函圭亞那總統阿里和委內瑞拉總統馬杜羅，稱他將與巴西總統盧拉和聯合國秘書長古特雷斯一起主持會談，[41]討論將由加勒比共同體和拉丁美洲和加勒比國家共同體調解。[42]圭委兩國同意會談，並擬定12月14日為會談日期。在與盧拉通電話後，馬杜羅表示，他正在尋求「和平與諒解」。[43] 12月14日，兩國發表聯合宣告表示，他們“在任何情況下都不會相互威脅或使用武力”，並且“無論是口頭還是行為，都不會升級任何衝突或分歧。”[44]

反應

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注释

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  1. ^ Regiments and Squadrons being equivalent to Battalions and Companies, respectively, in Brazilian Cavalry terminology

参见

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参考

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  1. ^ US expresses support for Guyana's sovereignty amid border tensions with Venezuela. Reuters. 2023-12-07 [2023-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-09） （英语）. 
  2. ^ https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/lula-me-garantiu-que-o-brasil-nos-apoia-fortemente-diz-presidente-da-guiana-a-cnn/. CNN. 2023-12-06 [2023-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2024-02-22） （英语）.  外部链接存在于|title= (帮助)
  3. ^ Caricom urges respect for international law. Jamaica Observer. 2023-10-26 [2023-12-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-03） （英语）. 
  4. ^ 存档副本. [2023-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-03）. 
  5. ^ 存档副本. [2023-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-05）. 
  6. ^ Taglioni, Augusto. Lula quiere evitar una guerra entre Venezuela y Guyana y manda a un hombre de confianza a mediar. La Política Online. [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-29）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera. Swissinfo. 2023-11-24 [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-25）. 
  8. ^ Venezuelans to vote in referendum over large swathe of territory under dispute with Guyana. ABC News. 2023-12-03 [2023-12-03]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-03） （英语）. 
  9. ^ Venezuela fija para 3 de diciembre referendo sobre territorio en disputa con Guyana. Reuters. 2023-10-20 [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-15）. 
  10. ^ Peligro de conflicto armado entre Venezuela y Guyana es "grande y real" advierten expertos. Voice of America. 2023-11-17 [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-22） （西班牙语）. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera. France 24. 2023-11-24 [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-27）. 
  12. ^ Venezuela recurre a reguetón patriótico y videos para avivar disputa territorial con Guyana. Associated Press. 2023-11-21 [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-27） （西班牙语）. 
  13. ^ Venezuela construye pista de aterrizaje cerca del Esequibo. Deutsche Welle. 2023-10-20 [2023-11-04]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-14） （西班牙语）. 
  14. ^ Oposición guyanesa pide prohibir votar a los venezolanos y no otorgarles más la ciudadanía. Swissinfo. 2023-11-04 [2023-12-03]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-05）. 
  15. ^ Oposición de Guyana pide prohibir votar a los venezolanos y no otorgarles más la ciudadanía. El Nacional. 2023-11-04 [2023-12-03]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-07）. 
  16. ^ Venezuela y Guyana se enfrentan en La Haya por el Esequibo. Deutsche Welle. 2023-11-14 [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-01）. 
  17. ^ Ferreira, Gonzalo. Guyana acusó a Venezuela ante la OEA de haber "aumentado considerablemente sus fuerzas militares" en la frontera. Infobae. 2023-11-01 [2023-11-04]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-06） （欧洲西班牙语）. 
  18. ^ Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera. France 24. 2023-11-24 [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-27）. 
  19. ^ "Por ahora, no es guerra": Ministro de Defensa de Venezuela. Urgente24. 2023-11-24 [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-29）. 
  20. ^ Gobernador venezolano cuestiona silencio de ONU y OEA tras presunta provocación de Guyana. Veintitrés. 2023-11-28 [2023-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-04）. 
  21. ^ Guyana and Brazil Military Officials meeting on border security and military cooperation. News Source. 2023-11-23 [2023-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-30）. 
  22. ^ Taglioni, Augusto. Lula quiere evitar una guerra entre Venezuela y Guyana y manda a un hombre de confianza a mediar. La Política Online. [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-29）. 
  23. ^ Guyana se planta en zona reclamada por Venezuela y estudia presencia militar extranjera. France 24. 2023-11-24 [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-27）. 
  24. ^ El Ejército de Brasil se moviliza por una posible invasión de Venezuela a Guyana. Escenario Mundial. 2023-11-29 [2023-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-30）. 
  25. ^ Júlio Mosquéra, Kellen Barreto, TV Globo. Exército reforça fronteira com Venezuela e Guiana para evitar uso do território brasileiro em disputa por petróleo, diz Múcio. G1. 2023-11-30 [2023-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-01） （葡萄牙语）. 
  26. ^ Berg, Stephanie van den; Sequera, Vivian; Sequera, Vivian. World Court orders Venezuela to refrain from action in border dispute with Guyana. Reuters. 2023-12-01 [2023-12-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-02）. 
  27. ^ Shortell, David. Venezuelans approve takeover of oil-rich region of Guyana in referendum. CNN. 2023-12-04 [2023-12-04]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-04） （英语）. 
  28. ^ Maduro diz que Venezuela vai conseguir 'recuperar Essequibo'; vice-presidente da Guiana diz que país precisa estar preparado para se defender. G1. 2023-12-04 [2023-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-05） （巴西葡萄牙语）. 
  29. ^ Venezuela's Maduro pledges to permit oil, mines development in disputed territory. Returs. [2023-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-06）. 
  30. ^ Monica Gugliano. Exército brasileiro envia 20 blindados para Roraima, em meio às tensões entre Venezuela e Guiana. O Estado de S. Paulo. 2023-12-05 [2023-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-05） （葡萄牙语）. 
  31. ^ Exército Brasileiro ativa o 18º Regimento de Cavalaria Mecanizado em Boa Vista (RR). Forças Terrestres. 2023-12-02 [2023-12-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-05） （葡萄牙语）. 
  32. ^ 存档副本. [2023-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-06）. 
  33. ^ 存档副本. [2023-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-05）. 
  34. ^ Guyana: Lula warns Maduro against 'unilateral measures'. Le Monde.fr. 2023-12-09 [2023-12-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-09） （英语）. 
  35. ^ Perdigón, Ana. Venezuela: FANB Deployed in Territory Bordering Essequibo. Orinoco Tribune - News and opinion pieces about Venezuela and beyond. 2023-12-06 [2023-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-07） （美国英语）. 
  36. ^ Venezuela's Maduro pledges to permit oil, mines development in disputed territory. Reuters. 2023-12-06 [2023-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-06） （英语）. 
  37. ^ Lula diz que em 2024 visitará Etiópia e Guiana, país em que território é alvo de disputa com a Venezuela. G1. 2023-12-05 [2023-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-06） （巴西葡萄牙语）. 
  38. ^ Presidente da Guiana: Lula garantiu apoio ao nosso país | CNN PRIME TIME (Television production). 2023-12-07 [2023-12-10]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-11） （英语）. 
  39. ^ Incident Bell 412EP 8R-AYA. aviation-safety.net. [2023-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-06）. 
  40. ^ Search still on for missing GDF helicopter; Army sees no Venezuelan involvement. News Room Guyana. 2023-12-06 [2023-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-07） （美国英语）. 
  41. ^ Alvarado, Abel. Venezuela and Guyana agree to high-level meeting amid annexation fears. CNN. 2023-12-09 [2023-12-10]. （原始内容存档于10 December 2023） （英语）. 
  42. ^ Leaders of Venezuela and Guyana to meet amid border dispute. Al Jazeera English. [2023-12-10]. （原始内容存档于10 December 2023） （英语）. 
  43. ^ Após falar com Lula, Maduro diz que Guiana terá que "sentar e conversar" sobre Essequibo. Exame. 2023-12-09 [2023-12-10]. （原始内容存档于10 December 2023） （巴西葡萄牙语）. 
  44. ^ Guyana, Venezuela agree to not use force or escalate tensions in Esequibo dispute. Reuters. 2023-12-15 [2023-12-15]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-19）. 
  45. ^ Liy, Macarena Vidal. US conducts flight operations in Guyana after Venezuela's referendum on the Essequibo region. El País. 2023-12-07 [2023-12-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-08） （美国英语）. 
  46. ^ Holland, Steve; Singh, Kanishka; Singh, Kanishka. US expresses support for Guyana's sovereignty amid border tensions with Venezuela. Reuters. 2023-12-07 [2023-12-08]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-09）. 
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023年埃塞奎博圭亚那危机&oldid=82758307”