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大豕草：修订间差异

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{{NoteTA|G1=LS}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
|image = Herkulesstaude fg01.jpg
| image = Herkulesstaude fg01.jpg
| genus = Heracleum
|regnum = [[植物界]] Plantae
| species = mantegazzianum
|unranked_divisio = [[被子植物]] Angiosperms
| authority = [[Stefano Sommier|Sommier]]<!--1848-1922--> & [[Emile Levier|Levier]]<!--1839-1910-->
|unranked_classis = [[真双子叶植物]] Eudicots
}}
|unranked_ordo = [[菊类植物]] Asterids
|ordo = [[伞形目]] Apiales
|familia = [[伞形科]] Apiaceae
|genus = [[独活属]] ''Heracleum''
|species = '''''H. mantegazzianum'''''
|binomial = ''Heracleum mantegazzianum''
|binomial_authority = [[Stefano Sommier|Sommier]]<!--1848-1922--> & [[Emile Levier|Levier]]<!--1839-1910
-->
|}}


'''大豕草'''（学名：''{{lang|la|Heracleum mantegazzianum}}''），其名稱直譯自英語的{{lang|en|giant hogweed}}<ref name="cabi">{{cite web |title=''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' (giant hogweed) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26911 |publisher=CABI |accessdate=8 December 2018 |date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=2017-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726234751/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26911 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN |id=18896 | accessdate=2013-08-06}}</ref><ref name="NPPA">{{cite web |url=http://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3664-national-pest-plant-accord-2012-manual |title=National Pest Plant Accord |page=70 |year=2012 |publisher=Ministry for Primary Industries, Government of New Zealand |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204120500/http://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3664-national-pest-plant-accord-2012-manual |archivedate=2018-02-04 |access-date=2019-06-03 }}</ref><ref name=NISIC>{{cite web |url=http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/hogweed.shtml |title=Species Profile- Giant Hogweed (''Heracleum mantegazzianum'') |publisher=National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]] |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-date=2018-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915123224/https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/hogweed.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>，是[[伞形科]][[独活属]]的一種{{tsl|en|monocarpic||一稔}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3946/ |title=? |access-date=2019-06-03 |language=zh-hant |archive-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603005439/http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3946/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>的[[多年生植物|多年生]][[開花植物|開花]][[草本植物]]。
'''大豕草'''（学名：''{{lang|la|Heracleum mantegazzianum}}''）
在紐西蘭，本物種常被錯誤認作[[欧防风]]或[[野大㦸]]<ref name=NPPA/>。
，commonly known as '''giant hogweed''',<ref name="cabi">{{cite web |title=''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' (giant hogweed) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26911 |publisher=CABI |accessdate=8 December 2018 |date=6 November 2018}}</ref><ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN |id=18896 | accessdate=2013-08-06}}</ref><ref name="NPPA">{{cite web |url=http://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3664-national-pest-plant-accord-2012-manual |title=National Pest Plant Accord |page=70 |year=2012 |publisher=Ministry for Primary Industries, Government of New Zealand |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204120500/http://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3664-national-pest-plant-accord-2012-manual |archivedate=4 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=NISIC>{{cite web |url=http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/hogweed.shtml |title=Species Profile- Giant Hogweed (''Heracleum mantegazzianum'') |publisher=National Invasive Species Information Center, {{tsl|en|United States National Agricultural Library|}}}}</ref>，是[[伞形科]][[独活属]]的一種{{tsl|en|monocarpic||一稔}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3946/ |title=? |access-date=2019-06-03 |language=zh-hant }}</ref>的[[多年生植物|多年生]][[開花植物|開花]][[草本植物]]。
''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'' is also known as '''cartwheel-flower''',<ref name=GRIN/><ref name=NPPA/><ref name=NISIC/> '''giant cow parsley''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oregon.gov/OISC/docs/pdf/calendar_june_assessment09.pdf |title=Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Pest Risk Assessment for Giant Hogweed ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' |date=27 May 2009 |author1=Forney, Thomas |author2=Miller, Glenn |author3=Myers-Shenai Beth |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528132130/http://www.oregon.gov/OISC/docs/pdf/calendar_june_assessment09.pdf |archivedate=28 May 2010 |format=PDF}}</ref> '''giant cow parsnip''',<ref name="WildFoodUK">{{cite web |url=http://www.wildfooduk.com/hedgerow-food-guide/giant-hogweed-1-hedgerow/ |title=Giant Hogweed |website=Wild Food UK |access-date=August 13, 2018}}</ref> or '''hogsbane'''. In New Zealand, it is also sometimes called '''wild parsnip''' (not to be confused with ''<!-- [[Pastinaca sativa]] -->[[欧防风]]'') or '''wild rhubarb'''.<ref name=NPPA/>


原产于[[歐亞大陸]][[高加索]]及中亚地区，在19世纪作为一[[园艺植物]]被引入英国，之后在欧洲得到擴散，又被引入到美国以及加拿大地区{{r|cabi}}。
原产于[[歐亞大陸]][[高加索]]及中亚地区，在19世纪作为一[[园艺植物]]被引入英国，之后在欧洲得到擴散，又被引入到美国以及加拿大地区{{r|cabi}}。
大豕草分泌汁液有毒，人体若沾此汁液[[光毒性|遇阳光后]]会起泡、严重会导致[[灼伤]]甚至[[失明]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3160988/How-survive-curse-giant-hogweed-Leading-experts-reveal-exactly-s-deadly-come-contact-it.html |title=How to survive this year's curse of giant hogweed: Leading experts reveal exactly what it is, why it's so deadly, and what to do if you come into contact with it |newspaper=[[每日電訊|Daily Mail]] |date=2015-07-14 |access-date=2019-06-03 |language=en |archive-date=2020-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804151726/https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3160988/How-survive-curse-giant-hogweed-Leading-experts-reveal-exactly-s-deadly-come-contact-it.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/plant-that-can-cause-third-degree-burns-popping-up-in-canada-giant-hogweed-ontario-bc-prairies-maritimes-heracleum-mantegazzianum |title=存档副本 |access-date=2019-06-03 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002110/https://www.theweathernetwork.com/ca/news/article/plant-that-can-cause-third-degree-burns-popping-up-in-canada-giant-hogweed-ontario-bc-prairies-maritimes-heracleum-mantegazzianum |dead-url=no }}</ref>。2015年7月，英国一名10岁的小女孩随父亲钓鱼，不慎沾上大豕草汁液，导致三级灼伤<ref>Daily Mail. ''[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3159086/Girl-ten-left-agony-degree-burns-picking-giant-hogweed-playing-riverbank.html Girl, ten, is left in agony with third-degree burns after picking up giant hogweed while playing on a riverbank] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3159086/Girl-ten-left-agony-degree-burns-picking-giant-hogweed-playing-riverbank.html |date=20160420045000 }}''</ref>。在多個地區，本物種被認為是一種{{tsl|en|noxious weed|毒草}}{{r|cabi}}。
Its close relatives, {{tsl|en|Sosnowsky's Hogweed|}} and {{tsl|en|Persian hogweed|}}, have similarly spread to other parts of Europe.


==生命週期==
The sap of giant hogweed is <!-- 页面不存在 -->[[Phototoxicity|phototoxic]] and causes {{tsl|en|phytophotodermatitis|}} in humans, resulting in blisters and scars. These serious reactions are due to the <!-- [[Furanocoumarin|furocoumarin]] -->[[呋喃香豆素]] derivatives in the leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and seeds of the plant. Consequently, it is considered to be a {{tsl|en|noxious weed|}} in many jurisdictions.<ref name=cabi/>
本物種是一種{{tsl|en|monocarpic||一稔}}[[多年生植物]]<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" /><ref name=Stace />，也就是說：儘管開花前生長了多年，一但長出成熟的花朵而且開花結籽，整棵植物就會死亡。在緊貼的冬季，原來植物生長的地方就只餘下一條高高的枯莖。


種子為風媒，散落於植物短距離內，但也可能由水、動物或人類帶往較遠的距離。絕大多數（95%）的種子都落在母株數米範圍內約{{convert|5|cm|abbr=on}}深的[[表土]]。這些種子在[[種子銀行]]內可生存多於5年。<ref name="Gucker 2009" /><ref name="NYSDEC-GH-Bio" />
大豕草分泌汁液有毒，人体若沾此汁液[[光毒性|遇阳光后]]会起泡、严重会导致[[灼伤]]甚至[[失明]]<ref>Dayly Mail. ''[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3160988/How-survive-curse-giant-hogweed-Leading-experts-reveal-exactly-s-deadly-come-contact-it.html How to survive this year's curse of giant hogweed: Leading experts reveal exactly what it is, why it's so deadly, and what to do if you come into contact with it]''</ref>。2015年7月，英国一名10岁的小女孩随父亲钓鱼，不慎沾上大豕草汁液，导致三级灼伤<ref>Daily Mail. ''[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3159086/Girl-ten-left-agony-degree-burns-picking-giant-hogweed-playing-riverbank.html Girl, ten, is left in agony with third-degree burns after picking up giant hogweed while playing on a riverbank]''</ref>。


儲在種子銀行的種子處於休眠狀態。但當到了秋、冬季，當氣溫轉冷、濕度變得適合生長，休眠了的種子會在下一個春季回暖時打破休眠，有九成的種子都可以成功發芽<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" />。其餘一成會在種子銀行繼續休眠。
==Etymology==


==參考文獻==
The species name ''mantegazzianum'' refers to {{tsl|en|Paolo Mantegazza|}} (1831–1910), Italian traveller and anthropologist.<ref name="Gledhill 2008">{{cite book |url=https://fcaib.edu.ng/books/Agriculture/%5BDavid_Gledhill%5D_The_Names_of_Plants(BookFi.org).pdf |last1=Gledhill |first1=David |title=The Names of Plants |edition=4th |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521866453 |page=250}}</ref>

==Description==

[[File:Heracleum mantegazzianum 03 by Line1.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|left|Green, red-spotted stem with white hairs]]

Giant hogweed typically grows to heights of {{convert|2|to|5|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=cabi/> Under ideal conditions, a plant can reach a height of {{convert|5.5|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ON-best-practices">{{cite web |url=https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/OIPC_BMP_Hogweed.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Best Management Practices in Ontario |last1=MacDonald |first1=Francine |last2=Anderson |first2=Hayley |date=May 2012 |publisher=Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name=Stace>{{cite book | last=Stace | first=C. A. | authorlink = Stace, C. A.|year=2010 |title=New Flora of the British Isles | edition=Third |publisher=Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge, U.K. | page=450 | isbn=9780521707725 }}</ref> The leaves are incised and deeply lobed. A mature plant has huge leaves, between {{convert|1|-|1.5|m|abbr=on}} wide,<ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID">{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72766.html |title=Giant Hogweed Identification |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 6, 2018}}</ref> and a stout, bright green <!-- [[Plant stem|stem]] -->[[茎]] with extensive dark reddish-purple splotches and prominent coarse white hairs, especially at the base of the <!-- [[leaf]] -->[[葉]] stalk. Hollow, ridged stems vary from {{convert|3|–|8|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter, occasionally up to {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter and can grow to more than {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} high. Dark red spots on the stem each surround a single hair.<ref>Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. ''Webb's An Irish Flora''. Cork University Press. {{ISBN|978-185918-4783}}</ref> The umbrella-shaped inflorescence, called a compound <!-- [[umbel]] -->[[繖形花序]], may be up to {{convert|100|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter across its flat top. The flowers are white or greenish white and may be radially symmetrical or strongly bilaterally symmetrical (zygomorphic).<ref name=Stace/> The fruits are {{tsl|en|schizocarp|}}s, producing seeds in dry, flattened, oval pairs.<ref name=Stace/>{{rp|825}} Each seed is approximately {{convert|1|cm|abbr=on}} in length, with a broadly rounded base and broad marginal ridges, tan in color with brown lines (so-called oil tubes) extending 3/4 of the length of the seed.

===Life cycle===

The life cycle of giant hogweed consists of four phases:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghbrochure.pdf |title=Beware Giant Hogweed! |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref>

# Pre-flowering plants: In the first year, leaves sprout from seed. In subsequent years, leaves sprout from overwintering roots as well as seeds. This pre-flowering phase continues for several years.
# Flowering plants (midsummer): After several years of growth, the plant flowers.
# Seeds (late summer/early autumn): A flowering plant produces 20,000 or more seeds.
# Dead stems (late autumn/winter): After producing seeds, the plant dies, leaving dried stems and seed heads standing.

During the first few years of growth, the leaves and stem of a pre-flowering plant die over the winter. In the spring, the plant grows back from its root. In other words, the giant hogweed is a <!-- [[herbaceous]] -->[[草本植物]] <!-- [[perennial]] -->[[多年生植物]].

A giant hogweed plant usually produces a flowering stalk in 3&ndash;5 years,<ref name=cabi/><ref name="EU-guidelines">{{cite web |ISBN=87-7903-209-5 |url=https://static-curis.ku.dk/portal/files/20497522/kaempe_bjorneklo_eng.pdf |title= The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe |last1=Booy |first1=Olaf |last2=Cock |first2=Matthew |last3=Eckstein |first3=Lutz |last4=Hansen |first4=Steen Ole |last5=Hattendorf |first5=Jan |last6=Hüls |first6=Jörg |last7=Jahodová |first7=Sárka |last8=Krinke |first8=Lucás |last9=Marovoková |first9=Lanka |last10=Müllerová |first10=Jana |last11=Nentwig |first11=Wolfgang |last12=Nielsen |first12=Charlotte |last13=Otte |first13=Annette |last14=Pergl |first14=Jan |last15=Perglová |first15=Irena |last16=Priekule |first16=Ilze |last17=Pusek |first17=Petr |last18=Ravn |first18=Hans Peter |last19=Thiele |first19=Jan |last20=Trybush |first20=Sviatlana |last21=Wittenberg |first21=Rüdiger |date=2005 |publisher=Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref> but plants may take up to 8&nbsp;years to flower if conditions are unfavorable. In the Czech Republic, a single plant reached 12&nbsp;years old before flowering.<ref name="Gucker 2009">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/herman/all.html |title=Heracleum mantegazzianum |first1=Corey L. |last1=Gucker |website=Fire Effects Information System |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer) |date=2009 |access-date=September 11, 2018 }}</ref> In any case, when the plant finally flowers, it does so between June and July.

Seeds are typically produced in August. A single flowering plant will produce 20,000&nbsp;seeds on average<ref name="NYSDEC-GH-Bio">{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72934.html |title=Giant Hogweed Biology |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 1, 2018}}</ref><ref name="EU-guidelines" /> with seed production varying between 10,000 and 50,000&nbsp;seeds per plant.<ref name="Gucker 2009" />

Giant hogweed is a {{tsl|en|monocarpic|}} <!-- [[perennial]] -->[[多年生植物]],<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" /><ref name=Stace /> that is, after a mature plant flowers and produces seed, the entire plant dies. During the following winter, tall dead stems mark the locations where the flowering plants once stood.

The seeds are dispersed short distances by wind, but can travel longer distances by water, animals, and people. The vast majority of seeds (95%) are found in the top {{convert|5|cm|abbr=on}} of the soil within a few meters of the parent plant. Seeds may stay alive in the seed bank for more than five years.<ref name="Gucker 2009" /><ref name="NYSDEC-GH-Bio" />

A seed deposited in the seed bank is initially dormant. Dormancy is broken by the cold and wet conditions of fall and winter, and so freshly deposited seeds lay dormant until at least the following spring, at which time approximately 90% of the previously dormant seeds will germinate.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" /> The rest remain dormant in the seed bank.

Seeds normally result from cross-pollination between two or more plants but self-pollination is also possible. More than half the seeds produced by self-pollination will germinate and give rise to healthy seedlings.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /> Hence a single isolated seed may give rise to a colony of new plants.

==Similar species==

The various species of the genus ''<!-- [[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]] -->[[独活属]]'' are similar in appearance, but vary in size.<ref name="ON-best-practices" /> ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'' is among the tallest, typically reaching {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}} high (and sometimes more than {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}} high), whereas ''Heracleum'' species native to Western Europe or North America, such as the cow parsnip (''H.&nbsp;maximum''), rarely exceed {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}} high.<ref name="ON-best-practices" /><ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID" /><ref name="EU-guidelines" /> There are considerable differences in the size of the umbel, leaves, and stem of ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum'' as well.

The following table compares ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' and ''{{tsl|en|Heracleum maximum|}}'' feature by feature:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 10%" |
! style="width: 45%" | ''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum''
! style="width: 45%" | ''H.&nbsp;maximum''
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Height'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Typically {{convert|3|to|4.5|m|abbr=on}} tall
| style="vertical-align: top" | Up to {{convert|2.5|m|abbr=on}} tall
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Leaves'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Compound, lobed leaves typically {{convert|100|cm|abbr=on}} wide, up to {{convert|150|cm|abbr=on}} wide; mature leaf has deep incisions and serrated edges
| style="vertical-align: top" | Compound, lobed leaves up to {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}}; mature leaf is less incised with less jagged edges
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Stem'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Green stems from {{convert|3|–|8|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter, occasionally up to {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter, with '''dark reddish-purple splotches and coarse white hairs''' at the base of the leaf stalk
| style="vertical-align: top" | Green ridged stems up to {{convert|5|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter with fine white hairs (no purple splotches)
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Flowers'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | White umbel is typically {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter, up to {{convert|100|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter, with '''50&ndash;150 flower rays''' per umbel; flowers bloom mid-June to mid-July
| style="vertical-align: top" | White umbel up to {{convert|30|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter with '''15&ndash;30 flower rays''' per umbel; flowers bloom late May to late June
|-
| style="vertical-align: top" | '''Fruits'''
| style="vertical-align: top" | Oval-shaped fruits <!-- 檔案不存在 [[File:Heracleum_mantegazzianum_(giant_hogweed)_seeds.jpg|thumb|right|Mericarps of the giant hogweed (''H. mantegazzianum'')]] ，可從英文維基百科取得 -->
| style="vertical-align: top" | Heart-shaped fruits <!-- 檔案不存在 [[File:Heracleum_maximum_(common_cowparsnip)_seeds.jpg|thumb|right|Mericarps of the common cow parsnip (''H. maximum'')]] ，可從英文維基百科取得 -->
|}

Other plant species in the family <!-- [[Apiaceae]] -->[[伞形科]] have features similar to those of the giant hogweed (''H.&nbsp;mantegazzianum''):

* In Ontario, giant hogweed look-alikes<ref name="ON-best-practices" /> include: cow parsnip (''{{tsl|en|Heracleum maximum|}}''), wild parsnip (''<!-- [[Pastinaca sativa]] -->[[欧防风]]''), various angelica species (especially ''{{tsl|en|Angelica atropurpurea|}}'', the native purplestem angelica), and Queen Anne's lace (''<!-- [[Daucus carota]] -->[[野胡萝卜]]'')
* In New York State, giant hogweed look-alikes<ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID" /> include: cow parsnip (''{{tsl|en|Heracleum maximum|}}''), wild parsnip (''<!-- [[Pastinaca sativa]] -->[[欧防风]]''), angelica, and <!-- [[poison hemlock]] -->[[毒参]].
* In Europe, giant hogweed look-alikes<ref name="EU-guidelines" /> include: hogweed (''{{tsl|en|Heracleum sphondylium|}}'' and ''<!-- 页面不存在 -->[[Heracleum sphondylium ssp sibiricum]]''), wild parsnip (''<!-- [[Pastinaca sativa]] -->[[欧防风]]''), garden angelica (''{{tsl|en|Angelica archangelica|}}''), and wild angelica (''<!-- [[Angelica sylvestris]] -->[[林当归]]'')

In Europe, over 20&nbsp;species of the genus ''Heracleum'' have been recorded.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /> Identification of ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' is further complicated by the presence of two additional tall invasive hogweed species: ''<!-- 页面不存在 -->[[Heracleum sosnowskyi]]'' and ''<!-- 页面不存在 -->[[Heracleum persicum]]''. Other than size (as mentioned above), these three species have very similar characteristics.

==Historical background==

''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' is native to the western <!-- [[Caucasus]] -->[[高加索]] region of <!-- [[Eurasia]] -->[[歐亞大陸]].<ref name=cabi/> Because of its impressive size, giant hogweed was brought to Europe and North America as an ornamental plant and garden curiosity.

The following historical information<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobanis.org/globalassets/speciesinfo/h/heracleum-mantegazzianum/heracleum_mantegazzianum.pdf |title=NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Heracleum mantegazzianum |last1=Klingenstein |first1=F. |date=2007 |publisher=NOBANIS |website=Online Database of the North European and Baltic Network on Invasive Alien Species |access-date=September 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghfactnyseagrant.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) - Poisonous Invader of the Northeast |last1=O’Neill, Jr. |first1=Charles R. |date=February 2007 |publisher=New York Sea Grant, SUNY College at Brockport |access-date=September 18, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Gucker 2009" /> grew out of the European Giant Alien Project, which began in 2005.

===Migration across Europe===

''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' was first described in the scientific literature in 1895 but by that time more than a dozen European countries had already imported the plant as “an ornamental curiosity.” The introduction of ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' was first recorded in Great Britain in 1817 when it was put on the seed list at the Kew Botanic Gardens in London. By 1828, the first natural population was recorded, growing wild in Cambridgeshire, England.

The spread of ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' throughout Europe continued unabated until the middle of the 20th century, at which time the dangers of giant hogweed had become more widely known. Despite the warnings, however, the plant continued to be used by gardeners, beekeepers, and farmers (for cattle fodder) for another 50 years. ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' was finally de-listed by the Royal Horticultural Society of Great Britain in 2002.

===Migration to North America===

During the 20th century, giant hogweed was transported to the United States and Canada for display in arboreta and Victorian gardens. The earliest recorded planting in North America was in 1917, in gardens near Highland Park in the city of Rochester, New York.

By 1950, giant hogweed had appeared in southern Ontario, and within a quarter century, the plant was firmly established in Ontario. It was first collected from Nova Scotia in 1980 and Quebec in 1990. Giant hogweed was still available for sale in Canadian nurseries as late as 2005.

On the west coast of North America, ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'' appeared in Oregon, Washington, and southwestern Canada but it is not clear how the species found its way into this region. First reports of giant hogweed in British Columbia were published in the 1930s.

==Distribution==

[[File:Expansion of hogweed A.svg|thumb|Distribution of giant hogweed in Europe (2005)]]

Giant hogweed is widespread throughout western and northern Europe, especially along many terrains, such as coastal areas and riverbanks.<ref name=cabi/> By forming dense stands, it can displace native plants and reduce wildlife habitats.<ref name=cabi/><ref name="environment agency">{{cite web|url= http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/processes/367839/?lang=_e |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223183452/http://www.netregs.gov.uk/netregs/processes/367839/?lang=_e |archivedate=2007-02-23 |title=Giant hogweed information |work=NetRegs |publisher=U.K. Government |deadurl=yes}}</ref> It has spread in the northeastern and northwestern United States, and southern Canada and is an <!-- [[invasive species]] -->[[入侵物种]] across western Europe;<ref name=cabi/> in sites where it has settled, it overtakes the local native species, ''{{tsl|en|Heracleum sphondylium|}}''.<ref name="environment agency"/>

In Canada, the plant occurs in most provinces, except the <!-- [[Canadian Prairies|in the prairies]] -->[[草原三省]].<ref name=cabi/> It has been seen in Quebec since the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=5 things you need to know about toxic hogweed|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/story/2013/08/04/quebec-giant-hogweed-spread-invasive-species.html | work=CBC News}}</ref> The plant's spread in Ontario began in {{tsl|en|Southwestern Ontario|}} and was seen in 2010 in the <!-- [[Greater Toronto Area]] -->[[大多倫多地區]] and <!-- [[Renfrew County]] -->[[伦弗鲁县]] near Ottawa.<ref>{{cite news |first=Drew |last=Halfnight |title=Giant weed that burns and blinds spreads across Canada
|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/07/13/giant-weed-that-burns-and-blinds-spreads-across-canada/ |work=The National Post |date=July 13, 2010}}</ref>

In the United States, giant hogweed occurs in Wisconsin and south to Indiana, Michigan, Maryland, and New Jersey.<ref name="USDA">{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=hema17 |title=Plants profile for Heracleum mantegazzianum }}</ref><ref name="Gucker 2009" /><ref name="MSU">{{cite web |url=http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/giant_hogweed_not_widely_spread_in_michigan|title=Giant hogweed: Not widely spread in Michigan}}</ref> In June 2018, it was reported growing in Virginia and North Carolina.<ref name="Diebel">{{cite news |last=Diebel |first=Matthew |title=Giant Hogweed, a Plant That Can Cause Burns and Blindness, Found in Virginia |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/06/18/giant-hogweed-burns-blindness-found-virginia/709415002/ |work=USA Today |date=18 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="Ducharme">{{cite news |last=Ducharme |first=Jamie |title=A Giant Plant That Can Cause Blindness Was Spotted for the First Time in a New State |url=http://time.com/5317036/giant-hogweed-virginia/ |work=Time |date=June 20, 2018 |location=New York}}</ref> The plant is a federally listed as a {{tsl|en|noxious weed|}} in many US states.<ref name="USDA"/>

==Public health and safety==

[[File:Rbk dolde.jpg|thumb|right|Giant hogweed flower head]]
The sap of the giant hogweed plant is <!-- [[phototoxic]] -->[[光毒性]]. Contact with the plant sap prevents the skin from protecting itself from sunlight, which leads to {{tsl|en|phytophotodermatitis|}}, a serious skin inflammation.<ref name="NYSDEC-72556">{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72556.html |title=Health Hazards & Safety Instructions for Giant Hogweed (with graphic photos) |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |access-date=September 3, 2018}}</ref> A phototoxic reaction can begin as soon as 15 minutes after contact with the sap. <!-- [[Photosensitivity]] -->[[感光性]] peaks between 30 minutes and two hours after contact but can last for several days.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="ON-best-practices" /> Authorities advise that all humans (especially children) should stay away from giant hogweed. Protective clothing, including eye protection, should be worn when handling the plant. If you come in contact with the sap of the giant hogweed, ''immediately wash the affected area with soap and cold water and avoid further exposure to sunlight for at least 48 hours''.<ref name="EU-guidelines" /><ref name="environment agency"/><ref name="NYSDEC-72556" /> The giant hogweed shares this property with its ''Heracleum'' relatives, such as the ''cow parsnip'', and hence, similar caution is advised in handling these. Due to its shared physical similarities to the flower <!-- [[Daucus carota|Queen Anne's lace]] -->[[野胡萝卜]], it can be easily mistaken as a harmless plant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/think-you-ve-spotted-giant-hogweed-here-s-how-to-tell-1.533030|title=How to spot giant hogweed {{!}} CTV News|website=www.ctvnews.ca|access-date=2018-12-08}}</ref>

==Control measures==

Because of its phototoxicity and invasive nature, giant hogweed is often actively removed. The <!-- [[European Union]] -->[[欧洲联盟]] funded the ''Giant Alien'' project to combat the plant.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Giant Alien
|institution=Giant Alien Project, project no. EVK2-CT-2001-00128, European Union
|url=https://www.giant-alien.dk/
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003024552/https://www.giant-alien.dk/
|archive-date=2016-10-03
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=Giant alien — Result In Brief
|url=https://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/85426_en.html
|accessdate= 2018-07-04
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) - A pernicious invasive weed: Developing a sustainable strategy for alien invasive plant management in Europe.
|url= https://www.uni-giessen.de/faculties/f09/institutes/ilr/loek/projects/finished-projects/giant-alien |accessdate= 2018-07-04
}}</ref>
On August 2, 2017, it added the species to its ''List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern'',<ref>
{{cite web
|title= List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern
|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm |accessdate= 2018-07-04
}}</ref>
thus placing restrictions on keeping, importing, selling, breeding and growing it and requiring governments to detect and eradicate it throughout the EU. In the UK, the {{tsl|en|Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981|}} makes it an offence to plant or cause giant hogweed to grow in the wild.<ref name="environment agency"/><ref>''Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981'' Section 14 and Schedule 9, Part II.</ref>

In the US, hogweed is regulated as a {{tsl|en|Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974|}} by the US government, and is illegal to import into the United States or move interstate without a permit from the <!-- [[USDA|Department of Agriculture]] -->[[美国农业部]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Invasive and Noxious Weeds: Federal Noxious Weeds | publisher= U.S. Department of Agriculture |work=Natural Resources Conservation Service | url= http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=Federal}}</ref> The USDA Forest Service states pigs and cattle can eat it without apparent harm.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/giant-hogweed.pdf |title=Giant Hogweed |date=June 20, 2005 |publisher=USDA Forest Service |access-date=August 13, 2018}}</ref> The {{tsl|en|New York State Department of Environmental Conservation|}} has had an active program to control giant hogweed since 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72570.html |title=NYSDEC Giant Hogweed Control Program |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation |location=New Paltz, N.Y. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506140602/http://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/72570.html |archivedate=May 6, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Maine state horticulturists, describing the plant as "<!-- [[Daucus carota|Queen Anne's lace]] -->[[野胡萝卜]] on steroids", reported that it has been found at 21 different locations in Maine, with the number of plants ranging from one to a hundred.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressherald.com/2012/05/22/dangerous-plant-setting-roots-in-maine/ |title=State confirms poisonous plant sightings |publisher= The Portland Press Herald |date=May 22, 2012 |accessdate=2015-06-21 }}</ref>

==Popular culture==
In 1971, the progressive rock band <!-- [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] -->[[創世紀樂團]] released their third album ''{{tsl|en|Nursery Cryme|}}'', which includes the track "The Return of the Giant Hogweed." The song tells the story of the plant's introduction to Britain:

:Long ago in the Russian hills
:A Victorian explorer found the regal Hogweed by a marsh
:He captured it and brought it home.
:He came back to London
:And made a present of the Hogweed
:To the Royal Gardens at Kew

The lyrics go on to goad the reader to "strike by night" since the invading plants "need the sun to photosensitize their venom," which demonstrates a fair appreciation for the mechanism of {{tsl|en|phytophotodermatitis|}}.

==See also==

* ''<!-- [[Heracleum (plant)|Heracleum]] -->[[独活属]]'', the genus
* Other tall invasive ''Heracleum'' species: ''<!-- 页面不存在 -->[[Heracleum sosnowskyi]]'' and ''<!-- 页面不存在 -->[[Heracleum persicum]]''
* Non-invasive ''Heracleum'' species: ''{{tsl|en|Heracleum sphondylium|}}'' and ''{{tsl|en|Heracleum maximum|}}''
* Species that can be mistaken for ''Heracleum mantegazzianum'':<ref name="ON-best-practices" /><ref name="NYSDEC-GH-ID" /><ref name="EU-guidelines" /> <!-- [[Pastinaca sativa|wild parsnip]] -->[[欧防风]], {{tsl|en|Angelica archangelica|}}, <!-- [[Angelica sylvestris|wild angelica]] -->[[林当归]]
* {{tsl|en|List of poisonous plants|}}

==References==


{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==External links==
==外部連結==

{{Wikispecies|Heracleum mantegazzianum}}
{{Commons|Heracleum mantegazzianum}}
{{Commons|Heracleum mantegazzianum}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Heracleum mantegazzianum}}
*[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo51804 Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): A Federal Noxious Weed] <!-- 页面不存在 -->[[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]]
*[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo51804 Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): A Federal Noxious Weed] <!-- 页面不存在 -->[[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.invadingspecies.com/Invaders.cfm?A=Page&PID=31 |title=Giant Hogweed |publisher=the Ontario [Canada] Federation of Anglers & Hunters |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116184652/http://www.invadingspecies.com/Invaders.cfm?A=Page&PID=31 |archivedate=2009-01-16 |df= }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.invadingspecies.com/Invaders.cfm?A=Page&PID=31 |title=Giant Hogweed |publisher=the Ontario [Canada] Federation of Anglers & Hunters |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116184652/http://www.invadingspecies.com/Invaders.cfm?A=Page&PID=31 |archivedate=2009-01-16 |df= |access-date=2019-06-03 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402032205/http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1086728597&r.l1=1079068363&r.l2=1082900123&r.l3=1086726920&r.s=sc&type=RESOURCES Identifying invasive plants: Japanese knotweed, giant hogweed and other invasive plants] on NetRegs.gov.uk
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402032205/http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1086728597&r.l1=1079068363&r.l2=1082900123&r.l3=1086726920&r.s=sc&type=RESOURCES Identifying invasive plants: Japanese knotweed, giant hogweed and other invasive plants] on NetRegs.gov.uk
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206054350/http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=34356&lan=fi Photo of blisters caused by the plant (Graphic)] from the {{tsl|en|Finnish Environment Institute|}} {{fi icon}} (archived February 6, 2012)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206054350/http://www.ymparisto.fi/default.asp?contentid=34356&lan=fi Photo of blisters caused by the plant (Graphic)] from the {{tsl|en|Finnish Environment Institute|}} {{fi icon}} (archived February 6, 2012)
*[http://www.invasive.org/proceedings/pdfs/11_149-154.pdf Surveys for natural enemies of giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) in the Caucasus region and assessment for their classical biological control potential in Europe]
*[http://www.invasive.org/proceedings/pdfs/11_149-154.pdf Surveys for natural enemies of giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) in the Caucasus region and assessment for their classical biological control potential in Europe] {{Wayback|url=http://www.invasive.org/proceedings/pdfs/11_149-154.pdf |date=20160304053931 }}
*[http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghbrochure.pdf "Beware Giant Hogweed!"] brochure from New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
*[http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghbrochure.pdf "Beware Giant Hogweed!"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/lands_forests_pdf/ghbrochure.pdf |date=20201202025138 }} brochure from New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
*[http://www.netneo.de/familie/haus-und-garten/riesenbaerenklau-gefahren/ "Giant Hogweed in Germany"]
*[http://www.netneo.de/familie/haus-und-garten/riesenbaerenklau-gefahren/ "Giant Hogweed in Germany"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.netneo.de/familie/haus-und-garten/riesenbaerenklau-gefahren/ |date=20201129070145 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.nobanis.org/ias-photo-bank/heracleum-mantegazzianum/ |title=Photo bank: Heracleum mantegazzianum |publisher=NOBANIS |website=Alien Species photo bank |access-date=September 20, 2018}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.nobanis.org/ias-photo-bank/heracleum-mantegazzianum/ |title=Photo bank: Heracleum mantegazzianum |publisher=NOBANIS |website=Alien Species photo bank |access-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-date=2017-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711021644/https://www.nobanis.org/ias-photo-bank/heracleum-mantegazzianum/ |dead-url=no }}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q826602}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q826602}}


<!-- [[Category:Apiaceae]] -->[[Category:伞形科]]
[[Category:独活属|mantegazzianum]]
<!-- [[Category:Flora of Asia]] -->[[Category:亞洲植物]]
[[Category:亞洲植物]]
[[Category:有毒植物]]
<!-- 没有链接 -->[[Category:Invasive plant species in Europe]]
<!-- 没有链接 -->[[Category:Invasive plant species in the United States]]
<!-- 没有链接 -->[[Category:Invasive plant species in Canada]]

2024年7月20日 (六) 08:18的最新版本

大豕草
科学分类 编辑
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支： 菊类植物 Asterids
目： 繖形目 Apiales
科： 繖形科 Apiaceae
属： 獨活屬 Heracleum
种：
大豕草 H. mantegazzianum
二名法
Heracleum mantegazzianum

大豕草（学名：Heracleum mantegazzianum），其名稱直譯自英語的giant hogweed[1][2][3][4]，是伞形科独活属的一種一稔（英语：monocarpic）[5]的多年生開花草本植物。 在紐西蘭，本物種常被錯誤認作欧防风或野大㦸[3]。

原产于歐亞大陸高加索及中亚地区，在19世纪作为一园艺植物被引入英国，之后在欧洲得到擴散，又被引入到美国以及加拿大地区[1]。 大豕草分泌汁液有毒，人体若沾此汁液遇阳光后会起泡、严重会导致灼伤甚至失明[6][7]。2015年7月，英国一名10岁的小女孩随父亲钓鱼，不慎沾上大豕草汁液，导致三级灼伤[8]。在多個地區，本物種被認為是一種毒草（英语：noxious weed）[1]。

生命週期

[编辑]

本物種是一種一稔（英语：monocarpic）多年生植物[9][10][11]，也就是說：儘管開花前生長了多年，一但長出成熟的花朵而且開花結籽，整棵植物就會死亡。在緊貼的冬季，原來植物生長的地方就只餘下一條高高的枯莖。

種子為風媒，散落於植物短距離內，但也可能由水、動物或人類帶往較遠的距離。絕大多數（95%）的種子都落在母株數米範圍內約5 cm（2.0英寸）深的表土。這些種子在種子銀行內可生存多於5年。[12][13]

儲在種子銀行的種子處於休眠狀態。但當到了秋、冬季，當氣溫轉冷、濕度變得適合生長，休眠了的種子會在下一個春季回暖時打破休眠，有九成的種子都可以成功發芽[9][10]。其餘一成會在種子銀行繼續休眠。

參考文獻

[编辑]
  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed). CABI. 6 November 2018 [8 December 2018]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-26）. 
  2. ^ Heracleum mantegazzianum. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). USDA. [2013-08-06]. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 National Pest Plant Accord. Ministry for Primary Industries, Government of New Zealand: 70. 2012 [2019-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-04）. 
  4. ^ Species Profile- Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum). National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. [2019-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-15）. 
  5. ^ ?. [2019-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-03） （中文（繁體））. 
  6. ^ How to survive this year's curse of giant hogweed: Leading experts reveal exactly what it is, why it's so deadly, and what to do if you come into contact with it. Daily Mail. 2015-07-14 [2019-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-04） （英语）. 
  7. ^ 存档副本. [2019-06-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-08）. 
  8. ^ Daily Mail. Girl, ten, is left in agony with third-degree burns after picking up giant hogweed while playing on a riverbank （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 引用错误：没有为名为EU-guidelines的参考文献提供内容
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 引用错误：没有为名为ON-best-practices的参考文献提供内容
  11. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Stace的参考文献提供内容
  12. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为Gucker 2009的参考文献提供内容
  13. ^ 引用错误：没有为名为NYSDEC-GH-Bio的参考文献提供内容

外部連結

[编辑]
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：大豕草
分類單元識別碼
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=大豕草&oldid=83483782”