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心境障礙:修订间差异

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{{noteTA
{{noteTA
|G1=Psychology
|1=zh-hans:抑郁症;zh-hk:抑鬱症;zh-tw:憂鬱症;
|2=zh-hans:抑郁;zh-hk:抑鬱;zh-tw:憂鬱;
|3=zh-hans:症状;zh-hk:徵狀;zh-tw:症狀;
}}
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{{medical}}
{{Infobox medical condition
{{Infobox medical condition
| Name = 情緒障礙<br/> Mood disorder
| Name = 心境障礙<br/> Mood disorder
| Image = A depressive man standing by a country pond in the pouring r Wellcome V0011388.jpg
| Image = A depressive man standing by a country pond in the pouring r Wellcome V0011388.jpg
| Caption = A depressive man standing by a country pond in the pouring rain
| Caption = 1869年描寫憂鬱性疾患的漫畫
| Field = [[精神病学]]、[[臨床心理學]]
| Field = [[精神病学]]、[[臨床心理學]]
| DiseasesDB =
| DiseasesDB =
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| MeshID = D019964
| MeshID = D019964
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[[File:Politischer_Aschermittwoch_06.jpg|缩略图|有情绪障碍会影响以任何形式行使权力的人,其中傲慢综合症、狂妄自大、错乱或自恋最为突出。]]


'''情緒障礙'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhi.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=3C0BD93EC042CC67&topn=23C660CAACAA159D|title=國際疾病分第十版 ICD-9-CM2001年版與ICD-10-CM對應資料檔|author=衛生福利部中央險署|date=2020-05-01|publisher=衛生福利部|language=中文|accessdate=2022-04-02|archive-date=2022-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301232627/https://www.nhi.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=3C0BD93EC042CC67&topn=23C660CAACAA159D}}</ref>(mood disorder)又稱'''情感障礙'''(affective disorder)、'''心境障礙'''、'''情感性疾患'''是一群[[精神]]和[[行]]疾患状况<ref name="Sadok534">{{Harvnb | Sadock | 2002| p = 534}}</ref>,人的[[情绪]]障碍或紊乱是其主要的基本特征<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/acps.12253 |title=存档副本 |access-date=2022-04-02 |archive-date=2022-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402031745/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/acps.12253 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jaapl.org/content/42/2/182#sec-9 |title=存档副本 |access-date=2022-04-02 |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803161055/http://jaapl.org/content/42/2/182#sec-9 }}</ref>。在[[精神疾病診斷與統計手冊]](DSM-5)中,是對於診斷患疾的歸類;在[[國際疾病與相關健康問題統計類]]第十版[[ICD-10]]中,以情緒性(情感性)疾患(mood (affective) disorders)分類之。
'''心境障礙'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=用于死因与疾病统计的ICD-11(06 精神、行为或神经发育障碍—心境障碍)(中英对照)|url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/zh?secondLanguageCode=en#76398729|website=[[国际疾病分类第十一次修订本]]|date=2024-01|language=|author=[[世界卫生组织]]|quote=|access-date=2024-03-25|archive-date=2024-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515014857/https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/zh?secondLanguageCode=en#76398729|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{注|“心境障碍”为[[世界卫生组织]]《[[国际疾病分第十一次修订本]]》(ICD-11)中文使用的名称。}}({{Lang|en|mood disorder}}),ICD-10稱為{{地区用词|cn=情感障碍|tw=情感性疾患|start=affective disorder}}<ref>{{cite web |author1=衛生福利部 |title=全民健保重大傷病檔 |url=https://www.mohw.gov.tw/dl-16096-1b42448d-3306-4270-acaa-722752d564cb.html |website=中華民國衛生福利部 |access-date=2024-04-08 |archive-date=2024-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526145752/https://www.mohw.gov.tw/dl-16096-1b42448d-3306-4270-acaa-722752d564cb.html |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=情感障 |encyclopedia=[[中国大百科全书]] |publisher=中国大百科全书出版社 |location=北京 |url=https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=26710&Type=bkzyb&SubID=42616 |date=2022-03-26 |author=梁宁建 |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325125936/https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=26710&Type=bkzyb&SubID=42616 |dead-url=no }}</ref>,是由多種原因引起顯著而持久[[心境]]或[[情感 (心理學)|情感]]改變(障碍或紊乱)為主要臨床特徵可伴有相應[[思維]]和[[行]]改變一組疾病<ref name="Sadok534">{{Harvnb | Sadock | 2002| p = 534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/acps.12253 |title=存档副本 |access-date=2022-04-02 |archive-date=2022-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402031745/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/acps.12253 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jaapl.org/content/42/2/182#sec-9 |title=存档副本 |access-date=2022-04-02 |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803161055/http://jaapl.org/content/42/2/182#sec-9 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=心理学与生活:第19版|last=Gerrig|first=Richard J.|publisher=人民邮电出版社|year=2014.11|isbn=978-7-115-37177-5|location=北京|pages=476-482|last2=Zimbardo|translator=王垒 等|first2=Philip G.|chapter=第14章 心理障碍—心境障碍}}</ref>。在[[精神疾病診斷與統計手冊]](DSM-5)中,是對於診斷患疾的歸類;在[[国际疾病分第十一次修订本]]》(ICD-11)中,以“心境障碍”分類之<ref name=":0" />


== 分類 ==
== 分類 ==
=== 憂鬱性疾患 ===
=== 憂鬱性疾患 ===
[[File:A depressive man standing by a country pond in the pouring r Wellcome V0011388.jpg|缩略图|1869年描寫憂鬱性疾患的漫畫]]
[[File:Sadness at the beach.jpg|缩略图|气候寒冷、缺少陽光的[[北歐]]、[[俄羅斯]]等地區則属憂鬱症高發區]]
[[File:Sadness at the beach.jpg|缩略图|气候寒冷、缺少陽光的[[北歐]]、[[俄羅斯]]等地區則属憂鬱症高發區]]
憂鬱性疾患,是一類以心情[[抑鬱]]为主要特點的心境障礙。大众常说的“[[抑郁症]]”,有时是泛指[[抑郁障碍]]大类<ref>[https://www.cihai.com.cn/detail?q=%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D&docId=5615592&docLibId=72 抑郁障碍] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cihai.com.cn/detail?q=%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D&docId=5615592&docLibId=72 |date=20240423191904 }} [M/OL]//[[陈至立]].[[辞海]]. 7版网络版.上海:[[上海辞书出版社]], 2020 [2024].</ref><ref>在[https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/zh?secondLanguageCode=en ICD-11(中文版)] {{Wayback|url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/zh?secondLanguageCode=en |date=20240515014857 }}中,搜索“抑郁症”会匹配至“抑郁障碍”。</ref>,有时是特指[[重性抑郁障碍]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=变态心理学:第6版|author=(美)苏珊·诺伦-霍克西玛|publisher=人民邮电出版社|year=2017-03|isbn=978-7-115-44838-5|location=北京|translator=邹丹 等|pages=195|quote=持续两个星期或更长时间的重度抑郁发作可被诊断为'''抑郁症'''<!-- 引文本身的加粗 -->(major depressive disorder,也译作重性抑郁障碍)。}}</ref>。
憂鬱性疾患,是一類以心情[[抑鬱]]为主要特點的情感障礙,包含常見的憂-{}-鬱症(抑-{}-鬱症)。


對憂鬱性疾患的診斷一般由醫師遵照DSM或ICD標準(兩者基本一致)进行,一般症状较重的患者考虑诊断为重性抑郁障碍,症状较轻但是病程较长的患者则有可能是心境恶劣障碍,有明显季节性特征的患者可能诊断为季节性情绪失调。另外,在按此標準診斷前一般須排除其他有相似症状的生理疾病<ref name="NIMHPub">{{cite web|title=Depression|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/nimhdepression.pdf|accessdate=2008-09-07|format=PDF|publisher=National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025164433/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/nimhdepression.pdf|archivedate=2007-10-25|deadurl=yes}}</ref>。
對憂鬱性疾患的診斷一般由醫師遵照DSM或ICD標準(兩者基本一致)进行,一般症状较重的患者考虑诊断为重性抑郁障碍,症状较轻但是病程较长的患者则有可能是心境恶劣障碍,有明显季节性特征的患者可能诊断为季节性情绪失调。另外,在按此標準診斷前一般須排除其他有相似症状的生理疾病<ref name="NIMHPub">{{cite web|title=Depression|url=http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/nimhdepression.pdf|accessdate=2008-09-07|format=PDF|publisher=National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025164433/http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/depression/nimhdepression.pdf|archivedate=2007-10-25|deadurl=yes}}</ref>。


憂鬱性疾患属于常见的心理疾病的一种,目前全球有超过2.64亿名患者<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618322797|last=James|first=Spencer L|last2=Abate|first2=Degu|date=2018-11|journal=The Lancet|issue=10159|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7|volume=392|pages=1789–1858|language=en|pmc=PMC6227754|pmid=30496104|last3=Abate|first3=Kalkidan Hassen|last4=Abay|first4=Solomon M|last5=Abbafati|first5=Cristiana|last6=Abbasi|first6=Nooshin|last7=Abbastabar|first7=Hedayat|last8=Abd-Allah|first8=Foad|last9=Abdela|first9=Jemal|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308005458/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618322797|dead-url=no}}</ref>。近年来憂鬱性疾患的发病年龄有提早,且发病率提高的趋势。终身患病率在不同国家中不尽相同,有调查显示中国的患病率约为6%<ref>{{cite journal|title=浙江省15岁及以上人群精神疾病流行病学调查|author=石其昌,章健民,徐方忠,费立鹏,许毅,傅永利,顾卫,周夏江,王淑敏,张滢,俞敏|url=http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_zhyfyx200504003.aspx|journal=中华预防医学杂志|issue=4|year=2005|volume=39|access-date=2009-10-09|archive-date=2015-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618210236/http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_zhyfyx200504003.aspx|dead-url=no}}</ref>,而日本的患病率则高达20%<ref name="NIMHPub" /><ref name="pmid9895168">{{Cite journal|title=Psychiatric epidemiology in Japan: towards psychological understanding of the etiology of minor psychiatric disorders|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9895168|last=Kitamura|first=T.|date=1998-12|journal=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb03243.x|volume=52 Suppl|pages=S275–277|issn=1323-1316|pmid=9895168|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212133453/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9895168/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。COVID-19致使全球青少年抑郁概率翻倍增加。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2782796|last=Racine|first=Nicole|last2=McArthur|first2=Brae Anne|date=2021-08-09|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482|language=en|issn=2168-6203|last3=Cooke|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Eirich|first4=Rachel|last5=Zhu|first5=Jenney|last6=Madigan|first6=Sheri|access-date=2021-09-01|archive-date=2021-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002134115/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2782796|dead-url=no}}</ref>
憂鬱性疾患属于常见的心理疾病的一种,目前全球有超过2.64亿名患者<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618322797|last=James|first=Spencer L|last2=Abate|first2=Degu|date=2018-11|journal=The Lancet|issue=10159|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7|volume=392|pages=1789–1858|language=en|pmc=6227754|pmid=30496104|last3=Abate|first3=Kalkidan Hassen|last4=Abay|first4=Solomon M|last5=Abbafati|first5=Cristiana|last6=Abbasi|first6=Nooshin|last7=Abbastabar|first7=Hedayat|last8=Abd-Allah|first8=Foad|last9=Abdela|first9=Jemal|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308005458/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618322797|dead-url=no}}</ref>。近年来憂鬱性疾患的发病年龄有提早,且发病率提高的趋势。终身患病率在不同国家中不尽相同,有调查显示中国的患病率约为6%<ref>{{cite journal|title=浙江省15岁及以上人群精神疾病流行病学调查|author=石其昌,章健民,徐方忠,费立鹏,许毅,傅永利,顾卫,周夏江,王淑敏,张滢,俞敏|url=http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_zhyfyx200504003.aspx|journal=中华预防医学杂志|issue=4|year=2005|volume=39|access-date=2009-10-09|archive-date=2015-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618210236/http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical_zhyfyx200504003.aspx|dead-url=no}}</ref>,而日本的患病率则高达20%<ref name="NIMHPub" /><ref name="pmid9895168">{{Cite journal|title=Psychiatric epidemiology in Japan: towards psychological understanding of the etiology of minor psychiatric disorders|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9895168|last=Kitamura|first=T.|date=1998-12|journal=Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb03243.x|volume=52 Suppl|pages=S275–277|issn=1323-1316|pmid=9895168|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212133453/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9895168/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。COVID-19致使全球青少年抑郁概率翻倍增加。<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2782796|last=Racine|first=Nicole|last2=McArthur|first2=Brae Anne|date=2021-08-09|journal=JAMA Pediatrics|doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482|language=en|issn=2168-6203|last3=Cooke|first3=Jessica E.|last4=Eirich|first4=Rachel|last5=Zhu|first5=Jenney|last6=Madigan|first6=Sheri|access-date=2021-09-01|archive-date=2021-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002134115/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2782796|dead-url=no}}</ref>


在积极治疗的情况下憂鬱性疾患的癒後良好,但考虑到患者须承受极大痛苦并有自杀的可能,因此应尽早进行积极治疗。患者在症状缓解后仍有复发的可能,世界卫生组织建议对憂鬱性疾患的药物治疗至少持续到症状缓解后的六个月。<ref name="pmid184582032">{{Cite journal|title=Population-Based Study of First Onset and Chronicity in Major Depressive Disorder|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513|last=Eaton|first=William W.|last2=Shao|first2=Huibo|date=2008-05-01|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|issue=5|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513|volume=65|pages=513|language=en|issn=0003-990X|pmc=PMC2761826|pmid=18458203|last3=Nestadt|first3=Gerald|last4=Lee|first4=Ben Hochang|last5=Bienvenu|first5=O. Joseph|last6=Zandi|first6=Peter}}</ref>对于发病较早、有精神病症状或对药物反应不良的患者则很有可能反复发作造成不良后果<ref name="pmid18251627">{{Cite journal|title=Long-term outcome of major depressive disorder in psychiatric patients is variable|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18251627|last=Holma|first=K. Mikael|last2=Holma|first2=Irina A. K.|date=2008-02|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|issue=2|doi=10.4088/jcp.v69n0205|volume=69|pages=196–205|issn=1555-2101|pmid=18251627|last3=Melartin|first3=Tarja K.|last4=Rytsälä|first4=Heikki J.|last5=Isometsä|first5=Erkki T.|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318061409/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18251627/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="pmid12877398">{{Cite journal|title=Time to recurrence after recovery from major depressive episodes and its predictors|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12877398|last=Kanai|first=T.|last2=Takeuchi|first2=H.|date=2003-07|journal=Psychological Medicine|issue=5|doi=10.1017/s0033291703007827|volume=33|pages=839–845|issn=0033-2917|pmid=12877398|last3=Furukawa|first3=T. A.|last4=Yoshimura|first4=R.|last5=Imaizumi|first5=T.|last6=Kitamura|first6=T.|last7=Takahashi|first7=K.|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318053729/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12877398/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
在积极治疗的情况下憂鬱性疾患的癒後良好,但考虑到患者须承受极大痛苦并有自杀的可能,因此应尽早进行积极治疗。患者在症状缓解后仍有复发的可能,世界卫生组织建议对憂鬱性疾患的药物治疗至少持续到症状缓解后的六个月。<ref name="pmid184582032">{{Cite journal|title=Population-Based Study of First Onset and Chronicity in Major Depressive Disorder|url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513|last=Eaton|first=William W.|last2=Shao|first2=Huibo|date=2008-05-01|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|issue=5|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513|volume=65|pages=513|language=en|issn=0003-990X|pmc=2761826|pmid=18458203|last3=Nestadt|first3=Gerald|last4=Lee|first4=Ben Hochang|last5=Bienvenu|first5=O. Joseph|last6=Zandi|first6=Peter}}</ref>对于发病较早、有精神病症状或对药物反应不良的患者则很有可能反复发作造成不良后果<ref name="pmid18251627">{{Cite journal|title=Long-term outcome of major depressive disorder in psychiatric patients is variable|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18251627|last=Holma|first=K. Mikael|last2=Holma|first2=Irina A. K.|date=2008-02|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|issue=2|doi=10.4088/jcp.v69n0205|volume=69|pages=196–205|issn=1555-2101|pmid=18251627|last3=Melartin|first3=Tarja K.|last4=Rytsälä|first4=Heikki J.|last5=Isometsä|first5=Erkki T.|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318061409/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18251627/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="pmid12877398">{{Cite journal|title=Time to recurrence after recovery from major depressive episodes and its predictors|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12877398|last=Kanai|first=T.|last2=Takeuchi|first2=H.|date=2003-07|journal=Psychological Medicine|issue=5|doi=10.1017/s0033291703007827|volume=33|pages=839–845|issn=0033-2917|pmid=12877398|last3=Furukawa|first3=T. A.|last4=Yoshimura|first4=R.|last5=Imaizumi|first5=T.|last6=Kitamura|first6=T.|last7=Takahashi|first7=K.|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318053729/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12877398/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。


==== 重性抑鬱疾患 ====
==== 重性抑鬱疾患 ====
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在所有憂鬱性疾患中,重性抑鬱疾患的症状最为严重,其主要影响心境、认知和躯体功能。在心境方面,患者长期(两周以上)处于极其抑郁的情感状态中;认知方面,患者往往看到事物的消极面,被空虚感和无价值感包围;躯体功能方面主要有进食和睡眠障碍和无力感,头痛等<ref name="abnormals">{{cite book|title=异常心理学|author=David H. Barlow, V. Mark Durand 著 杨霞 等译 王爱民 审校|publisher=中国轻工业出版社|isbn=7-5019-5368-6|pages=227-231}}</ref>。患者可能反复想到死或者有自杀企图,最终大约有3.4%的患者自杀<ref name="pmid11437805">{{Cite journal|title=Major depression: does a gender-based down-rating of suicide risk challenge its diagnostic validity?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11437805|last=Blair-West|first=G. W.|last2=Mellsop|first2=G. W.|date=2001-06|journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry|issue=3|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00895.x|volume=35|pages=322–328|issn=0004-8674|pmid=11437805|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318060320/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11437805/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
在所有憂鬱性疾患中,重性抑鬱疾患的症状最为严重,其主要影响心境、认知和躯体功能。在心境方面,患者长期(两周以上)处于极其抑郁的情感状态中;认知方面,患者往往看到事物的消极面,被空虚感和无价值感包围;躯体功能方面主要有进食和睡眠障碍和无力感,头痛等<ref name="abnormals">{{cite book|title=异常心理学|author=David H. Barlow, V. Mark Durand 著 杨霞 等译 王爱民 审校|publisher=中国轻工业出版社|isbn=7-5019-5368-6|pages=227-231}}</ref>。患者可能反复想到死或者有自杀企图,最终大约有3.4%的患者自杀<ref name="pmid11437805">{{Cite journal|title=Major depression: does a gender-based down-rating of suicide risk challenge its diagnostic validity?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11437805|last=Blair-West|first=G. W.|last2=Mellsop|first2=G. W.|date=2001-06|journal=The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry|issue=3|doi=10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00895.x|volume=35|pages=322–328|issn=0004-8674|pmid=11437805|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318060320/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11437805/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。


对重性抑鬱疾患的诊断主要依据的是[[精神疾病诊断与统计手册]]中的相关标准。医生需要先排除生理因素、药物滥用<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Do psychiatrists perform appropriate physical investigations for their patients? A review of current practices in a general psychiatric inpatient and outpatient setting|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09638230701498325|last=Dale|first=Jenny|last2=Sorour|first2=Eman|date=2008-01|journal=Journal of Mental Health|issue=3|doi=10.1080/09638230701498325|volume=17|pages=293–298|language=en|issn=0963-8237|last3=Milner|first3=Gabrielle|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2019-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526164742/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09638230701498325|dead-url=no}}</ref>,然后进行有关抑郁程度的测试以确诊<ref name="NIMHPub" />。医师要注意的地方是,不能完全依赖精神疾病诊断与统计手册,而是要充分考虑到来访者的整体状况和个人历史
对重性抑鬱疾患的诊断主要依据的是[[精神疾病诊断与统计手册]]中的相关标准。医生需要先排除生理因素、药物滥用<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Do psychiatrists perform appropriate physical investigations for their patients? A review of current practices in a general psychiatric inpatient and outpatient setting|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09638230701498325|last=Dale|first=Jenny|last2=Sorour|first2=Eman|date=2008-01|journal=Journal of Mental Health|issue=3|doi=10.1080/09638230701498325|volume=17|pages=293–298|language=en|issn=0963-8237|last3=Milner|first3=Gabrielle|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2019-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526164742/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09638230701498325|dead-url=no}}</ref>,然后进行有关抑郁程度的测试以确诊<ref name="NIMHPub" />。


对于确诊的患者,医生往往会建议抗抑郁药物治疗,即[[选择性5-羟色胺再吸收抑制剂]]({{lang|en|SSRIs}}),单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOI)和三环类抗抑郁药,有时会建议患者参加心理治疗<ref name="NIMHPub" />。对于年轻患者,例如儿童则应先考虑心理治疗<ref name="NICEkids5">{{cite book|author=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE)|title=NICE guidelines: Depression in children and adolescents|publisher=NICE|location=London|year=2005|pages=5|isbn=1-84629-074-0|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG28/QuickRefGuide/pdf/English|accessdate=2008-08-16|archive-date=2008-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924152314/http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG28/QuickRefGuide/pdf/English|dead-url=no}}</ref>,而对于症状特别严重(有严重自杀企图或者紧张性患者)的患者则可能进行[[电痉挛疗法]](ECT)<ref name="APAguidelines">{{Cite journal|title=Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (revision). American Psychiatric Association|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10767867|date=2000-04|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|issue=4 Suppl|volume=157|pages=1–45|issn=0002-953X|pmid=10767867|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316193008/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10767867/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。大多数重性抑鬱疾患的患者愈后仍能正常生活。多数患者在未治疗下能康复<ref name="apaguidelines">{{Cite book|edition=1|chapter=Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Second Edition|title=APA Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Comprehensive Guidelines and Guideline Watches|url=http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aID=48690|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|date=2006|location=Arlington, VA|isbn=978-0-89042-336-3|volume=1|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890423363.48690|language=en|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2011-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001002329/http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aid=48690|dead-url=no}}</ref>或缓解<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Untreated short-term course of major depression: a meta-analysis of outcomes from studies using wait-list control groups|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11578666|last=Posternak|first=M. A.|last2=Miller|first2=I.|date=2001-10|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|issue=2-3|doi=10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00304-9|volume=66|pages=139–146|issn=0165-0327|pmid=11578666|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225015029/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11578666/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。超过35%的患者仍会复发<ref name="pmid18458203">{{Cite journal|title=Population-based study of first onset and chronicity in major depressive disorder|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18458203|last=Eaton|first=William W.|last2=Shao|first2=Huibo|date=2008-05|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|issue=5|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513|volume=65|pages=513–520|issn=1538-3636|pmc=2761826|pmid=18458203|last3=Nestadt|first3=Gerald|last4=Lee|first4=Hochang Benjamin|last5=Lee|first5=Ben Hochang|last6=Bienvenu|first6=O. Joseph|last7=Zandi|first7=Peter|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318060227/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18458203/|dead-url=no}}</ref>,而心理治疗较能有效预防复发<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Psychological treatment of late-life depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16955421|last=Cuijpers|first=Pim|last2=van Straten|first2=Annemieke|date=2006-12|journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry|issue=12|doi=10.1002/gps.1620|volume=21|pages=1139–1149|issn=0885-6230|pmid=16955421|last3=Smit|first3=Filip|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318055753/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16955421/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。对于发病早、有精神症状或者同时患有人格障碍的患者则预后不良,他们可能会反复发作,自杀率也较高<ref name="pmid18251627" /><ref name="pmid12877398" />。其提出情緒神經編碼的研究方法揭示了快速抗抑鬱分子的作用機制,2019年7月獲得腦神經學最高的國際凱默理獎,为非歐美人獲獎之首例,其提案成為國際醫療界廣泛認同的一個研究方向。<ref>{{Cite web|title=刚获国际大奖的浙大女教授胡海岚入围中科院院士增选候选名单|url=https://news.ifeng.com/c/7omTfl0dbSD|accessdate=2021-01-31|date=2019-08-01|publisher=凤凰网|archive-date=2021-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212133626/https://news.ifeng.com/c/7omTfl0dbSD|dead-url=no}}</ref>
对于确诊的患者,医生往往会建议抗抑郁药物治疗,即[[选择性5-羟色胺再吸收抑制剂]]({{lang|en|SSRIs}}),单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOI)和三环类抗抑郁药,有时会建议患者参加心理治疗<ref name="NIMHPub" />。对于年轻患者,例如儿童则应先考虑心理治疗<ref name="NICEkids5">{{cite book|author=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence(NICE)|title=NICE guidelines: Depression in children and adolescents|publisher=NICE|location=London|year=2005|pages=5|isbn=1-84629-074-0|url=http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG28/QuickRefGuide/pdf/English|accessdate=2008-08-16|archive-date=2008-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924152314/http://www.nice.org.uk/Guidance/CG28/QuickRefGuide/pdf/English|dead-url=no}}</ref>,而对于症状特别严重(有严重自杀企图或者紧张性患者)的患者则可能进行[[电痉挛疗法]](ECT)<ref name="APAguidelines">{{Cite journal|title=Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder (revision). American Psychiatric Association|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10767867|date=2000-04|journal=The American Journal of Psychiatry|issue=4 Suppl|volume=157|pages=1–45|issn=0002-953X|pmid=10767867|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316193008/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10767867/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。大多数重性抑鬱疾患的患者愈后仍能正常生活。多数患者在未治疗下能康复<ref name="apaguidelines">{{Cite book|edition=1|chapter=Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Second Edition|title=APA Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Comprehensive Guidelines and Guideline Watches|url=http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aID=48690|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|date=2006|location=Arlington, VA|isbn=978-0-89042-336-3|volume=1|doi=10.1176/appi.books.9780890423363.48690|language=en|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2011-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001002329/http://www.psychiatryonline.com/content.aspx?aid=48690|dead-url=no}}</ref>或缓解<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Untreated short-term course of major depression: a meta-analysis of outcomes from studies using wait-list control groups|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11578666|last=Posternak|first=M. A.|last2=Miller|first2=I.|date=2001-10|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|issue=2-3|doi=10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00304-9|volume=66|pages=139–146|issn=0165-0327|pmid=11578666|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225015029/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11578666/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。超过35%的患者仍会复发<ref name="pmid18458203">{{Cite journal|title=Population-based study of first onset and chronicity in major depressive disorder|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18458203|last=Eaton|first=William W.|last2=Shao|first2=Huibo|date=2008-05|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|issue=5|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513|volume=65|pages=513–520|issn=1538-3636|pmc=2761826|pmid=18458203|last3=Nestadt|first3=Gerald|last4=Lee|first4=Hochang Benjamin|last5=Lee|first5=Ben Hochang|last6=Bienvenu|first6=O. Joseph|last7=Zandi|first7=Peter|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318060227/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18458203/|dead-url=no}}</ref>,而心理治疗较能有效预防复发<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Psychological treatment of late-life depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16955421|last=Cuijpers|first=Pim|last2=van Straten|first2=Annemieke|date=2006-12|journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry|issue=12|doi=10.1002/gps.1620|volume=21|pages=1139–1149|issn=0885-6230|pmid=16955421|last3=Smit|first3=Filip|access-date=2021-01-31|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318055753/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16955421/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。对于发病早、有精神症状或者同时患有人格障碍的患者则预后不良,他们可能会反复发作,自杀率也较高<ref name="pmid18251627" /><ref name="pmid12877398" />。其提出情緒神經編碼的研究方法揭示了快速抗抑鬱分子的作用機制,2019年7月獲得腦神經學最高的國際凱默理獎,为非歐美人獲獎之首例,其提案成為國際醫療界廣泛認同的一個研究方向。<ref>{{Cite web|title=刚获国际大奖的浙大女教授胡海岚入围中科院院士增选候选名单|url=https://news.ifeng.com/c/7omTfl0dbSD|accessdate=2021-01-31|date=2019-08-01|publisher=凤凰网|archive-date=2021-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212133626/https://news.ifeng.com/c/7omTfl0dbSD|dead-url=no}}</ref>
第58行: 第56行:
在一些特殊情况下,患者可能表现出明显的抑郁症状,但是不符合DSM任何一种具体病症的诊断标准,这时可以作出[[非典型抑郁症]]的诊断<ref>{{cite web|title=Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)|url=http://behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/nos.htm|accessdate=2009-10-09|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=1994|work=DSM-IV|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806074448/http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/nos.htm|archivedate=2009-08-06|deadurl=yes}}</ref>。
在一些特殊情况下,患者可能表现出明显的抑郁症状,但是不符合DSM任何一种具体病症的诊断标准,这时可以作出[[非典型抑郁症]]的诊断<ref>{{cite web|title=Depressive Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (NOS)|url=http://behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/nos.htm|accessdate=2009-10-09|author=American Psychiatric Association|year=1994|work=DSM-IV|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806074448/http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/nos.htm|archivedate=2009-08-06|deadurl=yes}}</ref>。


=== 雙相情緒障礙 ===
=== 雙相障礙 ===
{{main|雙相情緒障礙}}
{{main|雙相障礙}}
==== 循環性情感症 ====
====双相Ⅰ型障碍====
====双相Ⅱ型障碍====
{{main|循環性情感症}}在DSM-5已归为雙相情緒障礙症之亚型
==== 环性心境障碍 ====

=== 物质所致障碍 ===
{{main|环性心境障碍}}

=== 其它躯体疾病所致障碍 ===

=== 未明示之情緒障礙症 ===


== 臨床徵象 ==
== 臨床徵象 ==
憂鬱早起,大腦的海馬体(Hippocampus)、杏仁核(Amygdala)、以及前額葉皮質(Prefrontal Cortex)等負責情緒的區域,下達指令給自律神經,心血管、免疫及內分泌系統等,適時地回應內外在壓力(心跳及血壓稍稍上升,HF下降等)。但長期的壓力,焦慮,或憂鬱會導致身心俱疲,自律神經的交感支容易出現交感疲乏(Sympathetic Fatigue),LF絕對值甚至低於正常值,再加上副交感 HF已顯著撤退。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Kooy |first=Koen G |date=2006-02 |title=Differences in heart rate variability between depressed and non-depressed elderly |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16416460/ |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=147-50 |doi=10.1002/gps.1439 |access-date=2023-04-18 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423055748/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16416460/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
憂鬱初期,大腦的[[海馬體]][[杏仁核]]、以及[[前額葉皮質]]等負責情緒的區域,下達指令給自律神經,心血管、免疫及內分泌系統等,適時地回應內外在壓力(心跳及血壓稍稍上升,HF下降等)。但長期的壓力,焦慮,或憂鬱會導致身心俱疲,自律神經的交感支容易出現交感疲乏(Sympathetic Fatigue),LF絕對值甚至低於正常值,再加上副交感 HF已顯著撤退。<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Kooy |first=Koen G |date=2006-02 |title=Differences in heart rate variability between depressed and non-depressed elderly |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16416460/ |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=147-50 |doi=10.1002/gps.1439 |access-date=2023-04-18 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423055748/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16416460/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>


== 相關條目 ==
== 相關條目 ==
* [[人格障礙]]
* [[人格障礙]]
* [[抗憂鬱劑]]
* [[抗憂鬱劑]]
* [[自我藥療]]
* [[自我藥療]]

== 注释 ==
{{notefoot}}


== 參考資料 ==
== 參考資料 ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


== 參考書籍 ==
== 參考書籍 ==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR |author=American Psychiatric Association |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. |location=Washington, DC |year=2000 |ISBN = 0890420254 |page = 943 }}
*{{citation |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR |author=American Psychiatric Association |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. |location=Washington, DC |year=2000 |ISBN = 0890420254 |page = 943 }}
* {{citation |title = Melancholia: A disorder of movement and mood: a phenomenological and neurobiological review |last1=Parker |first1=Gordon |author1-link=Gordon Parker |first2 = Dusan |last2 = Hadzi-Pavlovic |first3 = Kerrie |last3 = Eyers |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |ISBN=052147275X }}
* {{citation |title = Melancholia: A disorder of movement and mood: a phenomenological and neurobiological review |last1=Parker |first1=Gordon |author1-link=Gordon Parker |first2 = Dusan |last2 = Hadzi-Pavlovic |first3 = Kerrie |last3 = Eyers |year=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |ISBN=052147275X }}
* {{citation |title = Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry |last=Sadock |first= Benjamin J. |coauthors=Sadock, Virginia A. |year=2002 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=9th |ISBN=0781731836 }}
* {{citation |title = Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry |last=Sadock |first= Benjamin J. |author2=Sadock, Virginia A. |year=2002 |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=9th |ISBN=0781731836 }}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{-}}
{{-}}
{{Antidepressants}}
{{Antidepressants}}
{{ICD-10-F}}
{{ICD-10-F}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:心理與行為疾病]]
[[Category:心境障碍| ]]
[[Category:情感障碍| ]]
[[Category:動機]]
[[Category:動機]]

2024年8月26日 (一) 21:23的最新版本

心境障礙
Mood disorder
1869年描寫憂鬱性疾患的漫畫
类型精神障礙
治療心理治療
分类和外部资源
醫學專科精神病学臨床心理學
ICD-11MB24
ICD-10F30-F39
ICD-9-CM296
MeSHD019964
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

心境障礙[1][註 1]mood disorder),ICD-10稱為情感障碍(affective disorder,台湾作情感性疾患[2][3],是由多種原因引起顯著而持久心境情感改變(障碍或紊乱)為主要臨床特徵,可伴有相應思維行為改變的一組疾病[4][5][6][7]。在精神疾病診斷與統計手冊(DSM-5)中,是對於診斷患疾的歸類;在《国际疾病分类第十一次修订本》(ICD-11)中,以“心境障碍”分類之[1]

分類

[编辑]

憂鬱性疾患

[编辑]
气候寒冷、缺少陽光的北歐俄羅斯等地區則属憂鬱症高發區

憂鬱性疾患,是一類以心情抑鬱为主要特點的心境障礙。大众常说的“抑郁症”,有时是泛指抑郁障碍大类[8][9],有时是特指重性抑郁障碍[10]

對憂鬱性疾患的診斷一般由醫師遵照DSM或ICD標準(兩者基本一致)进行,一般症状较重的患者考虑诊断为重性抑郁障碍,症状较轻但是病程较长的患者则有可能是心境恶劣障碍,有明显季节性特征的患者可能诊断为季节性情绪失调。另外,在按此標準診斷前一般須排除其他有相似症状的生理疾病[11]

憂鬱性疾患属于常见的心理疾病的一种,目前全球有超过2.64亿名患者[12]。近年来憂鬱性疾患的发病年龄有提早,且发病率提高的趋势。终身患病率在不同国家中不尽相同,有调查显示中国的患病率约为6%[13],而日本的患病率则高达20%[11][14]。COVID-19致使全球青少年抑郁概率翻倍增加。[15]

在积极治疗的情况下憂鬱性疾患的癒後良好,但考虑到患者须承受极大痛苦并有自杀的可能,因此应尽早进行积极治疗。患者在症状缓解后仍有复发的可能,世界卫生组织建议对憂鬱性疾患的药物治疗至少持续到症状缓解后的六个月。[16]对于发病较早、有精神病症状或对药物反应不良的患者则很有可能反复发作造成不良后果[17][18]

重性抑鬱疾患

[编辑]

在所有憂鬱性疾患中,重性抑鬱疾患的症状最为严重,其主要影响心境、认知和躯体功能。在心境方面,患者长期(两周以上)处于极其抑郁的情感状态中;认知方面,患者往往看到事物的消极面,被空虚感和无价值感包围;躯体功能方面主要有进食和睡眠障碍和无力感,头痛等[19]。患者可能反复想到死或者有自杀企图,最终大约有3.4%的患者自杀[20]

对重性抑鬱疾患的诊断主要依据的是精神疾病诊断与统计手册中的相关标准。医生需要先排除生理因素、药物滥用[21],然后进行有关抑郁程度的测试以确诊[11]

对于确诊的患者,医生往往会建议抗抑郁药物治疗,即选择性5-羟色胺再吸收抑制剂SSRIs),单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOI)和三环类抗抑郁药,有时会建议患者参加心理治疗[11]。对于年轻患者,例如儿童则应先考虑心理治疗[22],而对于症状特别严重(有严重自杀企图或者紧张性患者)的患者则可能进行电痉挛疗法(ECT)[23]。大多数重性抑鬱疾患的患者愈后仍能正常生活。多数患者在未治疗下能康复[24]或缓解[25]。超过35%的患者仍会复发[26],而心理治疗较能有效预防复发[27]。对于发病早、有精神症状或者同时患有人格障碍的患者则预后不良,他们可能会反复发作,自杀率也较高[17][18]。其提出情緒神經編碼的研究方法揭示了快速抗抑鬱分子的作用機制,2019年7月獲得腦神經學最高的國際凱默理獎,为非歐美人獲獎之首例,其提案成為國際醫療界廣泛認同的一個研究方向。[28]

持续性抑郁症

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持续性抑郁症的症状与重度抑郁症的症状相似,但是与重度抑郁症相比,持续性抑郁症的程度较轻,而持续时间较长[11]。持续性抑郁症一般要持续2年才能确诊,病程可以持续10年以上甚至一生[19]。心境障碍诊断方法与重度抑郁症相同,但其诊断标准较低。对确诊的患者,其治疗方法与重度抑郁症的治疗方法相同[11]。持续性抑郁症会引发重度抑郁症,有研究显示有79%的患者在一生中会併发重度抑郁症,此情况亦称为双重抑郁症英语Double depression[19]

季节性抑郁症

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季节性抑郁症的症状与重性抑鬱疾患相似,有时归类为重性抑鬱疾患的一个亚型[29]。主要特点是病情會隨著季節而有所起伏,患者经常在寒冷季节发病,并在其他季节完全缓解。季节性抑郁症随纬度的增高而越发流行, 意即日照時間越少,發病率越高。多曬太陽可減輕病情,对这种疾病的诊断需要确认患者只在特定时节发病而在其他季节从未发病。对患者的治疗与重性抑郁障碍的治疗相似,对于季节性情绪障碍,光照治療似乎特别有效。澳洲昆士兰大学的学者于2013年绘制的“抑郁症世界地图”显示,日本与阳光充足、气候温暖的东南亚南欧澳大利亚同属抑郁症发病率较低的地区,而气候寒冷、缺少阳光的北欧俄罗斯等地区则属抑郁症高发区[19][30]

非典型抑郁症

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在一些特殊情况下,患者可能表现出明显的抑郁症状,但是不符合DSM任何一种具体病症的诊断标准,这时可以作出非典型抑郁症的诊断[31]

雙相障礙

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双相Ⅰ型障碍

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双相Ⅱ型障碍

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环性心境障碍

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臨床徵象

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憂鬱初期,大腦的海馬體杏仁核、以及前額葉皮質等負責情緒的區域,下達指令給自律神經,心血管、免疫及內分泌系統等,適時地回應內外在壓力(心跳及血壓稍稍上升,HF下降等)。但長期的壓力,焦慮,或憂鬱會導致身心俱疲,自律神經的交感支容易出現交感疲乏(Sympathetic Fatigue),LF絕對值甚至低於正常值,再加上副交感 HF已顯著撤退。[32]

相關條目

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注释

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  1. ^ “心境障碍”为世界卫生组织国际疾病分类第十一次修订本》(ICD-11)中文版使用的名称。

參考資料

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參考書籍

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  • American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.: 943, 2000, ISBN 0890420254 
  • Parker, Gordon; Hadzi-Pavlovic, Dusan; Eyers, Kerrie, Melancholia: A disorder of movement and mood: a phenomenological and neurobiological review, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 052147275X 
  • Sadock, Benjamin J.; Sadock, Virginia A., Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry 9th, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002, ISBN 0781731836