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加薩種族滅絕:修订间差异

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[[拉斐尔·莱姆金]]最初对种族灭绝的定义,比联合国后来所采用的定义更为宽泛;他认为种族灭绝是“破坏民族群体的生活之基本基础”,包括会“瓦解政治和社会制度、[[文化灭绝|文化]]、[[语言灭亡|语言]]、民族情感、宗教和民族群体的经济存在”的行为。<ref name="Semerdjian2024b">{{Cite journal | last=Semerdjian | first=Elyse | title=Gazafication and Genocide by Attrition in Artsakh/Nagorno Karabakh and the Occupied Palestinian Territories | trans-title=加沙化与阿尔察赫/[[纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫]]和巴勒斯坦被占领土的消耗性种族灭绝 | journal={{Link-en|种族灭绝研究杂志|Journal of Genocide Research}} | date=2024-07-17 | pages=1—22 | doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2377871 | language=en}}</ref>{{Page|14}}学术的定义各不相同,但有三项共同的主题:“采取的暴力或其它行动应该是蓄意的、有组织的、持续的和大规模的”,暴行针对的是可区分的群体,以及“肇事者采取措施来阻止该群体在特定领土上生存或繁衍”。<ref name="McDoom 2024">{{Cite journal | last=McDoom | first=Omar Shahabudin | title=Expert Commentary, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, and the Question of Genocide: Prosemitic Bias within a Scholarly Community? | trans-title=专家评论、巴以冲突及关于种族灭绝的问题:学术界内部的犹太偏见? | journal=种族灭绝研究杂志 | date=2024-04-25 | pages=1—9 | doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2346403 | s2cid= | doi-access=free | language=en}}</ref>{{Page|3}}对种族灭绝的口头理解深受[[纳粹大屠杀]]的影响,认为无辜受害者之所以成为目标,是因其种族身份,而非任何政治原因。种族灭绝通常被认为是顶级的犯罪,在导致同等规模的平民死亡与破坏时,它比其它暴行更恶劣。<ref>{{Cite book | author={{Link-en|A·德克·摩西|A. Dirk Moses}} | title=Genocidal Violence: Concepts, Forms, Impact | trans-title=种族灭绝暴力:概念、形式与影响 | year=2023 | publisher=[[德古意特出版社]] | isbn=978-3-11-078132-8 | page=19 | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110781328-002/html | language=en | chapter=Genocide as a Category Mistake: Permanent Security and Mass Violence Against Civilians | trans-chapter=种族灭绝是类别错误:永久安全与针对平民的大规模暴力 | doi=10.1515/9783110781328-002}}</ref>
[[拉斐尔·莱姆金]]最初对种族灭绝的定义,比联合国后来所采用的定义更为宽泛;他认为种族灭绝是“破坏民族群体的生活之基本基础”,包括会“瓦解政治和社会制度、[[文化灭绝|文化]]、[[语言灭亡|语言]]、民族情感、宗教和民族群体的经济存在”的行为。<ref name="Semerdjian2024b">{{Cite journal | last=Semerdjian | first=Elyse | title=Gazafication and Genocide by Attrition in Artsakh/Nagorno Karabakh and the Occupied Palestinian Territories | trans-title=加沙化与阿尔察赫/[[纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫]]和巴勒斯坦被占领土的消耗性种族灭绝 | journal={{Link-en|种族灭绝研究杂志|Journal of Genocide Research}} | date=2024-07-17 | pages=1—22 | doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2377871 | language=en}}</ref>{{Page|14}}学术的定义各不相同,但有三项共同的主题:“采取的暴力或其它行动应该是蓄意的、有组织的、持续的和大规模的”,暴行针对的是可区分的群体,以及“肇事者采取措施来阻止该群体在特定领土上生存或繁衍”。<ref name="McDoom 2024">{{Cite journal | last=McDoom | first=Omar Shahabudin | title=Expert Commentary, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, and the Question of Genocide: Prosemitic Bias within a Scholarly Community? | trans-title=专家评论、巴以冲突及关于种族灭绝的问题:学术界内部的犹太偏见? | journal=种族灭绝研究杂志 | date=2024-04-25 | pages=1—9 | doi=10.1080/14623528.2024.2346403 | s2cid= | doi-access=free | language=en}}</ref>{{Page|3}}对种族灭绝的口头理解深受[[纳粹大屠杀]]的影响,认为无辜受害者之所以成为目标,是因其种族身份,而非任何政治原因。种族灭绝通常被认为是顶级的犯罪,在导致同等规模的平民死亡与破坏时,它比其它暴行更恶劣。<ref>{{Cite book | author={{Link-en|A·德克·摩西|A. Dirk Moses}} | title=Genocidal Violence: Concepts, Forms, Impact | trans-title=种族灭绝暴力:概念、形式与影响 | year=2023 | publisher=[[德古意特出版社]] | isbn=978-3-11-078132-8 | page=19 | chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110781328-002/html | language=en | chapter=Genocide as a Category Mistake: Permanent Security and Mass Violence Against Civilians | trans-chapter=种族灭绝是类别错误:永久安全与针对平民的大规模暴力 | doi=10.1515/9783110781328-002}}</ref>

== 涉嫌种族灭绝的行为 ==

{{See also | {{Link-en|以色列—哈马斯战争中的战争罪行#以色列犯下的|War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war#By Israel}} | 2023年至今加沙人道主义危机 | 加沙地带饥荒 | {{Link-en|2023—2024年以色列在加沙进行的屠杀列表|List of Israeli massacres in Gaza 2023–2024}}}}

[[File:Palestine ambulance strike.png | thumb | [[巴勒斯坦红新月会]]在加沙地带[[汗尤尼斯]]运营的救护车,在遭以色列军事空袭后受损严重]]

Since 7 October 2023, the IDF has been accused of indiscriminate mass arrest and detainment;<ref>{{cite news |date=14 March 2024 |title=Israeli forces detain 20 Palestinians in occupied West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2771884 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314135406/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2771884 |archive-date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |author=[[Al-Haq]] |date=27 February 2024 |title=Written statement* submitted by Al-Haq, Law in the Service of Man, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status |url=https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/g24/032/34/pdf/g2403234.pdf?token=7vgSXpmdnRsfIeetwu&fe=true |publisher=[[United Nations]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> extrajudicial killing of unarmed Palestinian detainees,<ref>{{cite news |first1=Isabel |last1=Debre |first2=Wafaa |last2=Shurafa |date=14 December 2023 |title=Hungry, thirsty and humiliated: Israel's mass arrest campaign sows fear in northern Gaza |url=https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-detained-israel-hamas-gaza-war-0ecbc338e4024add059b87b38022086d |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118123911/https://apnews.com/article/palestinians-detained-israel-hamas-gaza-war-0ecbc338e4024add059b87b38022086d |archive-date=18 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Julia |last=Frankel |date=15 December 2023 |title=Israeli military opens probe after videos show Israeli forces killing 2 Palestinians at close range |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-west-bank-gaza-war-east-jerusalem-shooting-army-23338c903c08bdd3e5fade3e2a048ab1 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[AP News]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124200810/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-west-bank-gaza-war-east-jerusalem-shooting-army-23338c903c08bdd3e5fade3e2a048ab1 |archive-date=24 January 2024}}</ref> doctors,<ref name="Salman & Khadder">{{cite news |first1=Abeer |last1=Salman |first2=Kareem |last2=Khadder |date=23 December 2023 |title=Doctors accuse Israeli troops of desecrating bodies and shooting civilians at hospital Israel says was Hamas 'command center' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/23/middleeast/kamal-adwan-hospital-gaza-israel-abuse-allegations-intl-cmd/index.html |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205231745/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/23/middleeast/kamal-adwan-hospital-gaza-israel-abuse-allegations-intl-cmd/index.html |archive-date=5 February 2024}}</ref> and workers; making threats of mutilation,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Miriam |last2=Harb |first2=Hajar |date=12 January 2024 |title=Gazan prisoners describe abuse at secretive Israeli detention sites |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/11/gaza-detainees-israel-prisons-hamas/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206234450/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/11/gaza-detainees-israel-prisons-hamas/ |archive-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> death, arson, and rape;<ref name="Shawer">{{cite news |last=Shawer |first=Mosab |title='Threatened with rape': Lama Khater recalls horrors while in Israeli jails |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/10/threatened-with-rape-lama-khater-recalls-horrors-while-in-israeli-jails |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127100046/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/1/10/threatened-with-rape-lama-khater-recalls-horrors-while-in-israeli-jails |archive-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> and torturing Palestinians detained without legal charges.<ref>{{harvnb|Masarwa|Osman|2023}}; {{harvnb|Kottasová|Salman|Alkhaldi|Bashir|2023}}; {{harvnb|Doucet|2024}}; {{harvnb|Speakman Cordall|Pedrosa|2024}}</ref> It has also been accused of using excessive force against dozens of schools<ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2024 |title=How Israel has destroyed Gaza's schools and universities |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206045355/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/24/how-israel-has-destroyed-gazas-schools-and-universities |archive-date=6 February 2024}}</ref> and hospitals;<ref>{{cite web |website=[[OHCHR]] |date=2023 |title=Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131100935/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/gaza-un-experts-decry-bombing-hospitals-and-schools-crimes-against-humanity |archive-date=31 January 2024}}</ref> theft;{{sfn|Kottasová|Salman|Alkhaldi|Bashir|2023}} the cruel and unnecessary desecration and mutilation of deceased Palestinians;<ref name="Salman & Khadder"/> and making no, or an inadequate, distinction between Hamas forces and civilians.<ref>{{bulleted list|
|{{cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Damning evidence of war crimes as Israeli attacks wipe out entire families in Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |website=[[Amnesty International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105011959/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/10/damning-evidence-of-war-crimes-as-israeli-attacks-wipe-out-entire-families-in-gaza/ |archive-date=5 November 2023}}
|{{cite news |first=Beyza Binnur |last=Donmez |date=27 October 2023 |title=UN urges Israel to cease its 'collective punishment' of entire population of Gaza |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/un-urges-israel-to-cease-its-collective-punishment-of-entire-population-of-gaza/3034433 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Anadolu Agency]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202165607/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/un-urges-israel-to-cease-its-collective-punishment-of-entire-population-of-gaza/3034433 |archive-date=2 February 2024}}
|{{cite web |author=B'Tselem |author-link=B'Tselem |date=6 December 2023 |title=Israel is not fighting against Hamas but against civilians, implementing a criminal policy of bombings [EN/AR/HE] |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israel-not-fighting-against-hamas-against-civilians-implementing-criminal-policy-bombings-enarhe |website=[[Reliefweb]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312143816/https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/israel-not-fighting-against-hamas-against-civilians-implementing-criminal-policy-bombings-enarhe |archive-date=12 March 2024}}
|{{cite magazine |last=Gvaryahu |first=Avner |date=4 March 2024 |title=The Myth of Israel's "Moral Army": The Failure of the IDF's Targeting Protocols Is Producing Massive Civilian Casualties |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/myth-israels-moral-army |magazine=[[Foreign Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404223751/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/myth-israels-moral-army |archive-date=4 April 2024}}
|{{cite news |date=14 March 2024 |title=Israel's main objective is 'collective punishment' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2772280 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314133417/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/14/israels-war-on-gaza-live-rafah-attack-coming-soon-despite-pressure?update=2772280 |archive-date=14 March 2024}}
|{{cite news |last=Bateman |first=Tom |date=11 May 2024 |title=US says Israel may have breached international law with American weapons in Gaza |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68984999 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711213807/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-68984999 |archive-date=11 July 2024}}
|{{harvnb|Sultany|2024|pp=11–12}}
|{{cite news |date=19 June 2024 |title=Laws of war likely 'consistently violated' in Israeli strikes on Gaza: UN rights office |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1151196 |work=UN News |publisher=[[United Nations]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703075536/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/06/1151196 |archive-date=3 July 2024}}
}}</ref> The targeting and destruction of a variety of cultural and educational sites have also been pointed to as genocidal actions.{{sfn|Üngör|2024|p=8}} The use of unconventional weapons such as [[white phosphorus]]{{efn|While the use of white phosphorus against military targets located among civilians is contrary to [[Protocol on Incendiary Weapons|Protocol III]] of the [[Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons]], Israel is not a signatory.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Human Rights Watch says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-israel-used-white-phosphorous-gaza-lebanon-2023-10-12/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013003409/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/human-rights-watch-says-israel-used-white-phosphorous-gaza-lebanon-2023-10-12/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} has been highlighted as a genocidal act.{{sfn|Üngör|2024|p=8}}<!-- 自 2023 年 10 月 7 日以来,以色列国防军被指控进行不分皂白的大规模逮捕和拘留;[ 78 ] [ 79 ]法外杀害手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦被拘留者、[ 80 ] [ 81 ]医生[ 82 ]和工人;威胁残害、[ 83 ]杀害、纵火和强奸;[ 84 ]并对未经合法指控被拘留的巴勒斯坦人实施酷刑。[ 85 ]它还被指控对数十所学校[ 86 ]和医院使用过度武力;[ 87 ]偷窃;[ 88 ]对已故巴勒斯坦人进行残酷和不必要的亵渎和残害;[ 82 ]并且没有或没有充分区分哈马斯部队和平民。[ 89 ]针对各种文化和教育场所的袭击和毁坏也被视为种族灭绝行为,使用白磷等非常规武器也被视为种族灭绝行为。[ e ] [ 91 ] -->

In November 2023, Raz Segal detailed three actions the IDF was engaging in that were genocidal in nature: acts of killing, infliction of severe bodily harm, and implementation of measures strategically designed to destroy Palestinian existence. As evidence, he accuses the IDF of engaging in total warfare by destroying mass swathes of Gaza and imposing a strict blockade of essential goods.{{sfn|Burga|2023}}<!-- 2023 年 11 月,拉兹·西加尔详述了以色列国防军正在进行的三项具有种族灭绝性质的行动:杀戮行为、造成严重身体伤害以及实施旨在摧毁巴勒斯坦人生存的战略措施。作为证据,他指责以色列国防军通过摧毁加沙大片地区并对基本物资实施严格封锁,发动了全面战争。[ 92 ] -->

On 26 February 2024, [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]] both released statements declaring Israel had failed to comply with the International Court of Justice's 26 January ruling to prevent genocide by blocking aid from entry into Gaza.<ref name="HRW Blockade">{{cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Israel Not Complying with World Court Order in Genocide Case |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/26/israel-not-complying-world-court-order-genocide-case |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227022141/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/02/26/israel-not-complying-world-court-order-genocide-case |archive-date=27 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Amnesty International Blockade">{{cite web |date=26 February 2024 |title=Israel defying ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by failing to allow adequate humanitarian aid to reach Gaza |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-defying-icj-ruling-to-prevent-genocide-by-failing-to-allow-adequate-humanitarian-aid-to-reach-gaza/ |website=[[Amnesty International]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227035450/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/israel-defying-icj-ruling-to-prevent-genocide-by-failing-to-allow-adequate-humanitarian-aid-to-reach-gaza/ |archive-date=27 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2024 |title=Has Israel complied with ICJ order in Gaza genocide case? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/26/has-israel-complied-with-icj-order-in-gaza-genocide-case |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305002212/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/2/26/has-israel-complied-with-icj-order-in-gaza-genocide-case |archive-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> Both statements reference the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|16-year long blockade of Gaza]],<ref name="HRW Blockade"/><ref name="Amnesty International Blockade"/> which has [[2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip|intensified since 9 October.]]<ref>{{cite news |date=9 October 2023 |title=Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |access-date=9 October 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=en |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009105304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/israel-announces-total-blockade-on-gaza |url-status=live}}</ref> A report by Refugees International found that Israel had "consistently and groundlessly impeded aid operations within Gaza".<ref name="Johnson-20240311">{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Jake |date=11 March 2024 |title=Israeli Groups Slam Netanyahu Government for Flouting ICJ Ruling |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/israeli-human-rights-groups-icj |work=[[Common Dreams]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311153122/https://www.commondreams.org/news/israeli-human-rights-groups-icj |archive-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> Historian Melanie Tanielian argues that starvation, famine, and blockade should be foregrounded as methods of genocide alongside mass bombing. She references [[A. Dirk Moses]]'s appeal not to ignore less spectacular forms of violence in the destruction of populations,{{sfn|Tanielian|2024|p=2}} and highlights multiple other genocides where famine and starvation were used as methods of destruction.{{sfn|Tanielian|2024|pp=3–4}} In an April report, [[B'Tselem]] called the unfolding famine "the product of a deliberate and conscious Israeli policy".{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=7}}<ref>{{cite report |publisher=[[B'Tselem]] |title=Manufacturing Famine: Israel is Committing the War Crime of Starvation in the Gaza Strip |date=April 2024 |url=https://www.btselem.org/publications/202404_manufacturing_famine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719222458/https://www.btselem.org/publications/202404_manufacturing_famine |archive-date=19 July 2024}}</ref><!-- 2024 年 2 月 26 日,人权观察和国际特赦组织均发表声明,宣称以色列未能遵守国际法院 1 月 26 日的裁决,即阻止援助进入加沙以防止种族灭绝。[ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ]两份声明都提到了对加沙长达 16 年的封锁,[ 93 ] [ 94 ]自 10 月 9 日以来封锁愈演愈烈。[ 96 ]国际难民组织的一份报告发现,以色列“持续无端阻碍加沙境内的援助行动”。[ 97 ]历史学家梅拉妮·塔尼利安认为,饥饿、饥荒和封锁应该与大规模轰炸一起被视为种族灭绝的手段。她引用了A. Dirk Moses的呼吁,不要忽视那些不那么引人注意的暴力形式对人口造成的破坏,[ 98 ]并强调了其他多起种族灭绝事件,其中饥荒和饥饿被用作毁灭手段。[ 99 ]在 4 月份的一份报告中,B'Tselem称正在发生的饥荒是“以色列蓄意和有意识的政策的产物”。[ 100 ] [ 101 ] -->

{{external media
| topic = External video
| title = Al Jazeera video of the 9 July 2024 <br />[[Al-Awda School massacre]]
| video1 = [https://x.com/AJArabic/status/1810756046446547245 Video of the air strike and its aftermath taken by a spectator filming a schoolyard football game. Contains graphic images of severe injury.]<ref name="Guardian0710">{{Cite news |last=Tondo |first=Lorenzo |date=10 July 2024 |title=Israeli strike on Khan Younis shelter kills at least 31 amid surge in Gaza fighting |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/10/israel-gaza-war-latest-today-khan-younis-strike-abassan-death-toll |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711121420/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/10/israel-gaza-war-latest-today-khan-younis-strike-abassan-death-toll |archive-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
| video2 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uakDDnaO1dQ NBC News video on YouTube incorporating parts of the Al Jazeera footage and featuring comments from survivors]}}
In October 2023, the [[World Food Program]] warned of Gaza's dwindling food supply,{{sfn|Tanielian|2024|pp=6–7}} and in December, alongside the United Nations, reported that more than half of Gaza's population was "starving", more than nine in ten were not eating every day, and 48% were suffering "extreme hunger".<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Namita |title=UN says half of Gaza's population is now starving |work=[[The Independent]] |date=10 December 2023 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-war-palestinians-starving-un-wfp-b2461488.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119132024/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-gaza-war-palestinians-starving-un-wfp-b2461488.html |archive-date=19 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Usaid |last2=Pietromarchi |first2=Virginia |last3=Quillen |first3=Stephen |title=Israel-Hamas war updates: Fierce battles rage in southern and northern Gaza |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |date=10 December 2023 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/10/israel-hamas-war-live-no-safe-place-in-gaza-as-severe-hunger-spreads |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226131329/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/10/israel-hamas-war-live-no-safe-place-in-gaza-as-severe-hunger-spreads |archive-date=26 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="cnn_hunger">{{cite news |last=Ebrahim |first=Nadeen |title='It's chaos': Starving Gazans dig for food, supplies under the rubble |work=[[CNN]] |date=5 December 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/05/middleeast/gaza-bakery-hunger-israel-hamas-war-intl/index.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116152114/https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/05/middleeast/gaza-bakery-hunger-israel-hamas-war-intl/index.html |archive-date=16 January 2024}}</ref> Palestinian Foreign Minister [[Riyad al-Maliki]], who is part of the [[Palestinian Authority]], said Israel was using starvation as a weapon: "they are starving because of Israel's deliberate use of starvation as a weapon of war against the people it occupied". An Israeli official called the charge "blood-libellous" and "delusional".<ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinian minister accuses Israel of starving Gazans; Israel says charge 'obscene' |work=[[Reuters]] |date=13 December 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-foreign-minister-accuses-israel-deliberately-starving-gazans-2023-12-12/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228113139/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/palestinian-foreign-minister-accuses-israel-deliberately-starving-gazans-2023-12-12/ |archive-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> In December 2023, Human Rights Watch similarly found that Israel was using starvation as a weapon of war by deliberately denying access to food and water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=18 December 2023 |access-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307221127/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/israel-starvation-used-weapon-war-gaza |archive-date=7 March 2024}}</ref> On 16 January 2024, U.N. experts accused Israel of "destroying Gaza's food system and using food as a weapon against the Palestinian people".<ref>{{cite web |title=Over one hundred days into the war, Israel destroying Gaza's food system and weaponizing food, say UN human rights experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/over-one-hundred-days-war-israel-destroying-gazas-food-system-and |website=[[OHCHR]] |publisher=[[United Nations]] |date=16 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226103315/https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/01/over-one-hundred-days-war-israel-destroying-gazas-food-system-and |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- 半岛电视台关于 2024 年 7 月 9 日
Al-Awda 学校屠杀的视频
外部视频
视频图标 一名观众在校园里拍摄空袭及其后果的视频。视频中有严重受伤的画面。[ 102 ]
视频图标 YouTube 上的 NBC 新闻视频包含半岛电视台的部分镜头并附有幸存者的评论
2023 年 10 月,世界粮食计划署警告加沙的粮食供应正在减少,[ 103 ] 12 月,联合国报告称,加沙一半以上的人口处于“饥饿”状态,十分之九以上的人每天都没有吃东西,48% 的人处于“极度饥饿”状态。[ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ]巴勒斯坦权力机构成员、巴勒斯坦外交部长里亚德·马利基表示,以色列正在利用饥饿作为武器:“他们挨饿是因为以色列故意将饥饿作为战争武器,对抗其占领的人民”。一名以色列官员称这一指控是“血腥诽谤”和“妄想”。[ 107 ] 2023 年 12 月,人权观察组织同样发现,以色列故意剥夺食物和水的供应,将饥饿作为战争武器。[ 108 ] 2024 年 1 月 16 日,联合国专家指责以色列“破坏加沙的粮食体系,并将粮食作为对付巴勒斯坦人民的武器”。[ 109 ] -->

The law professor and [[United Nations special rapporteur]] on the right to food, [[Michael Fakhri]], said that Israel is "culpable" of genocide because "Israel has announced its intention to destroy the Palestinian people, in whole or in part, simply for being Palestinian" and because Israel was denying food to Palestinians by halting humanitarian aid and "intentionally" destroying "small-scale fishing vessels, greenhouses and orchards in Gaza […] We have never seen a civilian population made to go so hungry so quickly and so completely, that is the consensus among starvation experts. Israel is not just targeting civilians, it is trying to damn the future of the Palestinian people by harming their children."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lakhani |first1=Nina |date=27 February 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/27/un-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide |title=Israel is deliberately starving Palestinians, UN rights expert says |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228041844/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/27/un-israel-food-starvation-palestinians-war-crime-genocide |archive-date=28 February 2024}}</ref> Since the ICJ ruling, the number of aid trucks Israel allows into Gaza has dropped by 40%.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2024 |title=How much aid has entered Gaza? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-biden-comments-turn-focus-back-to-gaza-ceasefire?update=2735412 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227143519/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/2/27/israels-war-on-gaza-live-biden-comments-turn-focus-back-to-gaza-ceasefire?update=2735412 |archive-date=27 February 2024}}</ref> In the ICJ's March reaffirmation of provisional measures, the court highlighted the "unprecedented levels of food insecurity experienced by Palestinians in the Gaza Strip over recent weeks, as well as the increasing risks of epidemics",{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=5}} acknowledging that since the Court's January order there had been a "lack of Israeli compliance" resulting in "the catastrophic living conditions" deteriorating further.{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=6}}<!-- 2024 年 4 月 1 日,以色列袭击致 7 名工人死亡,世界中央厨房(WCK) 援助组织的一辆汽车。直到 4 月 28 日,WCK 才再次在加沙开展业务。 [ 110 ]
法学教授、联合国食物权问题特别报告员迈克尔·法赫里 (Michael Fakhri ) 表示,以色列“犯有”种族灭绝罪,因为“以色列宣布意图全部或部分消灭巴勒斯坦人民,仅仅因为他们是巴勒斯坦人”,并且以色列通过停止人道主义援助和“故意”摧毁“加沙的小型渔船、温室和果园”来拒绝向巴勒斯坦人提供食物……我们从未见过平民如此迅速、如此彻底地挨饿,这是饥饿专家的共识。以色列不仅针对平民,还试图通过伤害巴勒斯坦儿童来毁灭巴勒斯坦人民的未来。” [ 111 ]自国际法院裁决以来,以色列允许进入加沙的援助卡车数量减少了 40%。[ 112 ]国际法院在 3 月份重申临时措施时强调,“最近几周加沙地带的巴勒斯坦人经历了前所未有的粮食不安全状况,以及不断增加的流行病风险”,[ 113 ]并承认自法院 1 月份发布命令以来,“以色列没有遵守规定”,导致“灾难性的生活条件”进一步恶化。[ 114 ] -->

A poll conducted in the second week of January by researchers at [[Tel Aviv University]] found that 51% of the 502 Jewish Israeli responders believed that the IDF was using an appropriate amount of force in Gaza and 43% believed that it was not using enough force.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-783849 |title=Jewish Israelis believe IDF is using appropriate force in Gaza, Arab Israelis broadly do not - poll |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=26 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708135501/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-783849 |archive-date=8 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en-social-sciences.tau.ac.il/sites/socsci-english.tau.ac.il/files/media_server/social/peaceindex/2024-01-findings.pdf |title=The International MA Program in Conflict Resolution and Mediation |website=The Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences |publisher=[[Tel Aviv University]] |date=January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629073506/https://en-social-sciences.tau.ac.il/sites/socsci-english.tau.ac.il/files/media_server/social/peaceindex/2024-01-findings.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2024}}</ref> In an [[Israel Democracy Institute]] survey of 510 Israeli citizens in early February, 68% of respondents supported preventing all international aid from entering Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Tamar |last1=Hermann |first2=Yaron |last2=Kaplan |date=20 February 2024 |title=Most Israelis: an "Absolute Victory" to the War is Unlikely - War in Gaza Survey 11 (February 12–15, 2024) |url=https://en.idi.org.il/articles/52976 |website=[[Israel Democracy Institute]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226115344/https://en.idi.org.il/articles/52976 |archive-date=26 February 2024}}</ref><!-- 特拉维夫大学的研究人员在 1 月第二周进行的一项民意调查发现,在 502 名以色列犹太人受访者中,51% 的人认为以色列国防军在加沙使用了适当的武力,43% 的人认为武力不足。[ 115 ] [ 116 ]以色列民主研究所在 2 月初对 510 名以色列公民进行的一项调查中,68% 的受访者支持阻止所有国际援助进入加沙。[ 117 ] -->

In an interview with ''[[The New Statesman]]'', the Israeli journalist and author [[Gideon Levy]], a former aide and spokesman for [[Shimon Peres]] and longstanding writer for the Israeli daily ''Haaretz'' who has reported on Israel's settlement policy for 35 years, said: "Israel is deteriorating horribly. The most important thing, and you mentioned it, is how unanimous it is. It's not only the right-wingers. You cannot even show some empathy to Gaza, to the suffering of Gaza, which Israel doesn't see at all. The average Israeli saw nothing [of what has unfolded in] Gaza, only the soldiers there see it. The bravery, the sacrifice, the hostages and families, this is shown nonstop, but not a single image of the suffering of two million people in Gaza. I think it's the darkest time of Israel, maybe ever."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Maçães |first1=Bruno |last2=Levy |first2=Gideon |author2-link=Gideon Levy |date=8 January 2024 |title='They kill anything that moves' |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/international-content/the-international-interview/2024/01/gideon-levy-south-africa-genocide-israel |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[The New Statesman]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821075219/https://www.newstatesman.com/international-content/the-international-interview/2024/01/gideon-levy-south-africa-genocide-israel |archive-date=21 August 2024}}</ref><!-- 在接受《新政治家》采访时,以色列记者兼作家吉迪恩·利维(Gideon Levy)表示:“以色列正在严重恶化。最重要的是,正如你所说,大家意见一致。不仅仅是右翼分子。你甚至不能对加沙、对加沙的苦难表示一点同情,以色列根本看不到。普通以色列人根本看不到加沙发生的事情,只有那里的士兵看到了。勇敢、牺牲、人质和家属,这些都在不停地展现,但没有一幅画面展现出加沙两百万人的苦难。我认为这是以色列最黑暗的时期,也许是有史以来最黑暗的时期。” [ 118 ] -->

Mark Levene and Elyse Semerdjian locate the mass destruction of infrastructure within Israel's [[Dahiya doctrine]] that has been implemented against Gaza since 2006, with Levene calling it [[urbicide]] and a tool of genocide.{{sfn|Levene|2024|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Semerdjian|2024|p=2|ref=Semerdjian2024a}}<!-- 马克·利文 (Mark Levene) 和伊莉丝·塞默吉安 (Elyse Semerdjian) 认为,大规模毁坏基础设施的行为与以色列自 2006 年以来针对加沙实施的“达希亚”政策有关。利文称其为城市毁灭和种族灭绝的工具。[ 119 ] [ 120 ] -->

[[File:Cardiff Solidarity for Palestine protest, 25 November 2023 142309 (redacted).jpg|thumb|Photos of healthcare workers in Gaza killed in Israeli attacks, 25 November 2023]]<!-- 2023 年 11 月 25 日,在以色列袭击中丧生的加沙医护人员的照片 -->

In articles published in November in [[the Lancet]], and February 2024 in the journal [[BMJ Global Health]], multiple doctors detailed how, in their professional opinions, the targeting of Gazan health infrastructure and medical personnel coupled with various Israeli politicians' openly genocidal rhetoric amounts to genocide.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khwaja |first1=Arif |last2=Bell |first2=Iona |last3=Hadley |first3=Daniell |last4=Price |first4=Huw |last5=Turnbull |first5=Clare |date=10 November 2023 |title=Gaza: a plea to reclaim our collective humanity |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=402 |number=10416 |page=1975 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02510-2 |s2cid= |pmid=37956692}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hanbali |first1=Layth |last2=Kwong |first2=Edwin Jit Leung |last3=Neilson |first3=Amy |last4=Smith |first4=James |last5=Hafez |first5=Sali |last6=Khoury |first6=Rasha |date=February 2024 |title=Israeli necropolitics and the pursuit of health justice in Palestine |journal=[[BMJ Global Health]] |volume=9 |number=2 |page=e014942 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014942 |pmid=38302196 |pmc=10836346}}</ref>{{sfn|Sathar|2023}} Legal scholars have also supported this assessment.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mahomed |first=Safia |date=December 2023 |title=When sanctuaries of humanity turn into corridors of horror: The destruction of healthcare in Gaza |journal=South African Journal of Bioethics and Law |volume=16 |number=3 |pages=77–79 |doi=10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1732 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{sfn|Sultany|2024|p=11}} [[Healthcare in the State of Palestine|Gaza's healthcare system]] faced several humanitarian crises as a result of Israel's assault: hospitals faced a lack of fuel<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Browne |first1=Grace |title='The whole health system is collapsing around us.' Doctors say Gaza is on the brink |url=https://wired.me/science/gaza-health-system-collapse-israel-hamas/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027204906/https://wired.me/science/gaza-health-system-collapse-israel-hamas/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and began shutting down by 23 October as they ran out of fuel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza hospital generators to run out of fuel in 48 hours: Health Ministry |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/24/gaza-hospital-generators-to-run-out-of-fuel-in-48-hours-health-ministry |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024082858/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/24/gaza-hospital-generators-to-run-out-of-fuel-in-48-hours-health-ministry |url-status=live}}</ref> When hospitals lost power completely, multiple [[2023 Gaza Strip preterm births|premature babies]] in [[Neonatal intensive care unit|NICUs]] died.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 premature babies die at Al-Shifa Hospital: Doctor |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas/3-premature-babies-die-at-gazas-alshifa-hospital-doctor-says-104834155?id=104617602 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301023917/https://abcnews.go.com/International/live-updates/israel-gaza-hamas/3-premature-babies-die-at-gazas-alshifa-hospital-doctor-says-104834155?id=104617602 |archive-date=1 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Magdy |first1=Samy |last2=Shurafa |first2=Wafaa |last3=Kullab |first3=Samya |title=Dwindling fuel supplies for Gaza's hospital generators put premature babies in incubators at risk |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dwindling-fuel-supplies-gazas-hospital-generators-put-premature-104211808 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023021534/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/dwindling-fuel-supplies-gazas-hospital-generators-put-premature-104211808 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Soni|2023|p=80}} Israeli airstrikes have killed numerous medical staffers, and ambulances, health institutions, medical headquarters, and hospitals have been destroyed.<ref name="Healthcare destroyed">{{bulleted list|
|{{cite news |last1=Romo |first1=Vanessa |title=Doctors are among the many dead in Gaza. These are their stories |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/16/1213307710/gaza-doctors-al-shifa-hospital#:~:text=Hourly%20News-,In%20Gaza%2C%20doctors%20are%20among%20the%20many%20dead.,the%20lives%20that%20were%20lost. |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227182523/https://www.npr.org/2023/11/16/1213307710/gaza-doctors-al-shifa-hospital |archive-date=27 February 2024}}
|{{cite news |last1=Debre |first1=Isabel |title=Hospitals have special protection under the rules of war. Why are they in the crosshairs in Gaza? |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-gaza-hospitals-be55b16dd18e55be1b8ad395163ca19b |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=11 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223054900/https://apnews.com/article/israel-hamas-war-gaza-hospitals-be55b16dd18e55be1b8ad395163ca19b |archive-date=23 February 2024}}
|{{cite web |last1=Sabry |first1=Muhammed |title=Gaza hospitals in 'total collapse,' says Health Ministry |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/gaza-hospitals-in-total-collapse-says-health-ministry/3031086 |work=[[Anadolu Agency]] |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025035034/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/gaza-hospitals-in-total-collapse-says-health-ministry/3031086 |url-status=live}}
|{{cite news |last1=Picheta |first1=Rob |last2=Khadder |first2=Kareem |last3=Rebane |first3=Teele |last4=Zabadne |first4=Zohair |title=Gaza hospital 'surrounded by tanks' as other healthcare facilities say they've been damaged by Israeli strikes |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/10/middleeast/gaza-hospital-surrounded-tanks-reported-israeli-strikes-intl/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=10 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113144927/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/10/middleeast/gaza-hospital-surrounded-tanks-reported-israeli-strikes-intl/index.html |archive-date=13 January 2024}}
|{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Graeme |title=Israel Gaza: Hospitals caught on front line of war |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67401064 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228234514/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67401064 |archive-date=28 February 2024}}
|{{cite news |last1=Kekatos |first1=Mary |last2=Beaule |first2=Victoria |title=Hospitals in Gaza say they are under attack and running out of fuel for ICU patients |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/hospitals-gaza-attack-running-fuel-icu-patients/story?id=104785819 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301024605/https://abcnews.go.com/International/hospitals-gaza-attack-running-fuel-icu-patients/story?id=104785819 |archive-date=1 March 2024}}
|{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Brishti |title=Dwindling supplies, damaged hospitals in Gaza prompt growing calls for aid, ceasefire |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hospitals-supplies-gaza-aid-ceasefire-1.7014512 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205062514/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/hospitals-supplies-gaza-aid-ceasefire-1.7014512 |archive-date=5 February 2024}}
|{{cite journal |last1=Moolla |first1=M. S. |last2=Jacub |first2=A. |date=2024 |title=Healthcare and genocide: BDS as an entry point to health justice |journal=South African Journal of Bioethics and Law |volume=2024 |number=1 |page=e1691 |doi=10.7196/SAJBL.2024.v17i1.1691 |doi-broken-date=10 March 2024 |url=https://samajournals.co.za/index.php/sajbl/article/view/1961/813 |doi-access=free |access-date=11 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311002809/https://samajournals.co.za/index.php/sajbl/article/view/1961/813 |url-status=live}}
|{{harvnb|Sultany|2024|p=11}}
}}</ref> {{lang|fr|[[Médecins Sans Frontières]]}} has reported that scores of ambulances and medical facilities were damaged or destroyed,<ref>{{cite news |title=Gaza war inflicts catastrophic damage on infrastructure and economy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-inflicts-catastrophic-damage-infrastructure-economy-2023-11-17/#:~:text=HOSPITALS%20AND%20SCHOOLS&text=OCHA%20said%2055%20ambulances%20in,of%20drugs%20and%20blood%20products. |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240303120357/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-war-inflicts-catastrophic-damage-infrastructure-economy-2023-11-17/#:~:text=HOSPITALS%20AND%20SCHOOLS&text=OCHA%20said%2055%20ambulances%20in,of%20drugs%20and%20blood%20products. |archive-date=3 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ajmedic">{{cite news |date=12 October 2023 |title=Gaza medics say Israel targeting ambulances, health facilities |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010523/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/war-crime-gaza-medics-say-israel-targeting-ambulances-health-facilities |url-status=live}}</ref> including the deaths of {{lang|fr|Médecins Sans Frontières}} staff.<ref>{{bulleted list|{{cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=MSF doctors killed in strike on Al-Awda hospital in northern Gaza |url=https://www.msf.org/msf-doctors-killed-strike-al-awda-hospital-northern-gaza-palestine |website=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112180453/https://www.msf.org/msf-doctors-killed-strike-al-awda-hospital-northern-gaza-palestine |archive-date=12 January 2024}}
|{{cite web |date=22 February 2024 |title=Gaza: MSF strongly condemns deadly Israeli attack on staff and family shelter |url=https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-strongly-condemns-deadly-israeli-attack-staff-and-family-shelter |website=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309193415/https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-strongly-condemns-deadly-israeli-attack-staff-and-family-shelter |archive-date=9 March 2024}}
|{{cite web |date=1 March 2024 |title=Gaza: MSF UK board member killed during Israeli offensive in Khan Younis |url=https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-uk-board-member-killed-during-israeli-offensive-khan-younis |website=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309193837/https://msf.org.uk/article/gaza-msf-uk-board-member-killed-during-israeli-offensive-khan-younis |archive-date=9 March 2024}}
}}</ref>{{sfn|Khan|Tinua|2024}} In late October, the [[Gaza Health Ministry]] said the healthcare system had "totally collapsed".<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcare system in Gaza has 'totally collapsed' |url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/24/10/2023/healthcare-system-in-gaza-has-totally-collapsed |work=The Peninsula Qatar |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=25 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025083517/https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/24/10/2023/healthcare-system-in-gaza-has-totally-collapsed |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- 在 11 月《柳叶刀》和 2024 年 2 月《BMJ 全球健康》杂志上发表的文章中,多名医生详细说明了他们如何根据专业意见,将针对加沙卫生基础设施和医务人员的攻击,加上以色列政客公开的种族灭绝言论,等同于种族灭绝。[ 121 ]法律学者也支持这一评估。[ 122 ] [ 123 ] 由于以色列的袭击,加沙的医疗保健系统面临几场人道主义危机:医院面临燃料短缺[ 124 ],并于 10 月 23 日因燃料耗尽而开始关闭。[ 125 ]当医院完全断电时,新生儿重症监护室的多名早产儿死亡。[ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ]以色列的空袭造成许多医务人员死亡,救护车、卫生机构、医疗总部和医院被摧毁。[ 129 ]无国界医生组织报告称,数十辆救护车和医疗设施遭到损坏或摧毁,[ 130 ] [ 131 ]包括无国界医生组织工作人员的死亡。[ 132 ] [ 133 ] 10 月下旬,加沙卫生部表示,医疗系统已“彻底崩溃”。[ 134 ] -->

On 11 March 2024, 12 Israeli human rights organisations signed an open letter accusing Israel of failing to abide by the ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by facilitating the delivery of humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |last2=Burke |first2=Jason |date=11 March 2024 |title=Israeli human rights groups accuse country of failing to abide by ICJ's Gaza aid ruling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/11/israeli-human-rights-groups-icj-gaza-aid-ruling |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311204045/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/11/israeli-human-rights-groups-icj-gaza-aid-ruling |archive-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Johnson-20240311"/><!-- 2024 年 3 月 11 日,12 个以色列人权组织签署了一封公开信,指责以色列未能遵守国际法院的裁决,通过提供人道主义援助来防止种族灭绝。[ 135 ] [ 97 ] -->

UN human rights expert Francesca Albanese prepared a report for the U.N. stating that there are "reasonable grounds to believe" that Israel is carrying out genocide in Gaza, and advocated a global arms embargo on that basis.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borger |first1=Julian |last2=Tondo |first2=Lorenzo |title=Israel isolated as UN security council demands immediate ceasefire in Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/25/un-gaza-ceasefire-vote |access-date=26 March 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326075627/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/25/un-gaza-ceasefire-vote |archive-date=26 March 2024}}</ref> She said the genocidal actions included "killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to groups' members; and deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part",<ref name="Albanese_anatomy_of_a_genocide">{{cite Q|Q125152282|url-status=live}}</ref> and highlighted that 70% of those killed were women and children, and that Israel has failed to show the 30% who are adult men were Hamas fighters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quillen |first1=Stephen |last2=Uras |first2=Umut |date=26 March 2024 |title=UN expert accuses Israel of genocide: What you need to know |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/26/israels-war-on-gaza-live-world-welcomes-un-ceasefire-resolution?update=2798304 |work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326101649/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/3/26/israels-war-on-gaza-live-world-welcomes-un-ceasefire-resolution?update=2798304 |archive-date=26 March 2024}}</ref><!-- 联合国人权专家弗朗西斯卡·阿尔巴尼斯为联合国准备了一份报告,指出“有合理理由相信”以色列正在加沙进行种族灭绝,并在此基础上主张实施全球武器禁运。[ 136 ]她说,种族灭绝行为包括“杀害该团体的成员;对团体成员造成严重的身心伤害;并故意对该团体施加某种生活条件,以全部或部分地毁灭它”,[ 25 ]并强调 70% 的被杀者是妇女和儿童,而以色列未能证明 30% 的成年男性是哈马斯战士。[ 137 ] -->

In late March it was reported that Israel had designated unmarked "kill zones" in Gaza, where any civilians would be shot on sight.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kubovich |first1=Yaniv |title=Israel Created 'Kill Zones' in Gaza. Anyone Who Crosses Into Them Is Shot |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-03-31/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-created-kill-zones-in-gaza-anyone-who-crosses-into-them-is-shot/0000018e-946c-d4de-afee-f46da9ee0000 |access-date=31 March 2024 |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401001912/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2024-03-31/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-created-kill-zones-in-gaza-anyone-who-crosses-into-them-is-shot/0000018e-946c-d4de-afee-f46da9ee0000 |archive-date=1 April 2024}}</ref><!-- 3 月底有报道称,以色列已在加沙划定未标记的“杀戮区”,任何平民一经发现就会被射杀。[ 138 ] -->

In April, U.N. special rapporteur on the right to health [[Tlaleng Mofokeng]] said, "The destruction of healthcare facilities continues to catapult to proportions yet to be fully quantified". Mofokeng said Israel had not responded to the concerns she had raised about the situation, and that she had not been able to visit the Palestinian territory or Israel. But she said it was obvious that Israel was "killing and causing irreparable harm against Palestinian civilians with its bombardments", adding, "They are also knowingly and intentionally imposing [[Gaza Strip famine|famine]], prolonged malnutrition and dehydration" and accusing Israel of "genocide". The current situation in Gaza, Mofokeng said, "is completely incompatible with the right to health".<ref>{{Cite web |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=22 April 2024 |title=Gaza health system 'completely obliterated': UN expert |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/gaza-health-system-completely-obliterated-un-expert |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Al-Monitor |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518013104/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/04/gaza-health-system-completely-obliterated-un-expert |archive-date=18 May 2024}}</ref><!-- 今年 4 月,联合国健康权问题特别报告员特拉伦·莫福肯表示:“医疗设施遭到的破坏持续加剧,严重程度尚无法完全量化”。莫福肯表示,以色列尚未回应她对局势的担忧,她也未能访问巴勒斯坦领土或以色列。但她表示,以色列显然“通过轰炸杀害巴勒斯坦平民并造成无法弥补的伤害”,并补充说:“他们还明知故犯地造成饥荒、长期营养不良和脱水”,并指责以色列实施“种族灭绝”。莫福肯表示,加沙目前的局势“与健康权完全不相容”。[ 139 ] -->

In June 2024, an investigation by the [[Associated Press]] found that to a "degree never seen before", Israel's campaign in Gaza was killing entire bloodlines of Palestinian families.<ref>{{cite news |last1=El Deeb |first1=Sara |title=Investigation identifies entire Palestinian families killed by Israeli strikes in Gaza |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/investigation-identifies-entire-palestinian-families-killed-by-israeli-strikes-in-gaza |work=[[PBS Newshour]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=25 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619102152/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/investigation-identifies-entire-palestinian-families-killed-by-israeli-strikes-in-gaza |archive-date=19 June 2024}}</ref><!-- 2024 年 6 月,美联社的一项调查发现,以色列在加沙的行动“以前所未有的程度”杀害了巴勒斯坦家庭的整个血统。[ 140 ] -->

As of August 25, 2024, [[The United Nations]] estimated that most of Gaza's 2.2 million people were confined to a humanitarian area of roughly 15 square miles, about two-thirds the size of [[Manhattan]], which causes crowded conditions and a critical lack of basic services, like clean water, and diseases spreading widely across the population, such as [[Hepatitis C]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/gaza-humanitarian-zones-smaller-than-manhattan-rcna167056 |title=Gaza's 2.2 million people are confined to a humanitarian area smaller than Manhattan |last=Clayton |first=Freddie |date=25 August 2024 |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=30 August 2024 |quote= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref><!-- 截至 2024 年 8 月 25 日,联合国估计,加沙 220 万人口中的大多数被限制在约 15 平方英里的人道主义区域内,这导致拥挤的环境和严重缺乏清洁水等基本服务,以及丙型肝炎等疾病在人群中广泛蔓延。[ 141 ] -->


== 受害者 ==
== 受害者 ==

2024年10月2日 (三) 15:15的版本

加薩種族滅絕
以色列-哈瑪斯戰爭巴勒斯坦被占领土的一部分
照片
2023年10月,加薩走廊,搬运裹尸袋的巴勒斯坦人
位置巴勒斯坦國加薩省
日期2023年10月7日 (2023-10-07)至今
目標巴勒斯坦人
類型
死亡
  • 至少有40,100人[註 1]
  • 估計有上万人被掩埋在廢墟或深坑中[5]
  • 根據《柳葉刀》報道,直接或間接原因導致死亡的人數多達186,000人。[6]
受傷至少92,700人[1][5]
受害者
  • 加沙约80%的住房和50%的建筑物遭到损坏或摧毁[7]:4[8][註 2]
  • 20%的人口面对“灾难性的严重食品不安全状况”,包括“极度缺乏食物、饥饿和精力耗尽”[11]
  • 1,900,000+人在境内流离失所[12][13][14]:532[7]:4
動機
被告以色列

同謀指控

加薩種族滅絕阿拉伯語:الإبادة الجماعية لغزة‎)是2023年10月起發生於巴勒斯坦國加沙地带種族滅絕事件。一些专家、政府、联合国机构和非政府组织指责以色列,在持续中的以色列—哈马斯战争中,在入侵轰炸英语Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip加沙地带期间,对巴勒斯坦人实施了种族灭绝。[34][35][36][37]截至2024年7月,经过9个月的袭击,以色列的军事行动已导致大批巴勒斯坦人死亡,已得到确认的有近40,000人——加沙每59人中就有1人——平均每天死亡148人。大多数受害者是平民,[38][39]其中妇女儿童超过25,000人,[40][41]记者有103人英语Killing of journalists in the Israel–Hamas war[42][43][44]

数千具尸体被埋在被毁建筑的废墟之下。[39][45]截至2024年6月,加沙已有500多名医护人员丧生英语Killing of health workers in the Israel–Hamas war[46]截至2024年8月,加沙36家医院中只有17家还在运营;[47]该地区84%的医疗中心已被摧毁或遭到损坏。[48]以色列的强制封锁严重加剧了加沙地带的饥饿状况和饥荒威胁,同时以色列军队还阻止人道主义物资英语Humanitarian aid during the Israel–Hamas war送到巴勒斯坦人民手中,阻碍或袭击人道主义车队。冲突初期,以色列还切断了加沙地带的水电供应。以色列还摧毁了许多重要文化建筑英语Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip,包括13座藏书数千册的图书馆、[49][50]加沙全部12所大学和80%的中小学校、[51][52]数十座清真寺、三座教堂和两座博物馆。[53][54][55]

包括联合国特别报告员英语United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories弗朗西斯卡·阿尔巴尼斯英语Francesca Albanese[56]在內的多位观察员都指出以色列高级官员的一些言论可能表明以色列“有意消灭英语Genocidal intent”(全部或部分)加沙人口,而这是达到种族灭绝法律门槛的必要条件。[34][35][57]:81[58]大多数在美的中东问题学者相信,以色列在加沙的行动是为了让巴勒斯坦人无法在此居住,他们中有75%的人认为,以色列在加沙的行动构成了“类似于种族灭绝的重大战争罪行”或“种族灭绝”。[59]

南非政府已在国际法院对以色列提起诉讼,控告以色列违反《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》。[60]在初次裁决中,国际法院认为南非有权起诉以色列,同时承认巴勒斯坦人享有“免遭种族灭绝的合理权利”,[61][62]而这项权利面临着确切的风险,可能会造成无法挽回的损害。法院命令以色列履行《种族灭绝公约》所规定的义务,采取一切力所能及的措施来防止种族灭绝行为的发生,防止和惩罚对种族灭绝的煽动,并允许基本人道主义服务进入加沙。[62][63][64]法院随后还命令以色列允许更多的人道主义援助进入加沙,并防止在拉法攻势中发生种族灭绝。[65][66]以色列政府驳斥了南非的指控,[64]并指责国际法院反犹,而以色列被指责在受到挑战时经常这样做[67][68]

背景

2023年10月7日,伊斯蘭抵抗運動哈瑪斯从加沙對以色列國發起阿克薩洪水行動[69][70][30]:1造成至少1,139人[7]:1[71][註 4]死亡,其中大多數是平民[76]以色列政府在事件發生後,以极具破坏性的[77]轟炸行動英语Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip作為回應英语Israeli government response to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel,並在10月27日發起鐵劍行動,入侵加薩走廊[29]:6事後,南非共和國於12月29日向國際法院指控以色列國涉嫌滅絕種族,觸犯《防止及懲治滅絕種族罪公約》。南非提交的起訴書指控以色列实施種族隔離長達75年、占領巴勒斯坦領土長達56年,以及封鎖加薩長達16年。尽管少数学者认为在阿克萨洪水行动之前就存在针对巴勒斯坦人的种族灭绝,但南非和其他种族灭绝论支持者都是把以色列在加沙的军事行动定性为种族灭绝。[78][7][页码请求]

种族灭绝的法律定义

1948年的《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》将种族灭绝定义为:“故意全部或部分地消灭一个族群、国族、种族或宗教团体”的五种行为中的任意一种。[79][80]这些行为包括:杀害该团体的成员,对其造成严重的身体或精神伤害,恶化其生活条件以摧毁该团体,阻止生育,以及强行将儿童转移出该团体。[79]种族灭绝是一种特殊意图(dolus specialis)的犯罪;此类犯罪是故意为之,将受害者作为目标往往是因为,他们实际上或被假想为具有受保护群体的成员身份。[80]历史上有三起种族灭绝事件根据1948年的法律定义得到承认:红色高棉大屠杀卢旺达种族灭绝斯雷布雷尼察大屠杀[81]

种族灭绝的其它定义

拉斐尔·莱姆金最初对种族灭绝的定义,比联合国后来所采用的定义更为宽泛;他认为种族灭绝是“破坏民族群体的生活之基本基础”,包括会“瓦解政治和社会制度、文化语言、民族情感、宗教和民族群体的经济存在”的行为。[82]:14学术的定义各不相同,但有三项共同的主题:“采取的暴力或其它行动应该是蓄意的、有组织的、持续的和大规模的”,暴行针对的是可区分的群体,以及“肇事者采取措施来阻止该群体在特定领土上生存或繁衍”。[83]:3对种族灭绝的口头理解深受纳粹大屠杀的影响,认为无辜受害者之所以成为目标,是因其种族身份,而非任何政治原因。种族灭绝通常被认为是顶级的犯罪,在导致同等规模的平民死亡与破坏时,它比其它暴行更恶劣。[84]

涉嫌种族灭绝的行为

巴勒斯坦红新月会在加沙地带汗尤尼斯运营的救护车,在遭以色列军事空袭后受损严重

Since 7 October 2023, the IDF has been accused of indiscriminate mass arrest and detainment;[85][86] extrajudicial killing of unarmed Palestinian detainees,[87][88] doctors,[89] and workers; making threats of mutilation,[90] death, arson, and rape;[91] and torturing Palestinians detained without legal charges.[92] It has also been accused of using excessive force against dozens of schools[93] and hospitals;[94] theft;[95] the cruel and unnecessary desecration and mutilation of deceased Palestinians;[89] and making no, or an inadequate, distinction between Hamas forces and civilians.[96] The targeting and destruction of a variety of cultural and educational sites have also been pointed to as genocidal actions.[97] The use of unconventional weapons such as white phosphorus[a] has been highlighted as a genocidal act.[97]

In November 2023, Raz Segal detailed three actions the IDF was engaging in that were genocidal in nature: acts of killing, infliction of severe bodily harm, and implementation of measures strategically designed to destroy Palestinian existence. As evidence, he accuses the IDF of engaging in total warfare by destroying mass swathes of Gaza and imposing a strict blockade of essential goods.[99]

On 26 February 2024, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International both released statements declaring Israel had failed to comply with the International Court of Justice's 26 January ruling to prevent genocide by blocking aid from entry into Gaza.[100][101][102] Both statements reference the 16-year long blockade of Gaza,[100][101] which has intensified since 9 October.[103] A report by Refugees International found that Israel had "consistently and groundlessly impeded aid operations within Gaza".[104] Historian Melanie Tanielian argues that starvation, famine, and blockade should be foregrounded as methods of genocide alongside mass bombing. She references A. Dirk Moses's appeal not to ignore less spectacular forms of violence in the destruction of populations,[105] and highlights multiple other genocides where famine and starvation were used as methods of destruction.[106] In an April report, B'Tselem called the unfolding famine "the product of a deliberate and conscious Israeli policy".[107][108]

外部视频链接
External video
video icon Video of the air strike and its aftermath taken by a spectator filming a schoolyard football game. Contains graphic images of severe injury.[109]
video icon NBC News video on YouTube incorporating parts of the Al Jazeera footage and featuring comments from survivors

In October 2023, the World Food Program warned of Gaza's dwindling food supply,[110] and in December, alongside the United Nations, reported that more than half of Gaza's population was "starving", more than nine in ten were not eating every day, and 48% were suffering "extreme hunger".[111][112][113] Palestinian Foreign Minister Riyad al-Maliki, who is part of the Palestinian Authority, said Israel was using starvation as a weapon: "they are starving because of Israel's deliberate use of starvation as a weapon of war against the people it occupied". An Israeli official called the charge "blood-libellous" and "delusional".[114] In December 2023, Human Rights Watch similarly found that Israel was using starvation as a weapon of war by deliberately denying access to food and water.[115] On 16 January 2024, U.N. experts accused Israel of "destroying Gaza's food system and using food as a weapon against the Palestinian people".[116]

The law professor and United Nations special rapporteur on the right to food, Michael Fakhri, said that Israel is "culpable" of genocide because "Israel has announced its intention to destroy the Palestinian people, in whole or in part, simply for being Palestinian" and because Israel was denying food to Palestinians by halting humanitarian aid and "intentionally" destroying "small-scale fishing vessels, greenhouses and orchards in Gaza […] We have never seen a civilian population made to go so hungry so quickly and so completely, that is the consensus among starvation experts. Israel is not just targeting civilians, it is trying to damn the future of the Palestinian people by harming their children."[117] Since the ICJ ruling, the number of aid trucks Israel allows into Gaza has dropped by 40%.[118] In the ICJ's March reaffirmation of provisional measures, the court highlighted the "unprecedented levels of food insecurity experienced by Palestinians in the Gaza Strip over recent weeks, as well as the increasing risks of epidemics",[119] acknowledging that since the Court's January order there had been a "lack of Israeli compliance" resulting in "the catastrophic living conditions" deteriorating further.[120]

A poll conducted in the second week of January by researchers at Tel Aviv University found that 51% of the 502 Jewish Israeli responders believed that the IDF was using an appropriate amount of force in Gaza and 43% believed that it was not using enough force.[121][122] In an Israel Democracy Institute survey of 510 Israeli citizens in early February, 68% of respondents supported preventing all international aid from entering Gaza.[123]

In an interview with The New Statesman, the Israeli journalist and author Gideon Levy, a former aide and spokesman for Shimon Peres and longstanding writer for the Israeli daily Haaretz who has reported on Israel's settlement policy for 35 years, said: "Israel is deteriorating horribly. The most important thing, and you mentioned it, is how unanimous it is. It's not only the right-wingers. You cannot even show some empathy to Gaza, to the suffering of Gaza, which Israel doesn't see at all. The average Israeli saw nothing [of what has unfolded in] Gaza, only the soldiers there see it. The bravery, the sacrifice, the hostages and families, this is shown nonstop, but not a single image of the suffering of two million people in Gaza. I think it's the darkest time of Israel, maybe ever."[124]

Mark Levene and Elyse Semerdjian locate the mass destruction of infrastructure within Israel's Dahiya doctrine that has been implemented against Gaza since 2006, with Levene calling it urbicide and a tool of genocide.[125][126]

Photos of healthcare workers in Gaza killed in Israeli attacks, 25 November 2023

In articles published in November in the Lancet, and February 2024 in the journal BMJ Global Health, multiple doctors detailed how, in their professional opinions, the targeting of Gazan health infrastructure and medical personnel coupled with various Israeli politicians' openly genocidal rhetoric amounts to genocide.[127][128][129] Legal scholars have also supported this assessment.[130][131] Gaza's healthcare system faced several humanitarian crises as a result of Israel's assault: hospitals faced a lack of fuel[132] and began shutting down by 23 October as they ran out of fuel.[133] When hospitals lost power completely, multiple premature babies in NICUs died.[134][135][136] Israeli airstrikes have killed numerous medical staffers, and ambulances, health institutions, medical headquarters, and hospitals have been destroyed.[137] Médecins Sans Frontières has reported that scores of ambulances and medical facilities were damaged or destroyed,[138][139] including the deaths of Médecins Sans Frontières staff.[140][141] In late October, the Gaza Health Ministry said the healthcare system had "totally collapsed".[142]

On 11 March 2024, 12 Israeli human rights organisations signed an open letter accusing Israel of failing to abide by the ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by facilitating the delivery of humanitarian aid.[143][104]

UN human rights expert Francesca Albanese prepared a report for the U.N. stating that there are "reasonable grounds to believe" that Israel is carrying out genocide in Gaza, and advocated a global arms embargo on that basis.[144] She said the genocidal actions included "killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to groups' members; and deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part",[56] and highlighted that 70% of those killed were women and children, and that Israel has failed to show the 30% who are adult men were Hamas fighters.[145]

In late March it was reported that Israel had designated unmarked "kill zones" in Gaza, where any civilians would be shot on sight.[146]

In April, U.N. special rapporteur on the right to health Tlaleng Mofokeng said, "The destruction of healthcare facilities continues to catapult to proportions yet to be fully quantified". Mofokeng said Israel had not responded to the concerns she had raised about the situation, and that she had not been able to visit the Palestinian territory or Israel. But she said it was obvious that Israel was "killing and causing irreparable harm against Palestinian civilians with its bombardments", adding, "They are also knowingly and intentionally imposing famine, prolonged malnutrition and dehydration" and accusing Israel of "genocide". The current situation in Gaza, Mofokeng said, "is completely incompatible with the right to health".[147]

In June 2024, an investigation by the Associated Press found that to a "degree never seen before", Israel's campaign in Gaza was killing entire bloodlines of Palestinian families.[148]

As of August 25, 2024, The United Nations estimated that most of Gaza's 2.2 million people were confined to a humanitarian area of roughly 15 square miles, about two-thirds the size of Manhattan, which causes crowded conditions and a critical lack of basic services, like clean water, and diseases spreading widely across the population, such as Hepatitis C.[149]

受害者

塔巴因学校袭击英语Al-Tabaeen school attack后,装殓遇难者被烧焦或肢解的尸体的袋子

适用法律并未规定最低受害者的人数。[150][151]

直接受害者

歐洲-地中海人權監測組織英语Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor於2023年11月18日發布的一份報告,将以色列在加薩的行動稱为種族滅絕。报告指出,在加薩的巴勒斯坦人,有15,271人被殺,32,310人受傷,估計有41,500人下落不明。[152]多家新聞和學術媒體也報導了最新數據:截至2023年12月,至少20,000巴勒斯坦人在加薩被杀,估計其中70%是婦女和兒童。[153][154][155][156][157][35][註 5]截至2024年1月14日,即以色列进攻加沙100天之际,已確認的死亡人数已超過23,900人。[159]到5月10日,死亡人數已超過35,000人,其中三分之一的屍體身份不明,估計還有10,000多具屍體被埋在廢墟之下。[160]最初三週內以色列在加薩的袭擊造成的兒童死亡人數,已超过2019年以來任何一年全球所有衝突地區的總和。[161][14]:531截至2023年12月,受伤人数已超过52,000人;[154][155]至2024年5月,這一數字已上升至77,700多人。[5][162]

死者中妇女和儿童的比例一直存在争议。[163][164]聯合國於2024年5月7日公佈的死亡總人數為34,735人,其中24,686人已確認身分。在已確認身分的死者中,52%是婦女兒童,8%是未指明性別的“老年人”,40%是男人。[163]

随着冲突持续,由于基础设施遭到破坏,加沙卫生部收集数据变得越来越困难。[160]除常规的基于医院死亡人数的报告外,该部还不得不利用其它来源的信息进行补充,[160]包括媒体、急救人员以及死者家属的报告。还有寡妇们,她们必须正式登记丈夫的死亡,才能获得政府援助的资格。[165]经济学教授迈克·斯帕加特(Mike Spagat)分析了该部的报告,他发现迫切需要一种透明的方法,来调和其最高死亡人数——截至4月30日为34,535人——与同日统计的24,653人的详细死亡人数。[40]以色列当局也对该部公布的死亡总人数提出了质疑,但以色列情报部门、联合国和世卫组织都认可了该数据的准确性。[160]

间接受害者

拉沙·哈提卜(Rasha Khatib)、马丁·麦基英语Martin McKee萨利姆·尤素夫英语Salim Yusuf在《柳葉刀》的通讯栏目發表文章,對未來幾個月和幾年內,冲突可能間接造成的死亡人數作了估計。由於衝突激烈,醫療基礎設施遭到破壞,缺乏食物、水、住所,民众无法逃到安全之处,以及近東救濟工程處資金減少,預計巴勒斯坦人因疾病而間接死亡的人數將高得多。他們以其它冲突作為參照,估計加沙冲突相關的死亡總數,可能比報告的死亡人數高出3至15倍。他們將報告的死亡人數乘以5,認為根據保守估計,“有186,000人甚至更多的死亡,可以被归因于加薩目前的冲突”。[166]斯帕加特对此评论道,他们的估计“缺乏坚实的基础,不太具有说服力”。[167][168]即便如此,斯帕加特也同意,“应该注意到,并非所有死亡都是直接暴力造成的”,并称加沙的死亡人数“高得惊人”(staggeringly high)。[163][168]

自以色列—哈馬斯戰爭爆發以來,加薩地帶已有近200萬人流離失所。[12][169][170]:6南非等国批评,加沙地带北部全面撤离令是种族灭绝的重要组成部分。[78]

种族灭绝意图和种族灭绝言论

人权律师苏珊·阿克拉姆(Susan Akram)在评论大学人权网络英语James Cavallaro2024年5月的报告,以及反对将以色列的行为定性为种族灭绝时表示:“反对是出于政治考虑,因为国际人权法律界、许多其他法律和政治专家,包括许多大屠杀学者,都一致认为,以色列正在加沙实施种族灭绝。”[171]

国际儿童保护组织-巴勒斯坦等诉拜登等案英语Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al中,大屠杀历史学家巴里·特拉赫滕贝格英语Barry Trachtenberg作证称,种族灭绝历史学家一致认为,加沙的局势构成种族灭绝,主要是因为以色列官员的声明明确表明了这一点。他说:“就在我们说话的时候,我们正在见证种族灭绝的发生。我们处在这个极其独特的位置,可以利用我们现有的国际法机制进行干预来阻止它。”[172]

10月15日,“法律观点”博客英语Opinio Juris (blog)和“第三世界国际法方法评论”(Third World Approaches to International Law Review)网站发表了一封公开信,学者们在信中说,以色列官员们自10月7日以来的言论,表明他们有种族灭绝的意图。[173]非政府组织“巴勒斯坦法律”汇编了500多条以色列政治和军事官员的声明,这些声明据报道都是叫嚣进行种族灭绝的。[註 6][174]2024年6月11日,以色列官方X(前身为Twitter)账号发推称,“加沙平民参与了10月7日的恐怖事件”,后来引用了一段视频中的声明称:“那里没有无辜的平民。”[175]

10月7日,内塔尼亚胡表示,以色列将“让敌人付出巨大代价”,并将哈马斯的藏身之处“变成废墟”。[176][177]研究大屠杀和种族灭绝的教授奥马尔·巴托夫英语Omer Bartov将这些言论解读为种族灭绝意图。[178]在讨论10月7日以来的种族灭绝行动和意图时,种族灭绝学者马克·利文英语Mark Levene指出,在前面内塔尼亚胡政府的统治下,种族灭绝和种族清洗的言论日益增多。[16]:5美联社新闻的蒂亚·戈登伯格(Tia Goldenberg)也支持这一观点,她特别指出了财政部长贝扎雷尔·斯莫特里奇英语Bezalel Smotrich的言论,作为内塔尼亚胡政府统治下种族灭绝言论日益增多的例子。[179]以色列历史学家拉兹·西格尔英语Raz Segal和法律学者路易吉·丹尼尔(Luigi Daniele)也指出,2023年10月之前种族灭绝的言论越来越多,[29]:2还特别提到了2023年5月《以色列时报》的一篇文章。该文章称,实现和平的唯一途径是“消灭”巴勒斯坦,巴勒斯坦的存在是“对社会、道德和人类的侮辱”;[29]:1进一步呼吁对巴勒斯坦人进行再教育,并宣称只有他们不再作为一个国家存在,他们才能享有权利。西格尔和丹尼尔将该文章的言论与学术界的一种观点进行了比较,即俄罗斯媒体在俄罗斯入侵乌克兰时所发表的类似言论是种族灭绝的[29]:1西格尔和丹尼尔还指向了国家安全部长伊塔马尔·本-格维尔、前议会议员阿耶莱特·沙凯德和斯莫特里奇此前的言论,其中斯莫特里奇曾在2023年2月呼吁摧毁约旦河西岸的巴勒斯坦村庄。[29]:1-2种族灭绝学者施穆埃尔·莱德曼(Shmuel Lederman)详细介绍了斯莫特里奇和其他人的言论,那些人否认巴勒斯坦的民族地位,并叫嚣摧毁巴勒斯坦,或将巴勒斯坦人从以色列所声称的领土上驱逐。这些言论在2023年10月的事件发生前,已成为加沙的哈马斯领导层政治讨论的焦点。[28]:1-2在斯莫特里奇发表评论时,新闻媒体也强调了他们的种族灭绝性质。[180][181]

弗朗西斯卡·阿尔巴尼斯是联合国特别报告员,负责调查1967年以来的巴勒斯坦被占领土的人权状况。2024年3月26日,她向联合国人权理事会提交了一份报告,题为《种族灭绝剖析》(Anatomy of a Genocide)。[56]报告得出的结论是,以色列正在实施种族灭绝行为。但以色列拒绝接受该报告。[182][183][184]

在国际法院的罗兴亚种族灭绝案英语Rohingya genocide case中,相较于国际法院过去所采用的证据标准来说,英、德等国支持采用更为宽松的标准来支持种族灭绝意图英语genocidal intent的证据——这往往是法庭上证明种族灭绝最困难的部分。这些国家认为,国际法院应该“采取一种平衡的方法,既承认种族灭绝罪的特殊严重性,但又不能让推断种族灭绝意图的门槛难以企及,以至于几乎无法做出种族灭绝的判决。”[78]

以色列内阁部长

据学者马克·利文英语Mark Levene和阿卜杜勒瓦哈卜·埃尔阿芬迪(Abdelwahab El-Affendi)称,自2023年10月7日以来,各种官方和半官方消息来源和渠道,都发表了带有种族灭绝意图暗示的言论。[170]:6[16]:5-6以色列人权律师迈克尔·斯法德英语Michael Sfard告诉《新阿拉伯人报》,阿克萨洪水行动以色列—哈马斯战争人质危机以及哈马斯的战争罪行英语War crimes in the Israel–Hamas war#By Hamas and allied militant groups“引发了愤怒,将边缘群体的言论转化为如今政客、记者和名人的大量声明”,为其他人接受此类言论“提供了风向”。他补充说:“我们已经习惯了哈马斯的种族灭绝言论。哈马斯盟约中有明显的严重反犹主义条款,其中有些条款可以被解读为表达了消灭以色列犹太人的愿望。……过去,这样谈论巴勒斯坦人,在以色列国内被视为越界行为。……但阿克萨洪水冲破了这条红线。”[185]

2023年10月9日,以色列国防部长约阿夫·加兰特表示:[186][185]

We are imposing a complete siege on Gaza. There will be no electricity, no food, no water, no fuel, everything will be closed. We are fighting against human animals and will act accordingly.[我们正在对加沙实施全面封锁。断电、断食物、断水、断燃料,一切都将切断。我们正在与人形动物战斗,并将采取相应行动。]

该声明被形容为非人化的典型例子。[178][187]肯尼思·罗斯英语Kenneth Roth认为,尽管有人辩解说这番言论针对的只是哈马斯,但上下文清楚地表明,“人形动物”指的是加沙的所有人。[188]这些言论也与加沙地带饥荒有关。[189]10月10日,加兰特说:“加沙不会回到从前。不会有哈马斯。我们将消灭一切。”[173][註 7][190][191]

以色列农业部长阿维·迪希特12频道上,聲稱要把这场战争变成“加沙的大灾难”。[192]另一名来自利库德集团以色列议会议员阿里尔·卡尔纳英语Ariel Kallner在社交媒体上写道,“只有一个目标:大灾难!这场大灾难将超越(1948年的)大灾难。加沙的大灾难,所有敢于加入者的大灾难”。[193]以色列文化遗产部长阿米哈伊·埃利亚胡叫嚣向加沙扔一颗原子弹。[192][7]:5加州大学洛杉矶分校Y&S纳扎里安以色列研究中心主任多夫·瓦克斯曼英语Dov Waxman表示,右翼部长们使用的一些言论将巴勒斯坦平民非人化,因此可以被视为“潜在的种族灭绝”。他还说,这些言论对以色列政策的影响有限,因为这些部长“不属于战时内阁”,但这些建议仍然令人担忧。[192]

以色列能源部长伊斯雷尔·卡茨说:“我们命令加沙所有平民立即撤离。我们必将胜利。在他们离开这个世界之前,他们不会得到一滴水、一块电池。”[194][173]

2024年4月29日,财政部长贝扎雷尔·斯莫特里奇英语Bezalel Smotrich表示:“没有半途而废……拉法代尔拜莱赫努塞拉特——统统消灭。‘你要从天下抹去亚玛力人的名号。’天下没有给他们的地方。”[195]以色列《国土报》将其言论描述为鼓吹种族灭绝。[196]8月,斯莫特里奇表示,“饿死200万人”可能是“合理且道德的”,并哀叹世界不会允许这样做。[197][198]

2024年6月,雅法一名拉比煽动其赫斯德英语Hesder(犹太学校)的学生去杀死加沙所有居民,包括儿童和抚养他们的母亲,负责调查该案的警方已将其搁置。[199]

以色列总统和以色列议会议员

以色列总统伊萨克·赫尔佐格将阿克萨洪水行动归咎于巴勒斯坦“整个民族”。[35]他还说:“这种关于平民不知情、没有参与的言论是假的。绝对是假的。”[173]

极右翼的团结犹太人英语Otzma Yehudit党的代表人物伊扎克·克罗伊泽尔英语Yitzhak Kroizer在接受电台采访时表示:“应该夷平加沙地带,对他们所有人来说,只有一句话,那就是死亡。”[200]利库德集团的塔利·戈特利夫英语Tally Gotliv叫嚣对加沙使用核武器。[200]

引用关于亚玛力人的叙述

迪克·斯廷斯(Dick Stins)创作的“大卫之星”,又名“亚玛力人纪念碑”,是海牙的一座纳粹大屠杀纪念碑。旁边的文字(荷兰语和希伯来语)来自《申命记》25:17, 19——“记住亚玛力人对你们所做之事……不可忘记。”[191][201]

以色列总理内塔尼亚胡在战争期间多次重复引用关于亚玛力人的叙述,这被许多批评者视为种族灭绝意图的证据,[202][178][194][16]:4-5其中也包括南非。[202]在2023年10月28日的一次演讲中,内塔尼亚胡(用希伯来语)说:“你必须记住亚玛力人对你们所做之事,这是我们的圣经说的”,该句引自希伯来圣经中的《申命记》25:17。[203][170]:2[註 8]“记住亚玛力人对你们所做之事”(希伯來語זכור את אשר עשה לך עמלק‎)这句话被用在纳粹大屠杀的各种纪念物上,包括以色列犹太大屠杀纪念馆和海牙犹太人纪念碑(Hague Jewish Monument)。[191]内塔尼亚胡在给以色列国防军官兵的一封信中再次提到了这段经文。[194]

批评者将内塔尼亚胡对亚玛力人的暗示与《撒母耳记》上15:3联系起来:“现在你要去打亚玛力人,尽行毁灭他们所拥有的一切,不要怜悯他们;将男女老少、牛、羊、骆驼和驴尽都杀掉。”[註 9]琼斯母亲》的诺亚·兰纳德(Noah Lanard)将讨论亚玛力人的经文称为圣经中最暴力的经文之一,并写道,这些经文长期以来被极右翼犹太人(如巴鲁赫·戈尔茨坦)用来为杀害巴勒斯坦人辩护。[204]亚玛力人是“上帝命令古代以色列人进行种族灭绝的对象”,[205]学者们称这节经文是“神授种族灭绝”的一个例子。[206][202][178]

其他以色列官员

政府领土活动协调员英语Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories加桑·阿里安英语Ghassan Alian少将说:“(加沙)将断水断电,只有毁灭。你们求地狱得地狱。”[185]

以色列国防军少将吉奥拉·艾兰德英语Giora Eiland写道:“加沙将变成人类无法生存的地方”,“在加沙制造严重的人道主义危机,是实现这一目标的必要手段。”[178]以色列历史学家和大屠杀学者奥默·巴托夫英语Omer Bartov指出,没有任何以色列政治家或以色列国防军的任何人谴责这一言论。[178]

对于以色列轰炸加沙,以色列军方发言人表示:“在平衡准确性和破坏范围的同时,我们现在专注于造成最大破坏的方法。”[207]法律学者将此解读为有意摧毁加沙。[173]

极右翼政客、前议会议员摩西·费格林英语Moshe Feiglin表示:“只有一个解决办法,就是在入侵加沙之前彻底摧毁它。我是说像德累斯顿和广岛那样的破坏,只是不用核武器”。[185][208][209]经济部长英语Ministry of Economy (Israel)尼尔·巴尔卡特后来表示:“我不记得英国或美国在二战末期轰炸德累斯顿时,考虑过当地居民。”[208]学者、非以色列政客和新闻机构也援引德累斯顿轰炸事件为以色列轰炸加沙辩护。[210][211]

法律学者尼梅尔·苏尔塔尼英语Nimer Sultany强调,在加沙北部指挥地面行动的多名以色列军队指挥官发表声明,叫嚣减少人口及采取“焦土政策”。[25]:1-2士兵们在社交媒体上也表达了同样的看法。[25]:1-2历史学家约阿夫·迪卡普阿(Yoav Di-Capua)还指出,越来越多的官兵加入了哈达尔派英语Hardal[212]:13-14迪卡普阿认为该派别信奉种族灭绝的意识形态。[212]:3-4

种族灭绝意图的其它证据

在战斗中,以色列14频道英语Channel 14 (Israel)记录了每位被杀的巴勒斯坦人,并将所有巴勒斯坦伤亡者称为恐怖分子。[213]与此同时,14频道的记者兼主持人西蒙·里克林希伯來語שמעון ריקלין (איש תקשורת)公开支持以色列犯下更多战争罪行。[213][214]

科罗拉多大学法学院英语University of Colorado Law School教授玛丽亚姆·贾姆希迪英语Maryam Jamshidi指出,以色列所声称的目标是“摧毁哈马斯,包括消灭其政治和行政领导层,以及消灭其警察和军事力量”,但其实际目标是“加沙的知识、文化和宗教领袖”。她引用了先前与波斯尼亚大屠杀有关的论点,写道,种族灭绝意图可以“通过有证据表明受保护团体的平民领导层及其军事和执法力量已成为消灭目标”来证明,因为这会使该团体的其他成员更容易遭受各种非法虐待,例如强迫移民。根据国际法,针对哈马斯控制的平民组织是非法的。[215]

贾姆希迪还指出,“以色列长期以来对巴勒斯坦人以及在加沙的行为模式”——例如对加沙的封锁,以及在以往战争中对民用基础设施的破坏——战争期间大量平民死亡以人道主义安全区为幌子进行“大规模强迫流离失所和种族清洗”,“以色列国防军的做法削弱了以色列声称其‘战争’只针对哈马斯和其它巴勒斯坦武装团体而非巴勒斯坦平民的说法”,“由智能手机记录并被媒体公布的大量暴行,以及支持种族灭绝裁决的联合国专家报告,这些都增加了国际法院对南非作出有利裁决的可能性。[78]:10

法国急诊室医生帕斯卡尔·安德烈(Pascal Andre)在接受土耳其新闻机构阿纳多卢通讯社采访时表示,他和同事“从未见过战区如此严重地针对平民”,“作为医护人员,我们见证了种族灭绝的意图”。[216]

注释

  1. ^ 根據加薩衛生部及政府信息办公室(Government Information Office)的說法。[1](该部门此前被知名独立组织认为可靠。[2][3])與此同時,至少有570名巴勒斯坦人約旦河西岸被殺害。[4]
  2. ^ 破坏包括:[9][10]
    • 至少360,000所住房
    • 392处教育设施
    • 267处礼拜场所
    • 12家医院部分运转
    • 83%的水井无法使用
  3. ^ 拜登政府内部在这一立场上存在分歧,许多工作人员反对美国的支持,[32]而副总统贺锦丽则推动提供更多人道主义援助和停火。[33]
  4. ^ 尚不清楚死亡人数中,有多少是因友军误伤汉尼拔指令造成的。Ynet英语Ynet一篇文章指出,在10月7日的袭击中,以色列国防军发生了“大量且复杂的”友军误伤事故。[72][73][74][75]
  5. ^ 根据加沙卫生部和政府信息办公室的数据,截至2024年1月3日,已确认死亡的人数已超过22,300人。[158]
  6. ^ 这些声明的列表见这里
  7. ^ 原文:Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant declared on 9 October that "we are fighting human animals and we act accordingly". He subsequently announced that Israel was moving to "a full-scale response" and that he had "removed every restriction" on Israeli force.[以色列国防部长约阿夫·加兰特于10月9日称:“我们正在与人形动物战斗,并将采取相应行动。”他随后宣布,以色列将采取“全面回应”,并且他已对以色列武力“取消一切限制”。]
  8. ^ 原文:Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way as ye came forth out of Egypt; how he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, all that were enfeebled in thy rear, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God. Therefore it shall be, when the Lord thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the Lord thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget.[记住:你们出埃及的时候,在路上亚玛力人怎样待你们;他在路上遇见你们,如何侵袭你们落在最后的人,那些都是落在后面的老弱病残,而他并不敬畏神。所以,耶和华你神使你远离四围的一切仇敌,在耶和华你神赐你为业之地得享平安的时候,你要将亚玛力人的名号从天下抹除了,不可忘记。](《申命记》25:17–19,美国犹太出版协会版本英语Jewish Publication Society of America Version
  9. ^ 美国犹太出版协会译本英语Jewish Publication Society of America Version钦定版圣经对这节经文给出了相同的翻译。

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Motamedi, Maziar. Israel's war on Gaza live: Grief, anger as dozens killed in school attack - Number of people killed in Israeli attacks on Gaza rises [以色列加沙战争实况:悲痛、愤怒,袭击学校造成数十人死亡——以色列袭击加沙造成的死亡人数持续增加]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-08-10. (原始内容存档于2024-08-10) (英语). 
  2. ^ Prothero, Mitchell. Israeli Intelligence Has Deemed Hamas-Run Health Ministry's Death Toll Figures Generally Accurate [以色列情报部门认为哈马斯控制的卫生部的死亡人数数据基本准确]. Vice新闻. 2024-01-25. (原始内容存档于2024-03-03) (英语). 
  3. ^ Huynh, Benjamin Q.; Chin, Elizabeth T.; Spiegel, Paul B. No evidence of inflated mortality reporting from the Gaza Ministry of Health [没有证据表明加沙卫生部报告的死亡数字虚高]. 柳叶刀. 2023-12-06, 403 (10421): 23—24. PMID 38070526. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02713-7 (英语). 
  4. ^ Pietromarchi, Virginia; Jamal, Urooba. Israel war on Gaza live: 60 bodies recovered from Gaza City: Civil Defence - Israel's war on Gaza in numbers [以色列加沙战争实况:从加沙城找到60具尸体:民防 - 以色列加沙战争数据]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-07-12. (原始内容存档于2024-07-12) (英语). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 10,000 people feared buried under the rubble in Gaza [加沙废墟下恐埋万人]. 联合国驻巴勒斯坦. 2024-05-03 [2024-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-05) (英语). 
  6. ^ Khatib, Rasha; McKee, Martin; Yusuf, salim. Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential [统计加沙死亡人数:困难但重要]. 柳叶刀. 2024-07-05, 404: 237 [2024-08-14]. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01169-3 (英语). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Semerdjian, Elyse. A World Without Civilians [没有平民的世界]. 种族灭绝研究杂志英语Journal of Genocide Research. 2024-01-24: 1—6. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2306714 (英语). 
  8. ^ Malsin, Jared. The Ruined Landscape of Gaza After Nearly Three Months of Bombing [近三个月轰炸后,加沙一片废墟]. 华尔街日报. 2023-12-30 [2024-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-04) (英语). 
  9. ^ Varshalomidze, Tamila; Motamedi, Maziar. Netanyahu criticises Israel's allies for 'short memory' [内塔尼亚胡批评以色列盟友“记忆力差”]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-03-17 [2024-03-17]. (原始内容存档于2024-03-17) (英语). 
  10. ^ UNOSAT Gaza Strip Comprehensive Damage Assessment-January 2024 [UNOSAT加沙地带综合损失评估-2024年1月]. ReliefWeb. 2024-02-01 [2024-03-21]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-10) (英语). 
  11. ^ Burke, Jason. One in five households in Gaza go whole days without food, draft UN report says [联合国报告草案称,加沙五分之一家庭全天没有食物]. 卫报. 2024-06-24. (原始内容存档于2024-07-06) (英语). 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza [以色列:饥饿被用作加沙战争的武器]. 人权观察. 2023-12-18 [2024-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-10) (英语). 
  13. ^ Sathar, M. A. The war on Gaza. A test of our humanity [加沙战争:对我们人性的考验]. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law. 2023年12月, 16 (3): 82—83. doi:10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1734可免费查阅 (英语). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Qutami, Loubna. A Feminist Practice of Bearing Witness to Genocide [见证种族灭绝的女权主义实践]. 女权主义研究英语Feminist Studies. 2023, 49 (2): 531—533. S2CID 266441159. doi:10.1353/fem.2023.a915923 (英语). 
  15. ^ 迪迪埃·法辛英语Didier Fassin. The Rhetoric of Denial: Contribution to an Archive of the Debate about Mass Violence in Gaza [否认的言论:关于加沙大规模暴力事件辩论档案的贡献]. 种族灭绝研究杂志. 2024-02-05: 1—7. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2308941 (英语). 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 马克·利文英语Mark Levene. Gaza 2023: Words Matter, Lives Matter More [加沙2023:话语重要,生命更重要] (PDF). 种族灭绝研究杂志. 2024-01-21, (Forum: Israel–Palestine: Atrocity Crimes and the Crisis of Holocaust and Genocide Studies): 1—7. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2301866. eISSN 1469-9494. (原始内容存档于2024-07-04) (英语). 
  17. ^ Mackenzie, James; Lubell, Maayan. Israel launches Gaza war's second phase with ground operation, Netanyahu says [内塔尼亚胡称,以色列发动加沙战争第二阶段地面行动]. 路透社. 2023-10-29 [2023-11-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-10-29) (英语). Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis [...] Abbas ... said, "Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world."[在伊斯兰组织哈马斯10月7日发动袭击,并造成1,400名以色列人死亡之后,以色列加强了对加沙地带的封锁和轰炸,持续了三个星期【……】阿巴斯……说:“在全世界人民众目睽睽之下,我们在加沙地带的人民正面临着以色列占领军发动的种族灭绝和屠杀战争。”] 
  18. ^ Antonio, Raymund. Civilians not a target: Envoy decries 'genocide' tag of Israel–Hamas war [莫把平民当目标:特使谴责以色列—哈马斯战争的“种族灭绝”标签]. 马尼拉公报. 2023-10-23 [2023-11-01]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-01) (英语). Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians.[以色列驻菲律宾大使伊兰·弗鲁斯否认他的国家正在加沙城实施种族灭绝,该城爆发的战争已持续两周【……】他们的手段针对的是哈马斯成员,他们“正采取一切措施来避免平民受到【袭击】影响”。“我们在袭击前就告知平民:远离哈马斯的基础设施和其它设施,”【……】哈马斯在10月7日袭击了以色列,造成至少1,400人死亡,其中大部分是平民。] 
  19. ^ Chacar, Henriette. Israel revises Hamas attack death toll to 'around 1,200' [以色列将哈马斯袭击的死亡人数修正为“约1,200人”]. 路透社. 2023-11-10. (原始内容存档于2023-01-11) (英语). 
  20. ^ Smith, Mitch; McCarthy, Lauren; Londoño, Ernesto; Jordan, Miriam. Palestinian Americans, Dismayed by Violence, Say Historical Context Is Being Overlooked [巴勒斯坦裔美国人对暴力感到沮丧,称历史背景被忽视]. 纽约时报. 2023-10-12 [2023-10-12]. ISSN 0190-8286. (原始内容存档于2023-11-12) (英语). 
  21. ^ Nichols, Michelle. Palestinian UN envoy accuses Israel of 'genocidal' campaign against Gaza [巴勒斯坦联合国特使指责以色列对加沙实施“种族灭绝”行为]. 路透社. 2023-10-11 [2023-10-13]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-14) (英语). 
  22. ^ 马尔万·比沙拉英语Marwan Bishara. Israel is manufacturing a case for genocide [以色列正在制造种族灭绝惨案]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2023-10-12 [2023-10-12]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-20) (英语). 
  23. ^ Abraham, Yuval. 'Lavender': The AI machine directing Israel's bombing spree in Gaza [“薰衣草”:指挥以色列轰炸加沙的AI机器]. +972杂志. 2024-04-03 [2024-07-03] (英语). "There was a completely permissive policy regarding the casualties of [bombing] operations — so permissive that in my opinion it had an element of revenge," D., an intelligence source, claimed. … A. also used the word "revenge" to describe the atmosphere inside the army after October 7.[情报人员D声称:“对【轰炸】行动的伤亡采取了完全放纵的政策,在我看来,这种放纵带有报复的意味。”……A还使用了“报复”一词,来描述10月7日之后的军队内部气氛。] 
  24. ^ Litvin, Yoav. The anatomy of Zionist genocide [剖析锡安主义种族灭绝]. Al Jazeera. 2023-12-21. (原始内容存档于2024-02-24) (英语). 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 尼梅尔·苏尔塔尼英语Nimer Sultany. A Threshold Crossed: On Genocidal Intent and the Duty to Prevent Genocide in Palestine [跨越门槛:关于种族灭绝意图和防止巴勒斯坦种族灭绝的责任]. 种族灭绝研究杂志. 2024-05-09: 1—26. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2351261可免费查阅 (英语). 
  26. ^ On the Dehumanization of the Palestinians [关于巴勒斯坦人的非人待遇]. palestine-studies.com. 巴勒斯坦研究院英语Institute for Palestine Studies. [2024-07-03] (英语). The current genocidal assaults on Palestinians in the Gaza strip have undoubtedly been enabled by decades of anti-Palestinian racism propagated by both government and military officials and by media outlets. ... This has never been clearer than over the course of the last two weeks as U.S. and Israeli political and military leaders sow fear and paranoia, and trot out the worst anti-Arab rhetoric we have seen since the period following 9/11. This racist rhetoric is intended to dehumanize the Palestinians in order to neutralize public outrage at what may amount to the worst ethnic cleansing since the 1948 Nakba and what constitutes a genocide at the hands of one of the most advanced militaries in the world, all while world powers watch and do nothing.[毫无疑问,数十年来政府和军方官员以及媒体宣传的反巴勒斯坦种族主义,造成了加沙地带巴勒斯坦人目前遭受的种族灭绝袭击。……在过去两周里,美国和以色列的政治和军事领导人散布恐惧和偏执,并发表了自九一一事件以来我们所看到的最糟糕的反阿拉伯言论,这一点从未如此明显。这些种族主义言论旨在将巴勒斯坦人非人化,以抵消公众的愤怒。这可能是自1948年巴勒斯坦人大逃亡以来最严重的种族清洗,以及世界上最先进的军队之一实施的种族灭绝,而世界大国们却袖手旁观,无动于衷。] 
  27. ^ The role of Islamophobia in the genocide in Gaza [在加沙种族灭绝中伊斯兰恐惧症的影响]. CAGE英语Cage (organisation). [2024-07-03]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-25) (英语). 
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Lederman, Shmuel. Gaza as a Laboratory 2.0 [加沙是实验室2.0]. 种族灭绝研究杂志. 2024-01-29: 1—6. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2309706 (英语). 
  29. ^ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 拉兹·西格尔英语Raz Segal; Daniele, Luigi. Gaza as Twilight of Israel Exceptionalism: Holocaust and Genocide Studies from Unprecedented Crisis to Unprecedented Change [加沙——以色列例外论的黄昏:大屠杀和种族灭绝研究从前所未有的危机到前所未有的变革]. 种族灭绝研究杂志. 2024-03-05: 1—10. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2325804可免费查阅 (英语). 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 马丁·肖英语Martin Shaw (sociologist). Inescapably Genocidal [不可避免的种族灭绝]. 种族灭绝研究杂志. 2024-01-03: 1—5. S2CID 266778978. doi:10.1080/14623528.2023.2300555 (英语). 
  31. ^ 乌古尔·乌米特·翁格尔英语Uğur Ümit Üngör. Screaming, Silence, and Mass Violence in Israel/Palestine [以色列/巴勒斯坦的尖叫、沉默和大规模暴力]. 种族灭绝研究杂志. 2024-01-26: 1—9. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2309709可免费查阅 (英语). 
  32. ^ Guyer, Jonathan. 'Extraordinary': Biden administration staffers' growing dissent against Gaza policy [“非同寻常”:拜登政府工作人员对加沙政策的反对意见与日俱增]. 卫报. 2024-01-06 [2024-08-08] (英语). 
  33. ^ Harris escalates administration calls for Gaza ceasefire [贺锦丽升级呼吁,促政府助加沙停火]. cnn.com. CNN. 2024-03-04 [2024-08-08] (英语). 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Gaza: UN experts call on international community to prevent genocide against the Palestinian people [加沙:联合国专家呼吁国际社会防止针对巴勒斯坦人民的种族灭绝]. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处. 2023-11-16 [2023-12-22]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-24) (英语). Grave violations committed by Israel against Palestinians in the aftermath of 7 October, particularly in Gaza, point to a genocide in the making, UN experts said today. They illustrated evidence of increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to "destroy the Palestinian people under occupation", loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure.[联合国专家今天表示,10月7日之后以色列对巴勒斯坦人实施的严重侵犯行为,尤其是在加沙,表明正在制造一场种族灭绝。这些行为表明,以色列日甚一日地煽动种族灭绝,公然意图“消灭被占领土的巴勒斯坦人民”,并为加沙和其它巴勒斯坦被占领土上发生的“第二次灾难日”、使用无差别杀伤力的强大武器、造成大量人员死亡、维持生命的基础设施被毁而大声疾呼。] 
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Burga, Solcyré. Is What's Happening in Gaza a Genocide? Experts Weigh In [加沙发生的事是种族灭绝吗?专家们发表看法]. 时代杂志. 2023-11-13 [2023-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-25) (英语). 
  36. ^ Corder, Mike. South Africa's genocide case against Israel sets up a high-stakes legal battle at the UN's top court [南非诉以色列种族灭绝案在联合国最高法院引发高风险法律战]. ABC新闻. 2024-01-02 [2024-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-07) (英语). 
  37. ^ 约翰·B·奎格利英语John B. Quigley. The Lancet and Genocide By "Slow Death" in Gaza [《柳叶刀》与加沙“慢性死亡”造成的种族灭绝]. Arab Center Washington DC. 2024-07-03 [2024-07-13]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-13) (英语). 
  38. ^ Schwarz, Franziska. "Düsterer Meilenstein": UN benennt Zahl der täglichen Toten im Gazastreifen [“黑暗里程碑”:联合国每日公布加沙地带死亡人数]. 法兰克福评论报. 2024-08-16 [2024-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2024-08-23) (德语). 
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 Tantesh, Malak A.; Graham-Harrison, Emma. Gaza rubble likely to conceal untold horrors to swell 40,000 death toll [加沙废墟可能隐藏不为人知的恐怖 死亡人数或达4万]. 卫报. 2024-08-15 [2024-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2024-08-22) (英语). 
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 Spagat, Mike. Gaza Ministry of Health releases detailed new casualty data amidst confusion of UN's death numbers in Gaza [加沙卫生部发布最新详细伤亡数据,联合国的加沙死亡人数存在混乱]. 打击武装暴力英语Action On Armed Violence. 2024-05-28 [2024-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-10) (英语). 
  41. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma. Gaza death toll set to pass 30,000, as Israel prepares assault on Rafah [以色列准备进攻拉法,加沙死亡人数将超3万]. 卫报. 2024-02-25. (原始内容存档于2024-02-27) (英语). 
  42. ^ Journalist casualties in the Israel-Gaza war [以色列-加沙战争中的记者伤亡]. 保护记者委员会. 2024-06-22 [2024-06-22]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-09) (英语). 
  43. ^ Buschek, Christo; Christoph, Maria; Kalisch, Muriel; Kollig, Dajana; Obermaier, Frederik; Retter, Maria. (S+) The Gaza Project: Sie berichten aus der Todeszone – viele kostet das ihr Leben [(S+)加沙项目:他们从死亡区报道——多人牺牲]. 明镜. 2024-06-25 [2024-08-19]. ISSN 2195-1349. (原始内容存档于2024-07-26) (德语). 
  44. ^ Gaza war 'most dangerous ever' for journalists, says rights group [人权组织称加沙战争对记者来说是“有史以来最危险的”]. 路透社. 2023-12-21. (原始内容存档于2023-12-22) (英语). 
  45. ^ Massoud, Bassam; Fick, Maggie. Gaza death toll: why counting the dead has become a daily struggle [加沙死亡人数:统计死亡人数为何成每日难题]. 路透社. 2023-12-23. (原始内容存档于2024-01-14) (英语). 
  46. ^ UN Human Rights Office - OPT: Statement on the killing and arbitrary detention of health workers in Gaza - occupied Palestinian territory [联合国人权办公室-巴勒斯坦被占领土:关于在加沙巴勒斯坦被占领土的医护人员被杀害和任意拘留的声明]. ReliefWeb. 2024-06-25 [2024-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-10) (英语). 
  47. ^ Reported impact snapshot | Gaza Strip, 28 August 2024 at 15:00 [报告影响快照 | 加沙地带,2024年8月28日15:00]. 联合国人道主义事务协调厅. 2024-08-28 (英语). 
  48. ^ Neuman, Scott; Baba, Anas; Wood, Daniel. In Gaza, months of war have left Palestinians with barely the necessities to survive [在加沙,数月的战争使巴勒斯坦人几乎失去了生存必需品]. 全国公共广播电台. 2024-06-01. (原始内容存档于2024-08-22) (英语). 
  49. ^ El Chamaa, Mohamad. Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural beacons and communal spaces [加沙人哀悼失去图书馆:文化灯塔和公共空间]. 华盛顿邮报. 2023-12-01. (原始内容存档于2023-11-30) (英语). 
  50. ^ Moutafa, Laila Hussein. Opinion: When libraries like Gaza's are destroyed, what's lost is far more than books [评论:像加沙这样的图书馆被摧毁时,失去的远不止书籍]. 洛杉矶时报. 2023-12-12. (原始内容存档于2024-08-08) (英语). 
  51. ^ UN experts deeply concerned over 'scholasticide' in Gaza [联合国专家对加沙“校园杀戮”深表关切]. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处. 联合国. 2024-04-18. (原始内容存档于2024-04-18) (英语). 
  52. ^ Stack, Liam; Shbair, Bilal. With Schools in Ruins, Education in Gaza Will Be Hobbled for Years [学校化为废墟 将阻碍加沙教育多年]. 纽约时报. 2024-05-06. (原始内容存档于2024-07-15) (英语). 
  53. ^ In Gaza, Palestinians hold Ramadan prayers by ruins of mosque [在加沙,巴勒斯坦人在清真寺废墟旁举行斋月祈祷]. 路透社. 2024-03-15. (原始内容存档于2024-08-18) (英语). 
  54. ^ Kansara, Reha; Nour, Ahmed. Israel-Gaza war: Counting the destruction of religious sites [以色列加沙战争:宗教场所毁坏情况统计]. BBC新闻. 2024-01-29. (原始内容存档于2024-08-14) (英语). 
  55. ^ Saber, Indlieb Farazi. A 'cultural genocide': Which of Gaza's heritage sites have been destroyed? [“文化灭绝”:加沙哪些遗址已被摧毁?]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-01-14. (原始内容存档于2024-08-13) (英语). 
  56. ^ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Francesca Albanese, Anatomy of a Genocide – Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, Francesca Albanese (PDF), 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处, 2024-03-26, Wikidata Q125152282, (原始内容存档 (PDF)于25 March 2024) (英语) 
  57. ^ Soni, S. Gaza and international law: The global obligation to protect life and health [加沙与国际法:保护生命和健康的全球义务]. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law. 2023年12月, 16 (3): 80—81. doi:10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1764可免费查阅 (英语). 
  58. ^ International Expert Statement on Israeli State Crime [国际专家关于以色列国家犯罪的声明]. statecrime.org. 国际国家犯罪倡议英语International State Crime Initiative. [2024-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-06) (英语). 
  59. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为Brookings的参考文献提供内容
  60. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为ICJ-2023-12-29的参考文献提供内容
  61. ^ 琼·多诺霍英语Joan Donoghue. Joan Donoghue – Former President of the International Court of Justice [琼·多诺霍——国际法院前院长]需要付费订阅. HARDtalk英语HARDtalk. 访谈 with 史蒂芬·萨克英语Stephen Sackur (BBC). 2024-04-25: 5:10 [2024-07-05] (英语). The court decided that the Palestinians had a plausible right to be protected from genocide, and that South Africa had the right to present that claim in the court.[法院裁定,巴勒斯坦人有权受到保护、免遭种族灭绝,南非有权向法院提起这一诉讼。] 
  62. ^ 62.0 62.1 Order of 26 January 2024 [2024年1月26日命令] (PDF). 国际法院: ¶ 54. 2024-01-26. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2024-02-13) (英语). In the Court's view, the facts and circumstances mentioned above are sufficient to conclude that at least some of the rights claimed by South Africa and for which it is seeking protection are plausible. This is the case with respect to the right of the Palestinians in Gaza to be protected from acts of genocide and related prohibited acts identified in Article III, and the right of South Africa to seek Israel's compliance with the latter's obligations under the Convention.[法院认为,上述事实和情况足以得出结论,南非所主张并寻求保护的权利,至少有一部分是合理的。例如,依《公约》第三条,加沙的巴勒斯坦人有权受到保护,免遭种族灭绝,免受相关禁止行为的侵害,南非有权要求以色列遵守《公约》所规定的义务。] Application of Convention on Prevention and Punishment of Crime of Genocide (S. Afr. v. Isr.)[《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(南非诉以色列)],No.192
  63. ^ Simon, Scott; Peralta, Eyder. ICJ finds genocide case against Israel 'plausible', orders it to stop violations [国际法院裁定,对以色列的种族灭绝指控“合理”,命令其停止违法行为]. 全国公共广播电台. 2024-01-27 [2024-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-28) (英语). 
  64. ^ 64.0 64.1 Casciani, Dominic. Israel-Gaza: What did the ICJ ruling really say? [以色列-加沙:国际法院的裁决到底说了什么?]. BBC. 2024-05-16 [2024-05-17]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-17) (英语). 
  65. ^ Casciani, Dominic. Israel-Gaza: What does ICJ ruling on Israel's Rafah offensive mean? [以色列-加沙:国际法院对以色列拉法攻势的裁决意味着什么?]. BBC新闻. 2024-05-28. (原始内容存档于2024-05-29) (英语). 
  66. ^ Marsi, Federica; Siddiqui, Usaid; Motamedi, Maziar. ICJ orders Israel to stop preventing 'delivery of urgently needed' aid [国际法院命令以色列停止阻止“提供急需的”援助]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-03-28 [2024-04-02]. (原始内容存档于2024-04-02) (英语). 
  67. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为McKernan的参考文献提供内容
  68. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为NBC-2024-01-26的参考文献提供内容
  69. ^ Hamas leader Haniyeh: Battle 'will spread to West Bank, Jerusalem' [哈马斯领导人哈尼亚:战斗“将蔓延至约旦河西岸和耶路撒冷”]. 阿拉伯新闻. 美联社路透社. 2023-10-08. (原始内容存档于2023-10-18) (英语). The leader of Hamas' military wing, Mohammed Deif, said Saturday's assault was in response to the 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli raids inside West Bank cities over the past year, violence at Al-Aqsa and increasing attacks by settlers on Palestinians, and growth of settlements.[哈马斯军事部门领导人穆罕默德·戴夫表示,星期六的袭击是对以色列暴力行为的反击,他们封锁加沙16年,在过去一年袭击约旦河西岸城市,在阿克萨清真寺实施暴力,定居者对巴勒斯坦人的袭击日益增多,还扩张定居点。] 
  70. ^ Hundreds dead as war erupts after surprise Hamas attack catches Israel off guard [哈马斯突然袭击令以色列措手不及,其后战争爆发,数百人死亡]. 加拿大广播公司. 美联社. 2023-10-07. (原始内容存档于2024-01-10) (英语). 
  71. ^ Marsi, Frederica; Siddiqui, Usaid. Israel's war on Gaza live: Dozens of casualties in Israeli attack on UN hub [以色列的加沙战争直播:以色列袭击联合国枢纽,数十人伤亡]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-03-13 [2024-03-13]. (原始内容存档于2024-03-13) (英语). 
  72. ^ Zitun, Yoav. One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports [以色列国防军报告称,在加沙的部队,有五分之一的死亡是由于友军误伤或意外事故造成的]. Ynet英语Ynet. 2023-12-12 [2023-12-15]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-14) (英语). Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time.[10月7日,友军误伤造成了人员伤亡,但以色列国防军认为,由于士兵当时所处的形势十分困难,基布兹和以色列南部社区发生的此类事件数量巨大且情况复杂,因此,对这些事件只能从操作层面进行调查,更进一步的调查在道义上并不合理。] 
  73. ^ 乔纳森·库克英语Jonathan Cook. Why is western media ignoring evidence of Israel's own actions on 7 October? [为什么西方媒体要忽视10月7日以色列自身行动的证据?]. 中东之眼. 2023-12-15 [2023-12-15]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-15) (英语). 
  74. ^ 罗南·伯格曼英语Ronen Bergman; Zitun, Yoav. ההוראה: למנוע ממחבלים לחזור לעזה 'בכל מחיר', גם אם יש איתם חטופים [命令:“不惜一切代价”阻止恐怖分子返回加沙,即使他们身边有人质]. Ynet. 2024-01-10 [2024-01-12]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-24) (希伯来语). 
  75. ^ 罗南·伯格曼; Zitun, Yoav. השעות הראשונות של השבת השחורה [黑色星期六的第一个小时]. 新消息报. 2024-01-12 [2024-01-19]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-18) (希伯来语). 
  76. ^ Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths [以色列社会安全数据揭露10月7日死亡的真实情况]. 法兰西24. 2023-12-15. (原始内容存档于2024-03-04) (英语). 
  77. ^ Dyer, Evan. Israel's Gaza bombing campaign is the most destructive of this century, analysts say [分析人士称,以色列对加沙的轰炸是本世纪最具破坏性的]. CBC新闻. 2023-12-30. (原始内容存档于2024-06-30) (英语). 
  78. ^ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 Jamshidi, Maryam. Genocide and Resistance in Palestine under Law's Shadow [法律阴影下巴勒斯坦的种族灭绝与抵抗]. 种族灭绝研究杂志英语Journal of Genocide Research. 2024-05-06: 1—35. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2348377可免费查阅 (英语). In its application to the ICJ, South Africa describes Israel's entire campaign inside Gaza since 7 October as genocidal.[在向国际法院提出的申请中,南非将以色列自10月7日以来在加沙的整个行动描述为种族灭绝。] 
  79. ^ 80.0 80.1 United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect [联合国防止种族灭绝和保护责任办公室]. 联合国. [2024-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-01) (英语). 
  80. ^ Samuel, Sigal. How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza [如何看待加沙种族灭绝指控]. Vox. 2023-11-13 [2024-07-02]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-09) (英语). 
  81. ^ Semerdjian, Elyse. Gazafication and Genocide by Attrition in Artsakh/Nagorno Karabakh and the Occupied Palestinian Territories [加沙化与阿尔察赫/纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫和巴勒斯坦被占领土的消耗性种族灭绝]. 种族灭绝研究杂志英语Journal of Genocide Research. 2024-07-17: 1—22. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2377871 (英语). 
  82. ^ McDoom, Omar Shahabudin. Expert Commentary, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, and the Question of Genocide: Prosemitic Bias within a Scholarly Community? [专家评论、巴以冲突及关于种族灭绝的问题:学术界内部的犹太偏见?]. 种族灭绝研究杂志. 2024-04-25: 1—9. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2346403可免费查阅 (英语). 
  83. ^ A·德克·摩西英语A. Dirk Moses. Genocide as a Category Mistake: Permanent Security and Mass Violence Against Civilians [种族灭绝是类别错误:永久安全与针对平民的大规模暴力]. Genocidal Violence: Concepts, Forms, Impact [种族灭绝暴力:概念、形式与影响]. 德古意特出版社. 2023: 19. ISBN 978-3-11-078132-8. doi:10.1515/9783110781328-002 (英语). 
  84. ^ Israeli forces detain 20 Palestinians in occupied West Bank. Al Jazeera. 14 March 2024. (原始内容存档于14 March 2024). 
  85. ^ Al-Haq. Written statement* submitted by Al-Haq, Law in the Service of Man, a non-governmental organization in special consultative status (PDF) (报告). United Nations. 27 February 2024. [永久失效連結]
  86. ^ Debre, Isabel; Shurafa, Wafaa. Hungry, thirsty and humiliated: Israel's mass arrest campaign sows fear in northern Gaza. AP News. 14 December 2023 [2 February 2024]. (原始内容存档于18 January 2024) (英语). 
  87. ^ Frankel, Julia. Israeli military opens probe after videos show Israeli forces killing 2 Palestinians at close range. AP News. 15 December 2023 [2 February 2024]. (原始内容存档于24 January 2024) (英语). 
  88. ^ 89.0 89.1 Salman, Abeer; Khadder, Kareem. Doctors accuse Israeli troops of desecrating bodies and shooting civilians at hospital Israel says was Hamas 'command center'. CNN. 23 December 2023 [2 February 2024]. (原始内容存档于5 February 2024) (英语). 
  89. ^ Berger, Miriam; Harb, Hajar. Gazan prisoners describe abuse at secretive Israeli detention sites. The Washington Post. 12 January 2024 [2 February 2024]. ISSN 0190-8286. (原始内容存档于6 February 2024) (美国英语). 
  90. ^ Shawer, Mosab. 'Threatened with rape': Lama Khater recalls horrors while in Israeli jails. Al Jazeera. [2 February 2024]. (原始内容存档于27 January 2024) (英语). 
  91. ^ Masarwa & Osman 2023; Kottasová et al. 2023; Doucet 2024; Speakman Cordall & Pedrosa 2024
  92. ^ How Israel has destroyed Gaza's schools and universities. Al Jazeera. 24 January 2024 [2 February 2024]. (原始内容存档于6 February 2024) (英语). 
  93. ^ Gaza: UN experts decry bombing of hospitals and schools as crimes against humanity, call for prevention of genocide. OHCHR. 2023. (原始内容存档于31 January 2024). 
  94. ^ Kottasová et al. 2023.
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  97. ^ Human Rights Watch says Israel used white phosphorus in Gaza, Lebanon. Reuters. 13 October 2023 [17 October 2023]. (原始内容存档于13 October 2023) (英语). 
  98. ^ Burga 2023.
  99. ^ 100.0 100.1 Israel Not Complying with World Court Order in Genocide Case. Human Rights Watch. 26 February 2024. (原始内容存档于27 February 2024). 
  100. ^ 101.0 101.1 Israel defying ICJ ruling to prevent genocide by failing to allow adequate humanitarian aid to reach Gaza. Amnesty International. 26 February 2024. (原始内容存档于27 February 2024). 
  101. ^ Has Israel complied with ICJ order in Gaza genocide case?. Al Jazeera. 26 February 2024. (原始内容存档于5 March 2024). 
  102. ^ Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza. Al Jazeera. 9 October 2023 [9 October 2023]. (原始内容存档于9 October 2023) (英语). 
  103. ^ 104.0 104.1 Johnson, Jake. Israeli Groups Slam Netanyahu Government for Flouting ICJ Ruling. Common Dreams. 11 March 2024. (原始内容存档于11 March 2024). 
  104. ^ Tanielian 2024,第2頁.
  105. ^ Tanielian 2024,第3–4頁.
  106. ^ Sultany 2024,第7頁.
  107. ^ Manufacturing Famine: Israel is Committing the War Crime of Starvation in the Gaza Strip (报告). B'Tselem. April 2024. (原始内容存档于19 July 2024). 
  108. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo. Israeli strike on Khan Younis shelter kills at least 31 amid surge in Gaza fighting. The Guardian. 10 July 2024 [11 July 2024]. ISSN 0261-3077. (原始内容存档于11 July 2024) (英国英语). 
  109. ^ Tanielian 2024,第6–7頁.
  110. ^ Singh, Namita. UN says half of Gaza's population is now starving. The Independent. 10 December 2023 [13 December 2023]. (原始内容存档于19 January 2024). 
  111. ^ Siddiqui, Usaid; Pietromarchi, Virginia; Quillen, Stephen. Israel-Hamas war updates: Fierce battles rage in southern and northern Gaza. Al Jazeera. 10 December 2023 [13 December 2023]. (原始内容存档于26 February 2024). 
  112. ^ Ebrahim, Nadeen. 'It's chaos': Starving Gazans dig for food, supplies under the rubble. CNN. 5 December 2023 [13 December 2023]. (原始内容存档于16 January 2024). 
  113. ^ Palestinian minister accuses Israel of starving Gazans; Israel says charge 'obscene'. Reuters. 13 December 2023 [13 December 2023]. (原始内容存档于28 February 2024). 
  114. ^ Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza. Human Rights Watch. 18 December 2023 [1 January 2024]. (原始内容存档于7 March 2024). 
  115. ^ Over one hundred days into the war, Israel destroying Gaza's food system and weaponizing food, say UN human rights experts. OHCHR. United Nations. 16 January 2024 [26 January 2024]. (原始内容存档于26 February 2024). 
  116. ^ Lakhani, Nina. Israel is deliberately starving Palestinians, UN rights expert says. The Guardian. 27 February 2024. (原始内容存档于28 February 2024). 
  117. ^ How much aid has entered Gaza?. Al Jazeera. 27 February 2024. (原始内容存档于27 February 2024). 
  118. ^ Sultany 2024,第5頁.
  119. ^ Sultany 2024,第6頁.
  120. ^ Jewish Israelis believe IDF is using appropriate force in Gaza, Arab Israelis broadly do not - poll. The Jerusalem Post. 26 January 2024. (原始内容存档于8 July 2024). 
  121. ^ The International MA Program in Conflict Resolution and Mediation (PDF). The Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences. Tel Aviv University. January 2024. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于29 June 2024). 
  122. ^ Hermann, Tamar; Kaplan, Yaron. Most Israelis: an "Absolute Victory" to the War is Unlikely - War in Gaza Survey 11 (February 12–15, 2024). Israel Democracy Institute. 20 February 2024. (原始内容存档于26 February 2024). 
  123. ^ Maçães, Bruno; Levy, Gideon. 'They kill anything that moves'. The New Statesman. 8 January 2024 [21 August 2024]. (原始内容存档于21 August 2024) (美国英语). 
  124. ^ Levene 2024,第6–7頁.
  125. ^ Semerdjian 2024,第2頁.
  126. ^ Khwaja, Arif; Bell, Iona; Hadley, Daniell; Price, Huw; Turnbull, Clare. Gaza: a plea to reclaim our collective humanity. The Lancet. 10 November 2023, 402 (10416): 1975. PMID 37956692. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02510-2. 
  127. ^ Hanbali, Layth; Kwong, Edwin Jit Leung; Neilson, Amy; Smith, James; Hafez, Sali; Khoury, Rasha. Israeli necropolitics and the pursuit of health justice in Palestine. BMJ Global Health. February 2024, 9 (2): e014942. PMC 10836346可免费查阅. PMID 38302196. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014942. 
  128. ^ Sathar 2023.
  129. ^ Mahomed, Safia. When sanctuaries of humanity turn into corridors of horror: The destruction of healthcare in Gaza. South African Journal of Bioethics and Law. December 2023, 16 (3): 77–79. doi:10.7196/SAJBL.2023.v16i3.1732可免费查阅. 
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  131. ^ Browne, Grace. 'The whole health system is collapsing around us.' Doctors say Gaza is on the brink. Wired. 24 October 2023 [24 October 2023]. (原始内容存档于27 October 2023). 
  132. ^ Gaza hospital generators to run out of fuel in 48 hours: Health Ministry. Al Jazeera. [24 October 2023]. (原始内容存档于24 October 2023). 
  133. ^ 3 premature babies die at Al-Shifa Hospital: Doctor. ABC News. [18 November 2023]. (原始内容存档于1 March 2024). 
  134. ^ Magdy, Samy; Shurafa, Wafaa; Kullab, Samya. Dwindling fuel supplies for Gaza's hospital generators put premature babies in incubators at risk. ABC News. [24 October 2023]. (原始内容存档于23 October 2023). 
  135. ^ Soni 2023,第80頁.
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  139. ^
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  142. ^ Beaumont, Peter; Burke, Jason. Israeli human rights groups accuse country of failing to abide by ICJ's Gaza aid ruling. The Guardian. 11 March 2024. (原始内容存档于11 March 2024). 
  143. ^ Borger, Julian; Tondo, Lorenzo. Israel isolated as UN security council demands immediate ceasefire in Gaza. The Guardian. 25 March 2024 [26 March 2024]. (原始内容存档于26 March 2024). 
  144. ^ Quillen, Stephen; Uras, Umut. UN expert accuses Israel of genocide: What you need to know. Al Jazeera. 26 March 2024. (原始内容存档于26 March 2024). 
  145. ^ Kubovich, Yaniv. Israel Created 'Kill Zones' in Gaza. Anyone Who Crosses Into Them Is Shot. Haaretz. 31 March 2024 [31 March 2024]. (原始内容存档于1 April 2024). 
  146. ^ Gaza health system 'completely obliterated': UN expert. Al-Monitor. Agence France-Presse. 22 April 2024 [4 May 2024]. (原始内容存档于18 May 2024) (英语). 
  147. ^ El Deeb, Sara. Investigation identifies entire Palestinian families killed by Israeli strikes in Gaza. PBS Newshour. Associated Press. [25 June 2024]. (原始内容存档于19 June 2024). 
  148. ^ Clayton, Freddie. Gaza's 2.2 million people are confined to a humanitarian area smaller than Manhattan. NBC News. 25 August 2024 [30 August 2024]. 
  149. ^ Large number of victims » ICTR/ICTY/IRMCT Case Law Database [大量受害者 » 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭/前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭/国际刑事法庭余留机制判例数据库]. 国际刑事法庭余留机制. (原始内容存档于2024-08-25) (英语). 
  150. ^ Legal concepts and questions [法律概念及问题]. Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar. (原始内容存档于2024-08-08) (英语). 
  151. ^ 歐洲-地中海人權監測組織英语Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor. Friday 17 November: Twenty thousand Palestinians believed to be killed in Israel's genocide of Gaza [11月17日星期五:据信有两万巴勒斯坦人在以色列对加沙的种族灭绝中丧生]. ReliefWeb. 2023-11-18 [2023-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-26) (英语). 
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  153. ^ 154.0 154.1 {Thomas, Merlyn. Israel Gaza: What Gaza's death toll says about the war [以色列—加沙:关于战争,加沙的死亡人数反映了什么]. BBC新闻 (验证直播英语Verified Live). 2023-12-21 [2023-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-24) (英语). 
  154. ^ 155.0 155.1 Israeli offensive shifts to crowded southern Gaza, driving up death toll despite evacuation orders [以色列攻势转向拥挤的加沙南部,尽管下达了疏散命令,但死亡人数仍在上升]. 美联社. 2023-12-02 [2023-12-04]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-16) (英语). 
  155. ^ Sawafta, Ali; Fick, Maggie. How many Palestinians have died in Gaza? Death toll explained [有多少巴勒斯坦人死于加沙?死亡人数解释]. 路透社. 2023-12-07 [2023-12-08]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-12) (英语). 
  156. ^ Nearly 25,000 Palestinians killed during 70-day Israeli genocide in Gaza [以色列在加沙种族灭绝70天,近25,000巴勒斯坦人丧生]. 歐洲-地中海人權監測組織. 2023-12-15 [2023-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-20) (英语). 
  157. ^ Health Ministry In Hamas-run Gaza Says War Death Toll Hits 22,313 [哈马斯控制的加沙卫生部称战争死亡人数已达22,313人]. 巴伦周刊. 2024-01-03 [2024-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-03) (英语). 
  158. ^ Nashed, Mat; Cordall, Simon Speakman. Israel's 100 days of relentless war on Gaza [以色列对加沙的百日残酷战争]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-01-14. (原始内容存档于2024-02-29) (英语). 
  159. ^ 160.0 160.1 160.2 160.3 引用错误:没有为名为KhatibMcKeeYusuf的参考文献提供内容
  160. ^ Gaza: 3,195 Children Killed in Three Weeks Surpasses Annual Number of Children Killed in Conflict Zones Since 2019 [加沙:三周内3195名儿童死亡,超过2019年以来各冲突地区的年度儿童死亡人数]. 救助儿童会. 2023-10-29. (原始内容存档于2023-11-03) (英语). 
  161. ^ Adler, Nils; Uras, Umut. Israel's war on Gaza live: Netanyahu accused of 'sabotaging' truce talks - Gaza death toll reaches 34,683 as Israeli offensive continues [以色列加沙战争直播:内塔尼亚胡被指控“破坏”停火谈判——随着以色列持续进攻,加沙死亡人数达34,683人]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-05-05. (原始内容存档于2024-05-05) (英语). 
  162. ^ 163.0 163.1 163.2 Horton, Jake; Sardarizadeh, Shayan; Durbin, Adam. Gaza war: Why is the UN citing lower death toll for women and children? [加沙战争:为什么联合国引用了较低的妇女儿童死亡人数?]. BBC新闻. 2024-05-16 [2024-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-11) (英语). 
  163. ^ Ioanes, Ellen. The controversy over Gaza's death toll, explained [解释加沙死亡人数争议]. Vox. 2024-05-17 [2024-07-12]. (原始内容存档于2024-06-25) (英语). 
  164. ^ van der Merwe, Ben. Israel-Hamas war: Gaza's morgue network has effectively collapsed - how are they recording their dead? [以色列—哈马斯战争:加沙的太平间网络实际上已经崩溃——他们如何记录死者?]. 天空新闻台. 2024-04-04 [2024-07-26]. (原始内容存档于2024-04-24) (英语). 
  165. ^ Khatib, Rasha; 马丁·麦基英语Martin McKee; 萨利姆·尤素夫英语Salim Yusuf. Counting the dead in Gaza: difficult but essential [统计加沙死亡人数:困难但重要]. 柳葉刀 (爱思唯尔). 2024-07-05, 404 (10449): 237—238. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 38976995. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01169-3 (英语). Armed conflicts have indirect health implications beyond the direct harm from violence. Even if the conflict ends immediately, there will continue to be many indirect deaths in the coming months and years from causes such as reproductive, communicable, and non-communicable diseases. The total death toll is expected to be large given the intensity of this conflict; destroyed health-care infrastructure; severe shortages of food, water, and shelter; the population's inability to flee to safe places; and the loss of funding to UNRWA, one of the very few humanitarian organisations still active in the Gaza Strip. In recent conflicts, such indirect deaths range from three to 15 times the number of direct deaths. Applying a conservative estimate of four indirect deaths per one direct death to the 37,396 deaths reported, it is not implausible to estimate that up to 186,000 or even more deaths could be attributable to the current conflict in Gaza. Using the 2022 Gaza Strip population estimate of 2,375,259, this would translate to 7·9% of the total population in the Gaza Strip.[除了直接的暴力伤害外,武装冲突还会对健康造成间接影响。即使冲突立即结束,在未来的几个月或几年中,仍会继续造成大量间接死亡,这些死亡的原因包括生殖系统疾病、传染性和非传染性疾病。考虑到冲突的激烈程度,医疗基础设施遭到破坏,食物、水和住所严重短缺,民众无法逃到安全之处,以及近东救济工程处(几个仍在加沙地带活动的人道主义组织之一)缺乏资金支持,预计总死亡人数将非常庞大。在最近的冲突中,此类间接死亡的人数,是直接死亡人数的3到15倍。保守估计,有1人直接死亡,就会有4人间接死亡;而报告的死亡人数为37,396,因此估计有多达186,000人甚至更多的死亡,可能归因于加沙目前的冲突,这并不令人难以置信。按照2022年估计的加沙地带人口数2,375,259计算,这将占加沙地带总人口的 7.9%。] 
  166. ^ Spagat, Mike. A critical analysis of The Lancet's letter "Counting the Dead in Gaza: Difficult but Essential". Professor Mike Spagat reviews the claim the total Gaza death toll may reach upwards of 186,000 [对《柳叶刀》《统计加沙死亡人数:困难但重要》一文的批判性分析。迈克·斯帕加特教授评论了加沙死亡总人数可能高达186,000的说法]. 打击武装暴力. 2024-07-10 [2024-07-10]. (原始内容存档于2024-07-10) (英语). 
  167. ^ 168.0 168.1 Bigg, Matthew Mpoke. Fighting Isn't the Only Killer of Gazans Amid the War, Researchers Say [研究人员称,打仗并非加沙人死于战争的唯一原因]. 纽约时报. 2024-07-11 [2024-07-11]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2024-07-12) (英语). 
  168. ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma; Borger, Julian. Palestinian death toll in Gaza nears 20,000 with nearly 2 million people displaced [加沙的巴勒斯坦人死亡人数接近2万,近200万人无家可归]. 卫报. 2023-12-19 [2023-12-25]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-24) (英语). 
  169. ^ 170.0 170.1 170.2 El-Affendi, Abdelwahab. The Futility of Genocide Studies After Gaza [加沙之后种族灭绝研究的徒劳]. 种族灭绝研究杂志英语Journal of Genocide Research. 2024-01-18: 1—7. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2305525可免费查阅 (英语). 
  170. ^ Bouranova, Alene. Is Israel Committing Genocide in Gaza? New Report from BU School of Law's International Human Rights Clinic Lays Out Case [以色列是否正在加沙实施种族灭绝?波士顿大学法学院国际人权诊所的新报告阐述了这一案例]. 波士顿大学. 2024-06-06 [2024-06-07]. (原始内容存档于2024-06-05) (英语). The opposition is political, as there is consensus amongst the international human rights legal community, many other legal and political experts, including many Holocaust scholars, that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. 
  171. ^ 玛莎·格森英语Masha Gessen. The Limits of Accusing Israel of Genocide [指控以色列种族灭绝的限度]. 纽约客. 2024-02-07. (原始内容存档于2024-02-07) (英语). 
  172. ^ 173.0 173.1 173.2 173.3 173.4 Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza [公开声明:学者们警告加沙有潜在的种族灭绝] (新闻稿). Third World Approaches to International Law Review. 2023-10-20 [2024-07-02]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-23) (英语). 
  173. ^ 拉兹·西格尔英语Raz Segal; 彭妮·格林英语Penny Green. Intent in the genocide case against Israel is not hard to prove [以色列种族灭绝案中的意图并不难证明]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-01-14. (原始内容存档于2024-01-27) (英语). 
  174. ^ 'There are no innocent civilians' in Gaza, official Israel account declares [以色列官方账号称,加沙“没有无辜的平民”]. 中东之眼. 2024-06-12 [2024-06-13]. (原始内容存档于2024-06-26) (英语). 
  175. ^ 'We Are at War; We Will Win' - Netanyahu: First Goal Is to Purge Israel From Enemies, Then Exact Huge Price [“我们正在打仗;我们必将胜利”——内塔尼亚胡:首要目标是清除以色列的敌人,然后让敌人付出巨大代价]. 国土报. [2024-09-03]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-20) (英语). 
  176. ^ Israel PM Vows To Turn Gaza's Hamas Hideouts Into 'Rubble' [以色列总理誓言将加沙哈马斯藏身处变成“废墟”]. 巴伦周刊. [2024-09-03] (英语). 
  177. ^ 178.0 178.1 178.2 178.3 178.4 178.5 奥马尔·巴托夫英语Omer Bartov. Opinion | What I Believe as a Historian of Genocide [观点 | 作为种族灭绝史学家,我相信]. 纽约时报. 2023-11-10 [2023-12-16]. ISSN 0362-4331. (原始内容存档于2023-12-18) (英语). 
  178. ^ Goldenberg, Tia. Harsh Israeli rhetoric against Palestinians becomes central to South Africa's genocide case [以色列对巴勒斯坦人的刺耳言论成为南非种族灭绝案的核心]. 美联社新闻. 2024-01-18. (原始内容存档于2024-03-05) (英语). 
  179. ^ Mack, Eitay. Israel: Evidence of Bezalel Smotrich's support for genocide is clear. The US must act [以色列:贝扎莱尔·斯莫特里奇支持种族灭绝证据清晰。美国必须采取行动]. 中东之眼. 2023-03-07. (原始内容存档于2023-12-20) (英语). 
  180. ^ 迈克尔·N·巴内特英语Michael N. Barnett. Is Israel on the Precipice of Genocide? [以色列正处于种族灭绝的边缘?]. Political Violence at a Glance. 2023-03-06. (原始内容存档于2023-12-26) (英语). 
  181. ^ Countries at UN rally behind expert who accused Israel of 'genocide' [专家指责以色列“种族灭绝” 各国集会联合国支持专家]. 法兰西24. 2024-03-26. (原始内容存档于27 March 2024). 
  182. ^ Foulkes, Imogen. Gaza war: UN rights expert accuses Israel of acts of genocide [加沙战争:联合国人权专家指责以色列的种族灭绝行为]. BBC新闻. 2024-03-26. (原始内容存档于2024-06-12) (英语). 
  183. ^ UN expert says she faces threats after Israel-Gaza genocide report [联合国专家称在发布以色列-加沙种族灭绝报告后她面临威胁]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-03-27. (原始内容存档于2024-06-18) (英语). 
  184. ^ 185.0 185.1 185.2 185.3 Buxbaum, Jessica. 'Erase Gaza': How genocidal rhetoric is normalised in Israel [“抹去加沙”:种族灭绝言论是如何在以色列正常化的]. 新阿拉伯人报. 2023-11-30 [2023-12-29]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-01) (英语). 
  185. ^ 'We Are Fighting Human Animals': Dehumanization of Palestinians [“我们正在与人形动物战斗”:将巴勒斯坦人非人化的行为]. Palestine Chronicle. 2024-05-21. (原始内容存档于2024-08-05) (英语). 
  186. ^ Khan, Mishal S.; Tinua, Alu Tacon. Israel–Palestine: dehumanisation and silencing [以色列—巴勒斯坦:非人化与沉默]. 柳叶刀. 2024-02-16, 403 (10429): 805—806. PMID 38373433. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00043-6可免费查阅 (英语). 
  187. ^ Schifrin, Nick; Sagalyn, Dan; Kopelev, Sonia; Warsi, Zeba. Experts give 2 perspectives on accusations Israel is committing genocide in Gaza [针对以色列在加沙实施种族灭绝的指控 专家给出两种观点]. PBS新闻一小时. 2024-01-11. (原始内容存档于2024-07-13) (英语). 
  188. ^ Mitrovica, Andrew. Israel's message: 'Don't feed the Palestinians' [以色列的信息:“饿死巴勒斯坦人”]. 半岛电视台英语频道. 2024-04-07. (原始内容存档于2024-04-07) (英语). 
  189. ^ Corrections: Jan. 24, 2024 [更正:2024年1月24日]. 纽约时报. 2024-01-24. (原始内容存档于2024-01-29) (英语). Gaza won't return to what it was before. There will be no Hamas. We will eliminate everything.[加沙不会回到从前。不会有哈马斯。我们将消灭一切。] 
  190. ^ 191.0 191.1 191.2 耶尔·罗森伯格英语Yair Rosenberg. What Did Top Israel War Officials Really Say About Gaza? [以色列高层战争官员到底对加沙说了什么?]. 大西洋. 2024-01-21. (原始内容存档于2024-02-05) (英语). 
  191. ^ 192.0 192.1 192.2 香塔尔·达·席尔瓦英语Chantal Da Silva. Israel right-wing ministers' comments add fuel to Palestinian fears [以色列右翼部长的言论加剧了巴勒斯坦人的担忧]. NBC新闻. 2023-11-14 [2023-12-29]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-14) (英语). 
  192. ^ In Israel's call for mass evacuation, Palestinians hear echoes of their original catastrophic exodus [在以色列叫嚣大规模疏散时,巴勒斯坦人听到了他们最初灾难性外逃的回声]. 美联社. 2023-10-13 [2024-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-29) (英语). 
  193. ^ 194.0 194.1 194.2 欧文·琼斯英语Owen Jones. The brutality and inhumanity of Israel's assault on Gaza is no surprise. It's just what was promised [以色列对加沙的攻击是残酷和不人道的,这并不令人意外。这正是以色列发誓要做的]. 卫报. 2024-01-13. (原始内容存档于2024-01-22) (英语). 
  194. ^ Shpigel, Noa. Israel's Far-right Minister Smotrich Calls for 'No Half Measures' in the 'Total Annihilation' of Gaza [以色列极右翼部长斯莫特里奇鼓吹在“彻底消灭”加沙时“不要半途而废”]. 国土报. 2024-04-30 [2024-05-01]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-02) (英语). 
  195. ^ Haaretz Editorial | Smotrich Must Pay the Price for His Repeated Calls for Genocide of Palestinians [《国土报》社论 | 斯莫特里奇必须为他屡次鼓吹对巴勒斯坦人的种族灭绝而付出代价]. 国土报. [2024-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2024-05-02) (英语). 
  196. ^ Israel minister condemned for saying starvation of millions in Gaza might be 'justified and moral' [以色列部长受谴责 称加沙饿死百万人可能是“合理且道德的”]. 卫报. 2024-08-08 [2024-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2024-08-08) (英语). 
  197. ^ Rosensaft, Menachem Z. Bezalel Smotrich muss endlich in die Schranken verwiesen werden [贝扎雷尔·斯莫特里奇最终必须取代他的位置]. 犹太将军德语Jüdische Allgemeine. 2024-08-09 [2024-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2024-08-14) (德语). 
  198. ^ Maanit, Chen. Israeli Police Recommend Closing Case Against Yeshiva Head Who Said All Gazans Should Be Killed [叶史瓦院长称应杀死所有加沙人 以色列警方建议结案]. 国土报. 2024-06-18. (原始内容存档于2024-06-17) (英语). 
  199. ^ 200.0 200.1 Graham-Harrison, Emma; Kierszenbaum, Quique. Israeli public figures accuse judiciary of ignoring incitement to genocide in Gaza [以色列公众人物指责司法部门忽视对加沙种族灭绝的煽动]. 卫报. 2024-01-03 [2024-01-06]. ISSN 0261-3077. (原始内容存档于2024-01-28) (英语). 
  200. ^ The Jewish Monument the Hague [海牙犹太人纪念碑]. Diplomat magazine. 2018-05-12 [2024-06-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-16) (英语). 
  201. ^ 202.0 202.1 202.2 As It Formally Accuses Israel of Genocide, South Africa Condemns Netanyahu's Amalek Reference [南非正式指控以色列进行种族灭绝,并谴责内塔尼亚胡引用关于亚玛力人的叙述]. 琼斯母亲. 2024-01-11. (原始内容存档于2024-01-22) (英语). 
  202. ^ 本雅明·内塔尼亚胡. Statement by PM Netanyahu [内塔尼亚胡总理声明] (演讲). 耶路撒冷. 2023-10-28 [2024-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-03) (英语). 
  203. ^ Lanard, Noah. The dangerous history behind Netanyahu's Amalek rhetoric [内塔尼亚胡的阿玛力克言论背后的危险历史]. 琼斯母亲. 2023-11-03 [2023-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-24) (英语). 
  204. ^ Narea, Nicole; Samuel, Sigal. How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza [如何看待加沙种族灭绝指控]. Vox. 2023-11-13 [2023-11-24]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-24) (英语). 
  205. ^ 克里斯·麦格雷尔英语Chris McGreal. US rights group sues Biden for alleged 'failure to prevent genocide' in Gaza [美国人权组织起诉拜登在加沙“未能阻止种族灭绝”]. 卫报. 2023-11-13 [2023-11-14]. ISSN 0261-3077. (原始内容存档于2023-11-21) (英语). 
  206. ^ McKernan, Bethan; Kierszenbaum, Quique. 'We're focused on maximum damage': ground offensive into Gaza seems imminent [“我们专注于造成最大破坏”:对加沙的地面进攻似乎迫在眉睫]. 卫报. 2023-10-10. (原始内容存档于2024-04-10) (英语). 
  207. ^ 208.0 208.1 Assi, Seraj. Lula Is Right About Israel's Genocide in Gaza [卢拉关于以色列在加沙实施种族灭绝的言论是正确的]. 雅各宾. 2024-02-20. (原始内容存档于2024-02-25) (英语). 
  208. ^ Ofir, Jonathan. Israeli think tank lays out a blueprint for the complete ethnic cleansing of Gaza [以色列智库制定对加沙进行彻底种族清洗的蓝图]. 蒙多维斯英语Mondoweiss. 2023-10-23. (原始内容存档于2023-10-31) (英语). 
  209. ^ Worse than Dresden – WSJ Analyzes Israel's Destruction in Gaza [比德累斯顿更惨——《华尔街日报》分析以色列对加沙的破坏]. The Palestine Chronicle. 2023-12-31. (原始内容存档于2024-01-16) (英语). 
  210. ^ A British MP justifies Israel's military actions in Gaza, references Dresden bombing [英国议员引用德累斯顿轰炸为以色列在加沙的军事行动辩护]. 中东观察英语Middle East Monitor. 2023-11-12. (原始内容存档于2023-12-05) (英语). 
  211. ^ 212.0 212.1 Di-Capua, Yoav. Genocidal Mirroring in Israel/Palestine [以色列/巴勒斯坦的种族灭绝镜像]. 种族灭绝研究杂志英语Journal of Genocide Research. 2024-06-05: 1—15. doi:10.1080/14623528.2024.2361978可免费查阅 (英语). 
  212. ^ 213.0 213.1 Nechin, Etan. The far right infiltration of Israel's media is blinding the public to the truth about Gaza [极右翼对以色列媒体的渗透蒙蔽了公众,使他们看不到加沙的真相]. 卫报. 2024-01-09 [2024-02-02]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-10) (英语). 
  213. ^ Middle East Eye. Israeli journalist Shimon Riklin has stirred controversy and condemnation after supporting war crimes, stating his inability to sleep unless he sees homes in Gaza destroyed. [以色列记者西蒙·里克林因支持战争罪行引发争议和谴责,他表示除非看到加沙的家园被毁,否则他无法入睡。]. 2023-12-18 [2024-02-06]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-02) (英语). 
  214. ^ Reflecting on Genocidal Intent in the ICJ Case [对国际法院案件中种族灭绝意图的反思]. 法律确信英语Opinio Juris (blog). 2024-08-02 [2024-08-09]. (原始内容存档于2024-08-07) (英语). 
  215. ^ Taşkın, Esra. Doctors in Gaza spotlight Israeli 'genocidal intent' [在加沙的医生关注以色列的“种族灭绝意图”]. 阿纳多卢通讯社. [2024-08-25]. (原始内容存档于2024-08-25) (英语). 


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