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北美紅雀

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北美紅雀
雄性北美紅雀
雄性北美紅雀
 雌性北美紅雀
雌性北美紅雀
保护状况
科學分類
界： 動物界 Animalia
門： 脊索動物門 Chordata
綱： 鳥綱 Aves
目： 雀形目 Passeriformes
科： 紅鳥科 Cardinalidae
屬： 紅鳥屬 Cardinalis
種： 北美紅雀 C. cardinalis
二名法
Cardinalis cardinalis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
北美紅雀的分佈地
北美紅雀的分佈地

北美紅雀（學名Cardinalis cardinalis）是北美洲紅鳥屬下的一種鳥類。它們分佈在南加拿大，經美國東部緬因州至德克薩斯州，南下至墨西哥，也有分佈在夏威夷的大島及瓦胡島。它們棲息在林地、花園、叢林及沼澤。

北美紅雀的體型呈中等大小，長約21厘米。頭上有明顯的冠，雄鳥及雌鳥的面部分別呈黑色及灰色。雄鳥呈鮮紅色，雌鳥則呈暗紅褐色。它們主要吃穀物，也會吃昆蟲及果實。雄鳥是地盤性的，會以歌聲來定界。雄鳥示愛時會用喙餵雌鳥吃種子。它們每次會生3-4顆蛋，每年會生2-4次。

分類

北美紅雀屬於紅鳥科下的紅鳥屬。它們最初是由卡爾·林奈[2]，並被分類到交嘴雀屬中。於1838年，它們才被分類到紅鳥屬，且名為Cardinalis virginianus。於1983年，其學名改為Cardinalis cardinalis。[3]

北美紅雀的學名意義是天主教會的樞機，因樞機有著明顯的紅袍及帽子。[4]

特徵

北美紅雀呈中等大小，體長20-23厘米，翼展25-31厘米，重45克。[5]雄鳥呈鮮紅色，面部呈黑色，一直伸延至上胸。背部及雙翼最為沉色。[6]雌鳥呈灰棕色，雙翼、冠及尾羽上有紅彩。[7]雌鳥面部呈灰至黑色，但不怎麼明顯。它們都有明顯隆起的冠，喙是鮮珊瑚色，呈圓錐狀及很強壯。[6]幼鳥的顏色像成年的雌鳥，到了冬天就會換羽成為成鳥。[8]幼鳥上身褐色，下身紅褐色，胸部、前額、雙翼及尾巴呈磚紅色。[3]腳部呈深粉紅褐色。虹膜呈褐色。[3]雄鳥主羽的顏色是來自所吃的類胡蘿蔔素紅色及黃色色素。[9][10]雄鳥具有代謝類胡蘿蔔素色素來製造主羽色彩。當只吃具黃色色素的食物時，它們會變得較為淡紅色，而非黃色。[10]

Distribution and habitat

The Northern Cardinal is abundant across the eastern United States from Maine to Texas and in Canada in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia. Its range extends west to the U.S.-Mexico border and south through Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, northern Guatemala, and northern Belize. It was introduced to Bermuda in 1700. It has also been introduced in Hawaii and southern California. Its natural habitat is woodlands, gardens, shrublands, and swamps.[1] This bird is a permanent resident throughout its range, although it may relocate to avoid extreme weather or if food is scarce.[11]

Ecology

The Northern Cardinal is a Territory animal territorial song bird. The male sings in a loud, clear whistle from the top of a tree or another high location to defend his territory. He will chase off other males entering his territory. He may mistake his image on various reflective surfaces as an invading male, and will fight his reflection relentlessly. The Northern Cardinal learns its songs, and as a result the songs vary regionally. It is able to easily distinguish the sex of another singing Northern Cardinal by its song alone.[12] Mated pairs often travel together.[13]

Male often feeds the female as part of their courtship behavior

Both sexes sing clear, whistled song patterns, which are repeated several times, then varied. Some common phrases are described as "cheeeer-a-dote, cheeer-a-dote-dote-dote," "purdy, purdy, purdy...whoit, whoit, whoit, whoit," "what-cheer, what-cheer... wheet, wheet, wheet, wheet"[11] and cheer, cheer, cheer, what, what, what, what[14] The Northern Cardinal has a distinctive alarm call, a short metallic 'chip' sound. This call often is given when predators approach the nest, in order to give warning to the female and nestlings.[3] In some cases it will also utter a series of chipping notes. The frequency and volume of these notes increases as the threat becomes greater.[3] This chipping noise is also used by a Cardinal pair to locate each other, especially during dusk hours when visibility wanes.

Predators

Northern Cardinals are preyed upon by a wide variety of predators native to North America, including Cooper's hawks, loggerhead shrikes, northern shrikes, eastern gray squirrels, long-eared owls and eastern screech owls. Predators of chicks and eggs include milk snakes, coluber constrictors, blue jays, fox squirrels, and eastern chipmunks.[5]

Diet

The diet of the Northern Cardinal consists mainly (up to 90 percent) of weed, grains, and fruits. It is a ground feeder and finds food while hopping on the ground through trees or shrubbery. It eats beetles, cicadas, grasshoppers, snails, wild fruit and berries, corn (maize) and oats, sunflower seeds, the blossoms and bark of elm trees, and drinks maple sap from holes made by sapsuckers, an example of commensalism.[15] During the summer months, it shows preference for seeds that are easily husked, but is less selective during winter, when food is scarce. Northern Cardinals also will consume insects and feed their young almost exclusively on insects.[16]

Reproduction

Newborn
at one week old.
Female feeding a chick

Mated pairs sometimes sing together before nesting. During courtship they may also participate in a bonding behavior where the male collects food and brings it to the female, feeding her beak-to-beak.[11] If the mating is successful, this mate-feeding may continue throughout the period of incubation.

Males sometimes bring nest material to the female, who does most of the building. She crushes twigs with her beak until they are pliable, then turns in the nest to bend the twigs around her body and push them into a cup shape with her feet. The cup has four layers: coarse twigs (and sometimes bits of trash) covered in a leafy mat, then lined with grapevine bark and finally grasses, stems, rootlets, and pine needles. The nest typically takes 3 to 9 days to build; the finished product is 2-3 inches tall, 4 inches across, with an inner diameter of about 3 inches. Cardinals do not usually use their nests more than once. The female builds a cup nest in a well-concealed spot in dense shrub or a low tree one to three meters (three to ten ft) off the ground. The nest is made of thin twigs, bark strips, and grasses, lined with grasses or other plant fibers.[17] Eggs are laid one to six days following the completion of the nest. The eggs are white, with a tint of green, blue or brown, and are marked with lavender, gray, or brown blotches which are thicker around the larger end.[9] The shell is smooth and slightly glossy.[17] Three or four eggs are laid in each clutch. Eggs measure approximately 1 x .75 inches in size.[9] The female generally incubates the eggs, though, rarely, the male will incubate for brief periods of time. Incubation takes 12 to 13 days.[17] Young fledge 10 to 11 days after hatching. Two to three, and even four, broods are raised each year.[17] The male cares for and feeds each brood as the female incubates the next clutch of eggs.[15]

The oldest wild Cardinal banded by researchers lived at least 15 years and 9 months, although 28.5 years was achieved by a captive bird. Annual survival rates for adult Northern Cardinals have been estimated at 60 to 65%;[18] however, as with other passerine birds, the high mortality of juveniles means that the average lifespan is only about a year.

Relationship with humans

Fledgling at a box feeder

The Northern Cardinal is found in residential areas throughout its range. Backyard birders attract it using feeders containing seeds, particularly sunflower seeds and safflower seeds. Although some controversy surrounds bird feeding (see bird feeder for details), an increase in backyard feeding by humans has generally been beneficial to this species. It is listed as a species of Least Concern by the IUCN Red List. It has an estimated global range of 5,800,000 square kilometers (2,239,392.5 sq mi) and a global population estimated to be about 100,000,000 individuals.[1] Populations appear to remain stable and it has not reached the threshold of inclusion as a threatened species, which requires a decline of more than 30 percent in ten years or three generations.[1] It was once prized as a pet due to its bright color and distinctive song.[7] In the United States, this species receives special legal protection under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which also banned their sale as cage birds.[19] It is also protected by the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Canada.[20] It is illegal to take, kill, or possess Northern Cardinals, and violation of the law is punishable by a fine of up to 15,000 US dollars and imprisonment of up to six months.[21]

In the United States, the Northern Cardinal is the mascot of a number of athletic teams. In professional sports, it is the mascot of the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League. In college athletics, it is the mascot of many schools, including the University of Louisville, the State University of New York at Plattsburgh, Ball State University, Illinois State University, Lamar University, the Catholic University of America, Wesleyan University, Wheeling Jesuit University, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, North Idaho College and Saint John Fisher College. It is also the state bird of seven states, more than any other species: North Carolina, West Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Virginia. It was also a candidate to become the state bird of Delaware, but lost to the Blue Hen of Delaware.

References

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Species factsheet: Cardinalis cardinalis. BirdLife International. [2007-11-06]. 
  2. ^ （拉丁文）Linnaeus, C. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). 1758: 824. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Ritchison, Gary. Northern Cardinal. Stackpole Books. 1997: 2. ISBN 0811731006. 
  4. ^ Holloway, Joel Ellis. Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names. Timber Press. 2003: 59. ISBN 0881926000. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Dewey, T.; J. Crane and K. Kirschbaum. Cardinalis cardinalis. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. 2002 [2007-08-24]. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Northern cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis. United States Geological Survey. [2007-11-08]. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Wright, Mabel Osgood. Birdcraft: A Field Book of Two Hundred Song, Game, and Water Birds. Macmillan. 1907: 161. 
  8. ^ Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Cardinalis cardinalis. Cornell University. [2007-08-24]. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Krinsky, Norman I; Mayne, Susan T. & Sies, Helmut. Carotenoids In Health And Disease. CRC Press. 2004: 258. ISBN 0824754166.  引用错误：带有name属性“Davie”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 McGraw, Kevin J; Hill, Geoffrey E.; Stradi, Riccardo & Parker, Robert S. The Influence of Carotenoid Acquisition and Utilization on the Maintenance of Species-Typical Plumage Pigmentation in Male American Goldfinches (Carduelis tristis) and Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) (abstract). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology (the University of Chicago Press). 2001, 74 (6): 843–52 [2007-11-06]. PMID 11731975. doi:10.1086/323797. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Elliott, Lang; Read, Marie. Common Birds and Their Songs. Houghton Mifflin Field Guides. 1998: 28. ISBN 0395912385. 
  12. ^ Snowdon, Charles T; Hausberger, Martine. Social Influences on Vocal Development. Cambridge University Press. 1997: 119. ISBN 0521495261. 
  13. ^ Robison, B C; Tveten, John L. Birds of Houston. University of Texas Press. 1990: 59. ISBN 0892633034. 
  14. ^ Halkins, S. L. All About Birds: Northern Cardinal. [2009-02-23]. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Terres, J. K. The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York, NY: Knopf. 1980: 293. ISBN 0394466519. 
  16. ^ Cardinalis cardinalis: Information Animal Diversity
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Harrison, Hal H. A Field Guide to Western Birds' Nests. Houghton Mifflin Field. 1979: 228. ISBN 0618164375. 
  18. ^ Halkin, S., S. Linville. (1999). Northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). Pp. 1-32 in A. Poole, F. Gill, eds. The Birds of North America, Vol. 440. Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America.
  19. ^ Birds Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. US Fish & Wildlife Service. [2007-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-10）. 
  20. ^ Game and Wild Birds: Preservation. US Code Collection. Cornell Law School. [2007-10-29]. 
  21. ^ Migratory Bird Treaty Act. US Code Collection. Cornell Law School. [2007-10-14]. 
維基物種上的相關信息：Northern Cardinal
维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：Northern Cardinal


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