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==Turkish media==
==Turkish media==
[[File:Ntv Van Media for sales.png|thumbnail|[[NTV (Turkey)|NTV]] broadcast van covered in protest graffiti, 1 June 2013]]
[[File:Ntv Van Media for sales.png|thumbnail|[[NTV (Turkey)|NTV]] broadcast van covered with protest graffiti, in response to indifference of mainstream media to protests, 1 June 2013]]
Foreign media noted that the protests had attracted relatively little mainstream media coverage in Turkey and speculated that this may be due to government pressure.<ref name=guardian/> Few channels provided live coverage – one that did was [[Halk TV]].<ref>Deutsche Welle, 1 June 2013, [http://www.dw.de/solidarity-with-istanbul-protesters-grows-in-turkey-and-abroad/a-16853318 Solidarity with Istanbul protesters grows in Turkey and abroad]</ref>
Foreign media noted that the protests had attracted relatively little mainstream media coverage in Turkey and speculated that this may be due to government pressure.<ref name=guardian/> Few channels provided live coverage – one that did was [[Halk TV]].<ref>Deutsche Welle, 1 June 2013, [http://www.dw.de/solidarity-with-istanbul-protesters-grows-in-turkey-and-abroad/a-16853318 Solidarity with Istanbul protesters grows in Turkey and abroad]</ref>


Revision as of 08:07, 4 June 2013

2013 protests in Turkey
Whirling sufi protester wearing gas mask in a Gezi Protest in Ankara (2 June 2013)
Date28 May 2013 (2013-05-28) – present
(4216 days)
Location
Turkey: Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Bursa, Samsun, Edirne, Kayseri, Isparta, Adana, Eskişehir, Antalya, Diyarbakır, Giresun and most major cities.[1][2]
≈81[3] to 90[3] cities around Turkey
Dozens of cities within the Turkish Diaspora
GoalsProtecting Gezi Park, protesting lack of consultation and police's use of excessive force, defending freedom of speech and right to assembly, resignation of Erdoğan's government
MethodsCivil disobedience, civil resistance, demonstrations, online activism, protest marches, rioting, sit-ins
StatusOngoing
Parties
Lead figures

Protesters:

  • Various artists and intellectuals
  • People from various ethnic, political and religious backgrounds,
  • Supporter groups of various football teams
  • People from various social classes
  • Various political groups

Government leaders:

Number

at least 60,000[12] (Istanbul)
40,000 (Ankara)[13]

Other cities
  • 30,000 (Bursa)[14]
  • 20,000 (Eskisehir)[15]
  • 15,000 (Bodrum)[16]
  • 15,000 (Antalya)[17]
  • 10,000[18] – 30,000[19] (Izmir)
  • 10,000 (Trabzon)[20]
  • 10,000 (Bolu)[21]
  • 10,000 (Izmit)[22]
  • 10,000 (Tunceli)[23]
  • 10,000 (Muğla)[24]
  • 7,000 (Isparta)[25]
  • 7,000 (Tekirdağ)[26]
  • 5,000 (Antakya)[27]
  • 5,000 (Çorum)[28]
  • The total number and area is much bigger and wider. It will be updated and all cities will be added as the news continue to arrive.
unknown number of police
Casualties
Death(s)2[29][30]
Injuriesup to 3,195[31]
79 (government figures)[32]
Arrestedat least 1,700[33]

Protests have been held in Turkey since 28 May 2013, dubbed the Turkish Spring by some Western media.[34] The initial Istanbul protests were led by about 50 environmentalists[35] against replacing Taksim Gezi Park with a reconstruction of the historic Taksim Military Barracks (demolished in 1940), with the possibility of housing a shopping mall.[36][37] The protests developed into riots when a group occupying the park was attacked, with tear gas and water cannons, by police. The subjects of the protests have since broadened beyond the development of Taksim Gezi Park, developing into wider anti-government demonstrations.[38] The protests have also spread to other cities in Turkey, and protests have been seen in other countries with significant Turkish communities.[39] Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan gave a number of speeches widely seen as inflammatory and dismissive of the protestors, and on 3 June left the country on a planned 3-day diplomatic tour of North African countries, a move that has been criticized as irresponsible by opposing political leaders. On 3 June unions announced strikes for 4 and 5 June.

Protesters took to Taksim Square in Istanbul and to streets in Ankara[1] as well as Bursa, Antalya, Eskişehir, İzmir, Edirne, Mersin, Adana, İzmit, Konya, Kayseri, Samsun, Antakya,[40] Trabzon, Rize (the capital of the province where Erdoğan's family is from), Isparta,[25] Tekirdağ, Bodrum,[41] and Mardin.[42] Some of the protesters have styled themselves as #OccupyGezi.[43]

The range of the protesters was noted as being broad, encompassing both right and left-wing individuals.[44][41] The protesters' complaints ranged from the original local environmental concerns to such issues as authoritarianism of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan,[45][46] curbs on alcohol,[47] a recent row about kissing in public,[41] and the war in Syria.[41] Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş stated that the environmental campaign had been manipulated by "political agendas".[48][49] According to various news outlets, the clashes are one of the most challenging events for Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's ten-year rule.[50][51][52]

On 31 May 2013, police suppressed the protesters with tear gas, arrested at least 60 people and injured hundreds.[39][53] The police action received wide attention online.[43][54] Protesters organized and gathered on İstiklal Avenue, reaching thousands on the night of 31 May.[55][39] According to government sources, more than 1700 people have been taken into custody, with more than 200 demonstration in 67 provinces, including Istanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Antalya, Konya, Eskişehir and many others.[56]

Background

Main articles: Secularism in Turkey, Human rights in Turkey, and Economy of Turkey

The Islamist Justice and Development Party (AKP) led by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has governed since 2002, winning three elections by large margins, most recently in 2011. Under its rule the economy of Turkey has recovered from financial crisis and recession in 2001, driven by a construction boom. At the same time, particularly since 2011, it has driven forward an Islamist agenda, having weakened the secularist influence of the Turkish Army through the Ergenekon trials. It also increased a range of restrictions on human rights, including freedom of speech and freedom of the press.

Since 2011, the AKP has increased restrictions on freedom of speech, freedom of the press and internet use,[57] and television content,[58] as well as the right to free assembly.[59] It has also developed links with media groups, and used administrative and legal measures (including, in one case, a $2.5 billion tax fine) against critical media groups and critical journalists: "over the last decade the AKP has built an informal, powerful, coalition of party-affiliated businessmen and media outlets whose livelihoods depend on the political order that Erdogan is constructing. Those who resist do so at their own risk."[60]

The government has been seen as increasingly Islamist and authoritarian,[38] with a party official stating in April 2013 that he expected the party to lose liberal support.[61][62] An education reform strengthening Islamic elements and courses in public primary and high schools was approved by the parliament in 2012, with Erdoğan saying that he wanted a "pious generation."[63] In 2013 it has increased restrictions on alcohol consumption,[64] tried to make abortion virtually unobtainable[65] and opposed extension of LGBT rights in Turkey during a 29 May debate.[66] People were sentenced to jailtime for blasphemy.[67][68] The decision to name the Third Bosphorus Bridge Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, for Selim I, taken with little debate, was criticised by Alevi groups (some 15-30% of Turkey's population), as Alevis consider the Sultan responsible for the deaths of tens of thousands of Alevis during the Battle of Chaldiran.[69] However, some "democrats and liberals" also would have preferred a more politically neutral name, with Mario Levi suggesting naming the bridge for Rumi or Yunus Emre.[70] In addition, plans to turn Turkey's Hagia Sophias in Trabzon and possibly Istanbul into mosques stirred controversy within progressive communities, with a Muslim cleric from Trabzon saying there was no need for new mosques in that area, and even threatening a public revolt if the building were converted. [71] The AKP built concrete mosques throughout the country that have largely been left unused, some even being built in Alevi villages. [72]

Construction in Turkey has boomed, and been a major driver for the economy. This has involved little local consultation: for example major construction projects in Istanbul have been "opposed by widespread coalitions of diverse interests. Yet in every case, the government has run roughshod over the projects' opponents in a dismissive manner, asserting that anyone who does not like what is taking place should remember how popular the AKP has been when elections roll around."[60]

On environmental issues large Turkish cities such as Istanbul and Ankara have seen demonstrations since the 2010 decision of the government to build nuclear power plants and the third bridge. Economic growth has, according to critics, had a negative impact on the environment in Turkey. Erdogan rejected the claims of environmental critics in his June 2nd televised speech in which he talked about how many forests he had created around the country. In particular the Black Sea Region has seen dozens of protests against the government in the last few years, concerning the construction of waste-dumps, nuclear power plants, highways, factories and dams. Local musicians and activists called on the Turkish people for a revolution for nature. [73]

The government's stance on the civil war in Syria is another cause of social tension in the country.[74] A 2011 incident in which 34 civilian citizens of Turkey were bombed and killed by Turkish F-16s on Turkish soil near the border with Iraq was considered by some symbolic of the government's attitude on Kurdish and foreign policy matters, with Erdoğan refusing to apologize for it, despite serious pressure.[75]

Gezi Park

Taksim Military Barracks, built 1806, turned into Taksim Stadium in 1921, and demolished in 1940.

The original cause of the protests was the plan to remove Gezi Park, one of the few remaining green spaces in the center of the European side of Istanbul. The plan involved pedestrianising Taksim Square and rebuilding the Ottoman-era Taksim Military Barracks, which had been demolished in 1940. The ground floor of the rebuilt barracks was expected to house a shopping mall, and the upper floors luxury flats, although in response to the protests the likelihood of a shopping mall was downplayed, and the possibility of a museum raised.[76][77][78]

Timeline

Some of the protesters have styled themselves as #OccupyGezi.

28 May

Early in the morning on 28 May around 50 people stood guard at Gezi Park to prevent its destruction.[79] The walls of the park were being bulldozed, and the people tried to stop this. With the help of BDP MP Sırrı Süreyya Önder, the bulldozing was stopped.[80] Later the bulldozing continued, with the assistance of the Zabıta municipal police.[80] There was no physical resistance, but tear gas was used, and the protesters' tents were burned by the municipal police.[80] Sırrı Süreyya Önder then stood in front of the bulldozer and demanded to see the legal permits.[79][81] Sırrı Süreyya Önder said that they would not allow the trees to be cut down, as they provided an important shaded resting place especially for poorer people.[79][82]
During discussion in the Turkish parliament, Erdogan reportedly referred to the fathers of modern Turkey Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and İsmet İnönü implicitly (without explicitly naming them) as "two drunkards".[83]

29 May

After the events of 28 May the protest group grew, and continued to stand guard in the park, putting up tents and remaining there overnight.[84] They prepared a programme for 29 May, with a 12:30 press conference and a 6 pm concert and 10 pm film showing.[85] The group continued to grow through social media. Other prominent people joined Sırrı Süreyya Önder in the protest, including Republican People's Party vice president Gürsel Tekin, singer Can Bonomo, actors and actresses Gonca Vuslateri, Memet Ali Alabora, Okan Bayülgen and Şebnem Sönmez.[86] Devrim Evin, lead actor of Fetih 1453, announced on Twitter that he was boycotting its 29 May premiere in protest.[86]

30 May

Police stormed the encampments of sit-in protestors at 5 am right after the press release. The second raid came at the moment of the second press release at 10 am.[87] Online activists' calls for support against the police crackdown increased the number of sit-in protestors by the evening.[88]

31 May

File:Water cannon Taksim Gezi Park 2013.jpg
Police using a water cannon to disperse protesters.
Crowd in İstiklâl Avenue, 31 May evening

Police carried out a dawn raid on the Gezi Park sit-in, using water cannons and tear gas to disperse the protestors to surrounding areas.[89] The police set up barricades around the park to prevent re-occupation.[89] At 1 pm a new sit-in was held at Taksim Square, but police again dispersed it.[89] Police also threw tear gas into the Taksim Metro station.[89]

Police continued firing tear gas, pepper spray and water cannons at demonstrators, with more than 100 injuries reported.[90] Sırrı Süreyya Önder was hospitalised after being hit in the shoulder by a tear gas canister.[77][91] During tear gas attacks on protesters, army soldiers were seen handing out gas masks.[92] Two protesters suffered broken arms and several others had minor bone fractures when a scaffolding collapsed as they tried to escape the police intervention on the square. Some protesters threw rocks at the security forces.[90] The executive order regarding the process decided earlier had been declared as 'on-hold' on 31 May 2013.[93] According to governor Hüseyin Avni Mutlu, 63 people had been arrested and detained.[49][94]

The police use of tear gas was criticised for being "indiscriminate".[49] The interior minister, Muammer Guler, said the claims of the use of disproportionate force would be investigated.[49]

Large protests also occurred in Ankara and Izmir.[39] In Ankara, a helicopter was used to fire tear gas at the protestors,[95] and police were seen chasing demonstrators into shops with electric shock batons.[95] Clashes between protestors and security forces continued all night long in Ankara.[96] In İzmir, more than 10,000 people held a protest on 31 May, with demonstrators holding banners reading "Everywhere is Taksim, everywhere is resistance", "Resist Taksim, İzmir is with you", and "Chemical Erdoğan". Protesters in İzmir were also raided by police armed with tear gas, plastic bullets and water cannons.[40][97]

The nationally famous rock, grunge band Duman ("Smoke" in Turkish), has composed and recorded a song in one night named "Eyvallah", meaning "Thanks" in informal language. The song includes lyrics supporting the act and thanking the violence-using police for their gas bombs, batons, bats etc. The song has spread throughout the internet, becoming a Trending Topic on Twitter. The song was to be played during the next couple of days, including on the channels which broadcast the protests live, like Ulusal Kanal (National Channel) and Halk TV (People's TV).[citation needed]

1 June

"At least 3 beer" graffiti parodies government's child and alcohol policy[98][99]
Police barricade surrounding Gezi Park.
1 June; Bosphorus Bridge, 6am, people from Kadıköy were walking since 1 am.

"About half past one the entire city [of Istanbul] started to reverberate. People were banging on pots, pans, blowing whistles," one eye-witness told BBC News.[100] Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç criticized the use of tear gas against demonstrators and stated, "It would have been more helpful to try and persuade the people who said they didn't want a shopping mall, instead of spraying them with tear gas."[101]

Thousands of protesters from Kadıköy (the Asian side of the city) walked across the Bosphorus Bridge around 06:00 local time, to join the main protest groups in Taksim. They were met with police intervention.[100][102]

At 3:45 pm, the police force started to withdraw from Taksim Square, letting protesters in. During the withdrawal, some protesters threw water bottles at the security forces, which resulted in the police use of tear gas.[103][104]

The protests in Izmir, which began on 31 May 2013, got bigger and about 17:00. The Starbucks Company shop in one of the main avenues of Izmir named "Kıbrıs Şehitleri Caddesi (Cyprus Martyrs Avenue) has been raided by protestors and demolished from inside to outside, leaving nothing solid. The other Starbucks, in a popular street named "Gül Sokak (Rose Street)" in Izmir, has also been demolished by protesters through evening to night.[citation needed] The main reasons were declared as anti-capitalism and shop workers that didn't help the protesters who needed emergency help. Also the building of Bank Asya, a private finance house company (publicly known to be close to Gülen Movement, a relegious order known for its support of Erdoğan), which is located on the Çankaya neighborhood of Izmir, has been raided and demolished by protesters. Protesters used spray-paint to write anti-government and pro-environmental slogans on almost every single building (especially banks) on main streets of the city.

The protests in Ankara that began on 31 May continued.[96] The protestors, gathered mainly on Güven Park in the Kızılay neighbourhood, were also interrupted by the police officers. The roads to the Kızılay square where protestors tried to gather were closed by the security forces.[105] The security around the Başbakanlık Konutu and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey were also increased with the aid of the Turkish Gendarmerie.[106][107] The security forces left the Kızılay square later and then nearly 10,000 people gathered there.[108]

Some have reported rumors of the police using a novel riot control chemical which some are calling "Agent Orange" against the protesters in Beşiktaş, but these are left as rumors as journalists (CNN, etc.)[109] and experts told people that the police used a colored substance, mostly colored teargas and a colored gas to identify where the person got hit is.[109][110][111] Though bearing the same nickname as herbicides and defoliants used by the US Military during the Vietnam War, the chemical used is believed to be a riot control chemical such as CR gas or the Skunk anti-riot chemical.

"Helicopters have fired tear gas canisters into residential neighbourhoods and police have used tear gas to try to smoke people out of buildings. Footage on YouTube showed one protester being hit by an armoured police truck as it charged a barricade."[112]

Prime Minister Tayyip Erdogan gave a televised speech condemning the protestors and vowing that "where they gather 20, I will get up and gather 200,000 people. Where they gather 100,000, I will bring together one million from my party".[113]

2 June

Videos showing the extent of police brutality started to surface on various websites.[114][115][116][117][118] One video showed a young Moroccan-Turkish woman being pulled onto a stretcher, who reportedly died from being shot in the head with a gas canister.[119] Other footage also showed police firing gas grenades directly at demonstrators.[120] It was reported that Turkey's President Abdullah Gül contacted other senior leaders urging "moderation". After the call, Interior Minister Muammer Güler ordered police to withdraw from Taksim, allowing protestors to re-occupy the square.[121] Protesters "shun violence".[122] Demonstrators returning to the square organized to clean the square, which has become littered with debris.[123]

In the afternoon Tayyip Erdoğan stated "I will not seek permission from hoodlums to implement my plans for Taksim."[124] Also, he suggested that he would remove Atatürk Cultural Center and replace it with an opera house and a mosque. In addition, he said that the Artillery Barracks may not be a shopping mall, but could be a city museum or an architectural work.[78]

In Izmir, the day started with people, who started to clean the main streets and squares, which were polluted by the protests during 1 June.[125] People cleaned the city almost for 5 hours but as the crowd got bigger and the police has been positioned around, cleaning stopped. Soon the crowd and protests got bigger. Police used random violence to disperse the crowds, even hitting teen girls on the boulevard.[126][127] Izmir's Bornova and Alsancak neighborhoods saw fierce battles between protesters riot-police all throughout the afternoon, with dozens of arrests made and damage to stores in the center of town by police's water cannon use. The Mayor of Izmir Metropolitan Municipality, Aziz Kocaoğlu (CHP), got out in his civil outfit and walked with people to support the nature and democracy act.[128]

In Ankara tens of thousands of protesters took control over Kızılay Square after battles with police, and then started to barricade it off. A civilian car, allegedly driven by a traffic police officer, drove straight through the crowds in Kızılay, killing at least one protester.[129][130][citation needed]

In Istanbul police blocked the Bosphorus bridge to prevent protestors crossing to the European side as they had on previous days.[131] While the tension at Taksim square remained low, fights broke out between police and protesters in other neighborhoods of the city, such as Beşiktaş. Protesters repeatedly tried to get near to the office of the prime minister. Thousands of protesters went to media buildings in Istanbul, such as those of HaberTurk, that was airing an interview with the prime minister at that moment.

Particular anger was also provoked by the sighting of several civilians armed with bats and sticks following police on their way to curb protests, apparently with police support. Several videos showed armed civilians aiding police in brutally cracking down on protesters. Some civilians in videos and photos have been linked to positions in Ak Gençlik Kolları, the youth wing of the AKP. The use of AKP members in cracking down police fueled further fury against the police and resulted in a bulldozer being hijacked in Beşiktaş, Istanbul and being driven towards police positions. Although initially resulting in police retreat, the bulldozer was finally set alight in the early hours of midnight.[132]

Other cities where violent confrontations occurred between protesters and police were Adana and Antakya, not far from the Syrian border.[133]

3 June

During the night riot police fired tear gas directly into the homes of civilians.[134][135] Throughout Istanbul, and in different neighborhoods of Ankara, Izmir and Antalya, clashes occurred throughout the night. Protesters in Izmir set fire to the AKP's headquarters in the city.[136]

CNN Türk, the Turkish CNN channel, joined Ulusal Kanal and Halk TV in broadcasting live footage from the protests.[137]

Police beat up an unarmed protester in Dolmabahce[138] In Beşiktaş tourists and demonstrators were treated in mosques for severe injuries due to lack of ambulances. Police reportedly committed random acts of violence against protesters. [139][140] The Shangri-La Hotel was used as a makeshift hospital as well.[141] Riot police teargassed Bahçeşehir University and tried to enter the building with hundreds of students inside.[142]

AKP sympathisers were allegedly seen attacking men and woman on the streets of Izmir.[143][144] In some cities AKP voters accompanied police.[145]

Metin Feyzioglu, the President of the Turkish Bar Association (TBB), reported that in Ankara's Kızılay, police had targeted an infirmary and used gas grenades against the doctors and patients inside.[146]

In the early hours of the day, several truck drivers escorted the protesters in order to shield them from police water cannons and tear gas in Beşiktaş. Protests got bigger in the afternoon as several unions called a general strike in response to "state terrorism." Several working protesters also joined the crowd after finishing work. Several protests were scheduled in the night in order to attract a larger turnout.[147] Tens of thousands took to the streets in the afternoon in Izmir and Ankara. In Ankara police shot dozens of flash-bangs and gas grenades in an effort to chase protesters away from the central areas of the city. Istanbul Technical University's Cafeteria was turned into an makeshift infirmary, to cope with injuries of protesters in Maslak.

In the evening, the TV game show Kelime Oyunu ("Word Game"), on Bloomberg HT TV, hosted by Ali İhsan Varol, silently broke the media censorship and supported the protests by placing questions and answers (eg "gazmaskesi", gas masks) that refer to the protests.[148]

Reactions

Former Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey and a close friend of Erdoğan, Abdüllatif Şener, said on a live phone connection with Halk TV that he knows Erdogan very well and that if Erdogan builds a shopping mall, demolishing the Gezi Park, it would be full of malpractice that makes him only richer. With these words he declared his support for the protesters. He also stated that "running away is a typical behaviour for Recep Tayyip Erdogan", upon hearing the news that Erdogan would be going on a 3-day journey abroad.[149] Shortly after he made his speech, "Abdüllatif Şener" became a trending topic on Twitter.[150]

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan left Turkey on a planned three-day tour of North African countries from 3 to 6 June.[151][152]

The Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey (DISK), the Confederation of Public Workers' Unions (KESK), and the Education and Science Workers' Union (Eğitim-Sen) announced a general strike in protest of "state terror".[153][154]

A facebook event named Black Monday (Kara Pazartesi) began on 3 June. More than 100,000 people wore black on 3rd June 2013 as a sign of protest against the government.[155] The event later surprisingly disappeared from facebook.[155]

Anonymous and RedHack began a cyber-campaign against the Turkish government, taking down several government websites including the presidential website http://tccb.gov.tr/[156]

Stock market prices fell sharply during the early hours of the morning.[157] The fall of the BIST 100 index was the sharpest since August 2011.[158] Finance circles named the fall Black Monday.[159]

It was reported that protestors raised $55,000 via crowdfunding in under 24 hours, with the money being used to purchase a full-page ad in the New York Times.[160][161]

Protesters

The initial Istanbul protests were led by about 50 environmentalists.[35] This widened dramatically in response to the heavy-handed eviction by police of the environmentalist sit-in at Gezi Park.

The range of the protesters was noted as being broad, encompassing both right and left-wing individuals as well as nationalist Turks, Kurds, Armenians, Greeks and Jews.[41] Der Spiegel said that protests were "drawing more than students and intellectuals. Families with children, women in headscarves, men in suits, hipsters in sneakers, pharmacists, tea-house proprietors -- all are taking to the streets to register their displeasure."[162] It added that there was a notable absence of political party leadership: "There have been no party flags, no party slogans and no prominent party functionaries to be seen. Kemalists and communists have demonstrated side-by-side with liberals and secularists."[162] The Guardian observed that "Flags of the environmentalist movement, rainbow banners, flags of Atatürk, of Abdullah Öcalan [163], of Che Guevara, of different trade unions, all adorn the [Gezi] park."[164]

Locations of Protests

Turkey

The biggest protests have been in Istanbul, with reports of at least 100,000 protestors.[citation needed] Inside of the city, protests have been concentrated in the central neighborhoods of Beyoğlu (around Taksim quare and İstiklal Avenue), Beşiktaş (from Dolmabahce to Ortaköy) and Üsküdar (Kadıköy, Beylerbeyi, Çengelköy and Beykoz). Also in Zeytinburnu, traditionally seen as a conservative working-class neighborhood to the west of the old city, tens of thousands marched in protest. Among the suburbs that saw demonstrations were Beylikdüzü on the far-western side of the city, Pendik and Kartal at the far east and Ümraniye and Esenler to the North.

The biggest protests outside Istanbul have been in Ankara;[2] protests took place in 81 - 90 cities across Turkey.[3]

Other cities inside of Turkey with protests include:

Map of major protest locations

International

Supporting protests in cities of the Turkish diaspora:

  • In Bulgaria, dozens of Turkish students protested in the capital Sofia on 1 June 2013.[168] They were joined by Bulgarian students.[169]
  • In Amsterdam, Netherlands over a thousand Turks and sympathizers demonstrated on the Beursplein for two consecutive days.[170][171] Other protests were held in Rotterdam and Arnhem among other cities.
  • In Brussels, Belgium over a hundred Turks protested on 1 June 2013, expressing their solidarity.[172]
  • In Berlin,[173] Hamburg, Munich and Stuttgart,[174] Germany solidarity protests of 3000, 1500 and 1500 respectively took place on 1 June 2013.[175]
  • In Vienna, Austria people have gathered at Karlsplatz and then Stadtpark to show support for the protests in Istanbul on 1 June 2013.[176]
  • In Paris, France hundreds gathered to show support and demonstrated on Esplanade du Trocadéro on the 1st and 2nd of June.[177]
  • In Tel Aviv, Israel, an Amnesty International worker organized a protest of several dozen human rights activists, including some Turkish-Israelis, outside the Turkish embassy on 2 June 2013, to show solidarity with the protestors.[178]
  • Turks and Turkish Cypriots in Northern Cyprus showed solidarity with the protesters, and held their own demonstration in Kuğulu Park, North Nicosia.[179]
  • In London, United Kingdom, over a thousand people demonstrated in Hyde Park in 1st of June.[180] A growing number of attendants keep protesting the ongoing police violence on a daily basis as of 3 June 2013.
  • In New York, United States of America, over a thousand people demonstrated in Zucotti Park in 1st of June.[181] The protests continued on 2nd of June in Zucotti Park. The protests continued on June 3rd, with hundreds of supporters taking a stand in front of the Turkish Consulate located on 50th Street and 3rd Ave.
  • In Denmark, dozens of people gathered in Copenhagen near city hall on 1st of June 2013 for demonstration
  • In Ottawa, Canada, over a hundred people demonstrated on Parliament Hill on June 2nd, asking for international support for an immediate end to police violence.[182]
  • In Poznan, Poland, a small group of Turkish students protested on 3 June to support the resistance in Gezi Park.
  • In Dublin, Ireland, dozens of Turks protested on 1 June to support the resistance in Gezi Park.[183]
  • In Prague, Czech Republic, nearly 30-35 people protested Turkish government.[184]
  • In Tokio, Japan, over fifty Turks live in Japan demonstrated on June 2nd.[185]
  • In Beijing, Shangai and Guangzhou, China, some protests has benn helt.[186]

Casualties

File:June, 1, 2013 - Taksim.jpg
Red dye from water cannons used to mark protestors on the street in Taksim Square, 1 June 2013

Injuries

The Turkish Doctors' Association reported on 2 June that more than a thousand people were wounded in Istanbul and Ankara. These people, including "a large number of citizens who lost their eyes", were injured as a result of water cannons and close-range shots from tear gas canisters and plastic bullets aimed directly at them.[187] Amnesty International said water cannons had been targeted at peaceful protestors, while "the inappropriate use of tear gas by police has been the most devastating on the safety of demonstrators, causing an unknown number of injuries, including serious head injuries when the canisters hit protestors."[188]

  • Sırrı Süreyya Önder, a member of Parliament, was hospitalised after being hit in the shoulder by a tear gas canister (31 May).[77]
  • Ahmet Şık, an investigative journalist, known for his vocal opposition to government and prolonged imprisonment, was hit in the head by a tear gas canister;[189] "Onlookers said the canister was deliberately thrown at Şık from a distance of about 10 metres."[190]
  • Sezgin Tanrikulu, a noted human rights attorney,and also a member of Parliament from Republican People`s Party (CHP), the main opposition party in the Turkish Parliament, was hospitalized after suffering a mild heart attack caused by exposure to tear gas on 31 May.[191]
  • Nasuh Mahruki, professional mountain climber, writer, photographer and film producer; first ever Turkish person to climb the Seven Summits; was hospitalized with a broken leg on 1 June.[192]
  • Human Rights Watch reported a student losing an eye after being hit by a plastic bullet.[191]
  • Student Lavna Allani was in critical condition in hospital with head injuries.[193]

Amnesty International stated: "According to reports, more than a thousand protesters have been injured and at least two have died." However no deaths were officially confirmed at that time.[188][194][195][104]

Deaths

  • Huseyin Demirduzen, the board member of the Turkish Medical Association (Türk Tabipler Birliği; TTB), announced that a 20-year-old man, Mehmet Ayvalitas, died when a taxi drove into a group of demonstrators on an Istanbul highway during an anti-government protest.[196]
  • Hasan Akgöl, Mevlüt Dudu CHP MPs from Hatay, online activists and the newspaper Sol announced the death of a 22-year-old man, named Abdullah Cömert, who died with baton hits or a bullet hit into his head which have been used by province police.[30][197][198]

Government response

On 29 May, after the initial protests, Erdoğan gave a speech at the groundbreaking ceremony for the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge reiterating his commitment to the redevelopment plan, saying "Whatever you do, we've made our decision and we will implement it".[199] On 31 May Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş stated that the environmental campaign had been manipulated by "political agendas".[49]

On 1 June Prime Minister Tayyip Erdoğan gave a televised speech condemning the protestors and vowing that "where they gather 20, I will get up and gather 200,000 people. Where they gather 100,000, I will bring together one million from my party".[113] On 2 June he described the protestors as "looters" and "bums".[200]

On 1 June Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç criticized the use of tear gas against demonstrators and stated, "It would have been more helpful to try and persuade the people who said they didn't want a shopping mall, instead of spraying them with tear gas."[101]

On 2 June it was reported that Turkey's President Abdullah Gül contacted other senior leaders urging "moderation". After the call, Interior Minister Muammer Güler ordered police to withdraw from Taksim, allowing protestors to re-occupy the square.[121] On 3 June Gül defended the right to protest, saying that "Democracy does not mean elections alone."[201]

Impact

Politics

According to Koray Çalışkan, a political scientist at Istanbul's Boğaziçi University, the protests are "a turning point for the AKP. Erdoğan is a very confident and a very authoritarian politician, and he doesn't listen to anyone anymore. But he needs to understand that Turkey is no kingdom, and that he cannot rule Istanbul from Ankara all by himself."[1] Çalışkan also suggested that the prospects for Erdoğan's plan to enact a new constitution based on a presidential system, with Erdoğan becoming the first President under this system, might have been damaged.[202]

Significant voices against the government also came from conservative and Islamist sides. İhsan Eliaçık claimed Erdoğan to be a dictator.[203] Fatma Bostan Ünsal one of the co-founders of Justice and Development Party delivered her support to protests.[204] Mustafa Akyol, a liberal Islamist journalist, described the events as the cumulative reaction of the people to Erdoğan.[205]

Faruk Birtek a sociology professor at Boğaziçi university criticized the actions of Turkish police against protesters and likend them to SS of Nazi Germany.[206]

Tourism

The Antalya Province attracts about 1/3 of Turkey's foreign visitors.

In 2011, Turkey attracted more than 31.5 million foreign tourists,[207] ranking as the 6th most popular tourist destination in the world. Tourism has been described as "one of the most vital sources of income for Turkey",[208] raising concerns that "unrest would have a dire effect on Istanbul [...] and the larger tourism economy."[209]

Mark Almond, a visiting professor in International Relations at Bilkent University in Ankara, revealed to Russia Today: "This is a city that has huge numbers of foreign tourists – many of them have been affected, many of them sought medical help. It's a public relations disaster with huge economic implications."[210]

  • On 1 June 2013, the UK's Foreign and Commonwealth Office issued an advisory warning against tourists attending demonstrations in Turkey.[211] Similar advisories have been issued by Canada[212] and New Zealand.[213]
  • A spokesperson for the US State Department was reported to have noted that "the crackdown of the police forces armed with tear gas and water cannons happened in one of the most touristic places where many of the biggest hotels are located, indirectly warning that a travel advisory for U.S. citizens could be issued."[214] On 1 June 2013, the US Embassy in Turkey did indeed issue such a warning that "U.S. citizens traveling or residing in Turkey should be alert to the potential for violence".[215]
  • The German Foreign Office issued a warning urging its citizen to avoid affected areas.[216]

2020 Summer Olympics

Istanbul mayor Kadir Topbaş gave an interview expressing concern that the police's actions would jeopardize Istanbul's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, saying "As Istanbul's mayor going through such an event, the fact that the whole world watched saddens me. How will we explain it? With what claims will we host the 2020 Olympic Games?"[217]

Economy

On 3 June, Istanbul's stock exchange experienced a loss of 10.5% in a single day-- the drop was "the biggest one-day loss in a decade".[218][157] The fall of BIST 100 index was the sharpest since August 2011,[158] and the yield on two-year lira bonds rose 71 basis points to 6.78 percent, the biggest jump since 2005.[219]

Turkish media

File:Ntv Van Media for sales.png
NTV broadcast van covered with protest graffiti, in response to indifference of mainstream media to protests, 1 June 2013

Foreign media noted that the protests had attracted relatively little mainstream media coverage in Turkey and speculated that this may be due to government pressure.[41] Few channels provided live coverage – one that did was Halk TV.[220]

"[On the afternoon of Friday, May 31, 2013] CNN Turk was broadcasting a food show, featuring the “flavors of Niğde.” Other major Turkish news channels were showing a dance contest and a roundtable on study-abroad programs. It was a classic case of the revolution not being televised. The whole country seemed to be experiencing a cognitive disconnect, with Twitter saying one thing, the government saying another, and the television off on another planet."[77]

At 1am on 2 June CNN Turk was broadcasting a documentary on penguins while CNN International was showing live coverage of the protests in Turkey.[221] "Many of the protesters complained about the lack of coverage on Turkish television. Some newspapers too were largely silent on the protests: on Saturday morning [2 June], the lead article in Sabah, a major pro-government newspaper, was about Erdogan's campaign against smoking."[222] Sabah's front page on 2 June did not feature the protests at all, but found space to cover "President Abdullah Gul being presented with a horse during his official visit to Turkmenistan."[223]

On 3 June the TV game show Kelime Oyunu ("Word Game"), on Bloomberg HT TV, hosted by Ali İhsan Varol supported the protests by placing questions and answers (eg "gazmaskesi", gas masks) that refer to the protests.[148] A previous attempt to smuggle protest support into other television shows included Kenan Doğulu taking off his top on a Turkish TV show ("Elidor Miss Turkey", Star TV, 31 May) to reveal an "Occupy Gezi" T-shirt.

On 3 June, thousands of white collar people working in the financial district of Maslak and Levent were gathered in front of Doğuş Media Center to protest coverage by Doğuş Holding's NTV, one of the major news channels. NTV was forced to broadcast events live, while protesters chanted "satılmış medya istemiyoruz" ("We do not want media that is for sale."), "Tayyip istifa" ("Resign Tayyip"), "Her yer Taksim, her yer direniş" ("Taksim everywhere, resistance everywhere"). [224][225]

Social media

As a result of the lack of mainstream media coverage, social media played a key role in keeping people informed, with Twitter hashtags #OccupyGezi and #DirenGeziParki ("Resist Gezi Park") being adopted.[89] In the 12 hours from 4 pm 31 May, there were more than 2 million tweets for the 3 leading hashtags, with 88% in Turkish and 90% of geolocated tweets coming from Turkey.[226] Erdogan said in a speech that "There is now a menace which is called Twitter. The best examples of lies can be found there. To me, social media is the worst menace to society."[227] A December 2012 Pew Research Center study showed 35% of Turks using social networking sites.[223][228]

There were reports that the 3G signal in some areas had been turned off; in response, some shops and offices removed security from their Wifi networks.[226][229]

International reaction

Supranational
State
  • United Kingdom The Foreign Office condemned the 'indiscriminate' use of tear gas, adding "We encourage the Turkish authorities to respect the right to peaceful protest and freedom of assembly, which are fundamental human rights in any democratic society".[231]
  • United States State Department spokesperson Jen Psaki expressed concern: "We believe that Turkey's long-term stability, security and prosperity is best guaranteed by upholding the fundamental freedoms of expression, assembly and association, which is what it seems these individuals were doing."[232][231]
Others

See also

References

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