Cephalanthus
| Cephalanthus | |
|---|---|
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| Cephalanthus occidentalis | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Subfamily: | Cinchonoideae |
| Tribe: | Naucleeae |
| Genus: | Cephalanthus L.[1] |
| Type species | |
| Cephalanthus occidentalis | |
| Species[1] | |
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Cephalanthus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. There are five extant species[1] that are commonly known as buttonbush.[3][4]
Description
[edit]They are shrubs or small trees growing to 5–15 m (16–49 ft) tall. The leaves are simple, arranged in opposite pairs or whorls of three. The flowers form a dense globular inflorescence.[citation needed]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]Cephalanthus occidentalis is native to the eastern United States and Canada. The others occur in tropical regions of the Americas, Africa and Asia.[5] Two species are known in cultivation.[6]
Systematics
[edit]Cephalanthus was named by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753.[7] The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words κέφαλη (kephale), meaning "head", and ἄνθος (anthos), meaning "flower".[8]
Taxonomy
[edit]Cephalanthus is the most basal genus in the tribe Naucleeae.[9] Some authors have segregated it into its own monotypic tribe.[10] The type species is Cephalanthus occidentalis.[11]
Species
[edit]The following five extant species are accepted:[1][4][12]
- Cephalanthus angustifolius Lour. - Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
- Cephalanthus glabratus (Spreng.) K.Schum. - sarandí - Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
- Cephalanthus occidentalis L. - button-willow, common buttonbush, honey-bells - Cuba, eastern Canada, eastern, central and southern United States, California, Arizona, New Mexico
- Cephalanthus salicifolius Humb. & Bonpl. - Mexican buttonbush, willowleaf buttonbush - Mexico, Honduras, extreme southern tip of Texas
- Cephalanthus tetrandrus (Roxb.) Ridsdale & Bakh.f. - tropical Asia from India to China and Thailand
Fossil record
[edit]Sixteen fossil mericarps of †Cephalanthus pusillus have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e "Cephalanthus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Cephalanthus L." International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 7 December 2024.
- ^ "Cephalanthus — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
- ^ a b "Cephalanthus in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
- ^ Mabberley DJ (2008). Mabberley's Plant Book (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4.
- ^ Huxley AJ et al. (eds.) The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. The Macmillan Press Limited, London; The Stockton Press, New York. 1992. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5
- ^ Linné, Carl von; Linné, Carl von (1753). Species plantarum : exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas, cum diferentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Vol. t.1 (1753). Berlin: Junk.
- ^ Quattrocchi, U. (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 1. Boca Raton, New York, Washington DC, London: CRC Press. p. 476. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
- ^ Manns, Ulrika; Bremer, Birgitta (July 2010). "Towards a better understanding of intertribal relationships and stable tribal delimitations within Cinchonoideae s.s. (Rubiaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 21–39. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.04.002.
- ^ Ridsdale CE (1976). "A revision of the tribe Cephalantheae (Rubiaceae)". Blumea. 23 (1): 177–88.
- ^ "Cephalanthus". naturalhistory2.si.edu. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
- ^ "Cephalanthus tetrandrus (Roxb.) Ridsdale & Bakh.f." WFO Plant list. June 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
- ^ Friis, Else Marie, 1985, Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark), The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3
External links
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