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Part of the Wellington Street, Collingwood Housing Commission building built 1971. 47 of these template designed steel framed concrete towers consisting of pre-cast slabs covered in exposed aggregate, some as tall as 20 to 30 storeys, were constructed across inner Melbourne during the 1960s and early 1970s.

The Housing Commission of Victoria (often shortened to Housing Commission, especially colloquially) was a Government of Victoria body responsible for public housing in Victoria, Australia. It was established in 1938, and was abolished in 1984.

The main activity of the commission was the construction tens of thousands of houses and flats in Melbourne and many country towns between the late 1940s and the early 70s, providing low rent housing for low income families. The most visible legacy of the commission is the 44 high-rise apartment towers in inner Melbourne, all built using the same pre-cast concrete panel technology as part of a major urban renewal. Many of the larger estates such as: Atherton Gardens (Fitzroy), Debney Estate (Flemington), Horace Petty Estate (South Yarra), Collingwood and Richmond Estates were modelled on the Towers in the park design philosophy popular in large cities around the world such as New York and London. Others such as Park Towers were maximised for height in already built up areas. Archive footage exists of construction and life within Melbourne's Housing Commission towers of the 1960s such as this Video on YouTube.

In 2023, the Government of Victoria announced it intended to demolish all the remaining high rise towers which house more than 5,800 families and redevelop the sites under a Public–private partnership model. This has stimulated significant public debate over their heritage significance and possible protection[1] and also their role in alleviating Melbourne's housing crisis and possible refurbishment.[2]

History

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Establishment

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Carlton. Slum pocket. ca. 1930

Through the 1920s and early 1930s, a campaign highlighting the dreadful conditions and moral dangers of the 'slums' of inner city Melbourne was led by social reformer F. Oswald Barnett. During the Great Depression Barnett wrote a thesis submitted to the University of Melbourne, entitled The Unsuspected Slums exploring the slum problem in Melbourne.[3] Barnett received high praise for his thesis which was later published by the Melbourne Herald and consolidated his status as the leading anti-slum campaigner in Melbourne.[3] Run-down housing in the inner city areas deteriorated during the Great Depression, creating a 'housing crisis'.[4][5] During the Depression, little new housing was built, which also led to rental housing being a 'seller's market'. Barnett's campaigning against slums led to the establishment the Housing Investigation and Slum Abolition Board (HISAB) in July 1936.[6] The Group proposed to use unemployment relief funds for the rehousing of slum occupants to rentals based on social rather than economic conditions.[7] Its 1937 report found 3,000 houses 'unfit for habitation' and recommended the establishment of a housing commission. Famously, at the same time, Barnett invited Premier Albert Dunstan to join him on a personal tour of the slums. Dunstan's government established the Housing Commission of Victoria thereafter: John O’Connor was the commission's first chairman, while Oswald Barnett, Oswald Burt and Frances Pennington were appointed as part-time commissioners.[8]

The Housing Commission of Victoria was established under the Housing Act 1937 to improve existing housing conditions and to provide adequate housing for persons of limited means; the Slum Reclamation Act 1938 and the Reclamation and Housing (Financial) Act 1938 provided the framework for the commission's work.[9] On the passing of the legislation, Premier Dunstan declared the beginning of the commission's activities as a 'war on slums', but also recognised the magnitude of the task before it.[10] The legislation not only gave the Commission powers for housing construction and improvement, but also made it 'a planning authority in its own right'.[11] The Commission's chief concerns, however, were the 'slum pockets' which required 'excision' for the 'common good'.[12] It developed a plan of action in March 1938, concentrating its attention on 1,240 houses in lanes, rights-of-way and slum pockets, referred to in HISAB's earlier report.[13] Slums were to be reclaimed and people rehoused.

To house the people moved from the slum areas, the commission needed to provide new homes. The commission's first estate was an extension to the Garden City Estate in Port Melbourne, where pre-cast concrete technologies were employed for the first time[14] to build 370 homes.[15] Next was the development of flats at Pigdon Street, Carlton, though the original proposal for three storey flats was reduced to two storeys after local opposition.[16] The commission then began to acquire cheap land in the northern suburbs of Coburg, Brunswick, Preston and Northcote as well as in inner suburban areas such as North Melbourne, Fitzroy and Richmond.[17] The few estates built by the Commission before World War II comprised modestly scaled suburban style housing, in simple brick construction, mostly as duplexes, such as the Racecourse Estate in Richmond,[18] and the Railton Grove Precinct in Preston.[19]

The Commission's acquisition plans were ambitious and it was bound to come across difficulties. The synchronisation of the 'demolition program' was proving difficult and by June 1940, only 53 families had moved into new houses while only 99 houses had been ordered for demolition.[20] The commission also had difficulties dealing with local municipalities, in acquiring properties in the North Melbourne reclamation area as well as with the labour movement, who believed that the government should subsidise loans to enable workers to buy homes rather than rent them.[21] The rehousing of those from the slums was a difficult task.

As a landlord, the commission also experienced problems. Tenants were initially reluctant to move, while rents on the estates were more expensive than in their former accommodation.[22] At Fishermans Bend, there was tension between tenants of the commission's estate and those who had bought homes under an earlier housing program; vandalism was also a problem, both at Fishermans Bend and in the West Brunswick estate.[23] Frances Penington, who was also a social worker, advocated for community facilities to be built at the estates to alleviate some of these problems, these were built after protracted debate by others on the commission.[24] Transportation costs from the new estates to places of employment were also an issue.[25] Despite these issues, residents 'adjusted to their new homes and locations'[22] and appreciated the 'better home environment'.[26]

By 1942, building had halted as the commission shifted its focus to post-war planning. It continued to acquire land though, taking advantage of low prices by purchasing land in industrial areas in the western suburbs as well as in the middle class eastern and southern suburbs.[27] The commission, in its planning authority capacity had also drawn up plans for the future development of Melbourne but by 1944, it was lacking resources to deal with backlogs of council plans.[28] The commission recruited Frank Heath from its advisory Architects Panel to deal with these problems but it was stripped of its town planning powers later in the same year.[28] The commission's 1944 report found that housing was required in 'large numbers as quickly as possible to house those recently returned to civilian life and catch up on the lag of construction over the war years'.[29] The end of the slum abolitionism was in part due to the ambiguity surrounding what constituted a slum. Slum abolitionists were left disappointed because the sensationalism carried by the slum problem were communicated to the mainstream community over messages such as social inequity and social reform.[30]

While the commission was planning for the future, so were its commissioners. Barnett and Burt published Housing the Australian Nation, reviewing the slum reclamation, but also putting forward their plans for a national housing policy.[31] Barnett, Burt and Heath published We Must Go On calling for a fairer society and centralised planning.[32] By now, housing for growing numbers was the main concern.

Addressing the postwar housing shortage

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After World War II, with greater funding and a severe housing shortage, the Commission's activities greatly expanded through the late 1940s into the 1950s. They began to build larger and larger estates of housing in the suburban fringes, as well as country towns, of both single homes and duplexes, from stylish Old English style double brick[33] to simple unadorned prefabricated weatherboard.[34] The compulsory purchase and demolition of blocks of 'slums' in the inner and middle ring suburbs also gathered pace, usually replaced by apartment buildings of various designs, from long two storey blocks of prefabricated construction placed diagonally on the blocks in a garden setting to concentrated blocks of concrete and brick four storey walk-ups. Despite the offer of attractive accommodation many residents in 1953 resisted compulsory acquisition, objecting to the affordability of proposed new units.[35] The new housing was too expensive for low income earners and aiming it at middle income earners was regarded by some as dooming the project to fail.[36]

The Commission was keen to produce the largest number of houses at the lowest cost, and in an era when prefabrication was widely regarded as the most efficient construction method, the Commission continued its pre-war development of precast concrete houses. In 1946 it leased the former Commonwealth Tank factory building in suburban Holmesglen, transforming it into a 'Housing Factory' for the production of prefabricated concrete houses and flats. The entire operation became a production line process and by 1948, 1,000 houses had been produced. In the middle 1950s, the factory was producing two to four storey walk up flats, and by 1964 the Concrete House Project was turning out pre-cast walls for villas as well as walk-ups and would soon be producing the components for high rise towers.[37]

1960s high rises

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Approximately 27 precast concrete 20 to 30 storey height buildings were constructed around Melbourne in the 1960s, until the type of development fell into disrepute.[38] By 1970 nearly 4000 privately owned dwellings had been compulsory acquired and replaced by nearly 7000 high rise flats.[39]

In the period of the 1960s-70s large scale redevelopment by the Housing Commission of Victoria caused the displacement of low-income residents.[40] Few former residents residing in the inner-city areas whose houses were demolished by the Commission were resettled in the inner city.[40]

In the early 1970s with the towers out of favour, the Commission turned back to building large suburban estates, including the creation of satellite towns in Pakenham, Sunbury and Melton. The purchase of the land however was poorly handled, the Commission spending $11 million on land, some of which was not suitable for housing, and handing handsome profits to speculators. This 'land scandal' led to a Royal Commission in 1979 which found no evidence of corruption.[41]

Park Towers in South Melbourne being built in 1967-68

There are 28 sites, spread across 19 suburbs in inner Melbourne that contain around 44 high rises in total (some already demolished and all to be demolished and replaced by 2051). The largest sites contain four towers each as well as a numerous walk-up flats (many replaced in the 2010s); Elizabeth Street, Richmond, Atherton Gardens, Fitzroy, Lygon Street Carlton and Racecourse Road, Flemington. Other large sites contain three buildings; Boundary Road, North Melbourne and Malvern Road, South Yarra. The towers vary between 20 and 30 storeys in height and come in a variety of plan forms; S, T, Y, I, L and C-shape, the most common being the S-shape. The high-rises have become somewhat iconic, the instantly recognisable image of the Melbourne 'Housing Commission Tower Block' has been used in artworks, film and TV, and as a graphics on T-shirts, bags and the like.

Sites

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The height of the towers is proportional to the number of storeys with each storey at 2.6 metres of height resulting in a typical height for a 20 storey tower being 52 metres.[42]

Image Suburb Location Original Name Constructed Buildings (Shape) Max Height (storeys) Units Notes / ref
Albert Park 150 Victoria Avenue (Corner of Reed Street) Layfield Court 1966 1 (I-Shaped) 12 78-97 [43][44]
Brunswick 351 Barkly Street (Corner of McKay Street) Barkly Street Estate 1 (S-Shaped) 12 216
Carlton 20 Elgin Street (Corner of Nicholson Street) Elgin Estate 1968 2 (I-Shaped) 18 96-98 Distinctive red brick design. Demolished 2024-2025
Carlton 480 & 510 Lygon Street & 140 Neill Street Lygon Estate 1965-67 4 (2 S-Shaped, 1 Y-Shaped, 1 T-Shaped) 20 503 (178 + 177 + 148) [44]
Collingwood 229 & 253 Hoddle Street (Between Perry & Vere Streets); 240 Wellington Street (Between Perry & Vere Streets) Collingwood Estate 1968-71 3 (S-Shaped) 20 560 (180 + 180 + 200)
Fitzroy Brunswick Street & Napier Street (Between Gertrude & Condell Streets) Atherton Gardens Estate 1969-71 4 (S-Shaped)

1 Low Rise

20 824 (200 + 200 + 200 + 200 +24) 95 Napier (1970); 90 Brunswick (1971); 140 Brunswick (1971); 125 Napier (1971)

100 Napier 24 (1971)

Flemington 120 Racecourse Road, 1 building (S-Shaped),[45] 126 Racecourse Road, 1 building (S-Shaped), 130 Racecourse Road, 1 building (S-Shaped), 12 Holland Court, 1 building (S-Shaped)[46] Debney Meadows (Debney Park) Estate 1962-65 4 (S-Shaped) 20 527 (174 + 173 + 180) 12 Holland Court and 120 Raccourse Road will be demolished in 2025-26
Flemington 29 Crown Street Crown Street Estate 1962 1 (I-Shaped) 12 145
Footscray 127 Gordon Street (Corner of Shepherd Street) Gaskin Gardens 1 (T-Shaped) 13 168
Kensington 56 Derby Street (L-Shaped); 72 Derby Street (L-Shaped); 94 Ormond Street (I-Shaped) Holland Estate 1963 2 (L-Shaped), 1 (I-Shaped) 17 200 (105 Derby + 95 Ormond) 72 Derby Street was Demolished in 1999, the first and only public housing tower to be demolished in Melbourne until 2024.[47]
North Melbourne 33 Alfred Street, 3 buildings (1 Y-Shaped); 12 Sutton Street (1 S-Shaped, 1 T-Shaped); 76 Canning Street (Corner of Boundary Road), 1 building (I-Shaped) Hotham Estate 1963-66 1 (T-Shaped) 20 483 (179 + 149 + 155) 33 Alfred Street will be demolished in 2025-26
Northcote 1 Holmes Street (Off Heidelberg Road near Merri Creek) Frank Wilkes Court (Northcote Estate) 1 building (S-Shaped) 13 139
Port Melbourne Corner Evans, Raglan and Ross Street 2 (Linear) 5
Prahran 25 & 27 King Street King Street Estate 2 (T-Shaped) 13 192
Richmond 106, 108, 110 and 112 Elizabeth Street Richmond Estate 1969-1970 4 (S-Shaped) 23 795 (197 + 198 + 199 + 201)
Richmond 139 Highett Street (Corner of Lennox Street) Lennox Street Estate 1969 1 (S-Shaped) 20 200 Earmarked for demolition by 2032
St Kilda 150 Inkerman Street (Corner of Henryville Street) Inkerman Heights 1 (T-Shaped) 13 140
South Melbourne 332 Park Street. Corner of Park & Cecil Streets Park Towers 1967-69 1 (E or C-Shaped) 30 297 Tallest Public Housing Tower in Melbourne. Proposed for heritage protection
South Melbourne 200 Dorcas Street (Emerald Hill Court - 1 building 2 conjoined rectangular towers); Moray Coventry & Dorcas Street: 4 x 5 storey (linear) Emerald Hill Estate 1960-1962 1 (T-Shaped) 17 119 First public housing high rise to be built in Melbourne [48]
South Yarra Bounded by Malvern Road, Simmons, Surrey. Essex Street and Little Chapel Street Horace Petty Estate 1963 (walk up flats), 1967 (towers) 3 (2 Y-Shaped, 1 S-Shaped 3 Linear) 16 624 259 Malvern Road is earmarked for demolition by 2032
Williamstown 63 Hamner Street (Corner of Thompson & Hanmer Street) Floyd Lodge 1 (I-Shaped) 13 117
Williamstown North 235 Nelson Place (Corner of Nelson Place & Pasco Street) Nelson Heights 1963 1 (S-Shaped) 13 98
Windsor 49 Union Street Loxton Lodge 1 (S-Shaped) 13
[edit]
  • View of Atherton Gardens, Fitzroy at night in 2005
    View of Atherton Gardens, Fitzroy at night in 2005
  • Atherton Gardens towers during the Gertrude Street Projection festival
    Atherton Gardens towers during the Gertrude Street Projection festival
  • The Atherton Estate towers over nearby heritage buildings in Fitzroy.
    The Atherton Estate towers over nearby heritage buildings in Fitzroy.

Post high-rise infill housing period and abolition

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In 1973 due to mounting criticism of its high-rise program, the Housing Commission announced it would no longer build towers, instead switching to medium density infill (or townhouses)[49] which ironically modelled on the Victorian terraces which were the subject of the original slum clearances of the 1950s. This mode had undergone a revival and was thought more favourable in the long term than the high-rise model. Properties built in this style between 1981 and 1983 in Carlton were awarded the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (Victoria) Enduring Architecture award in 2010 and later recognised with local heritage status.[49]

Production moved to low rise walk-up and single dwelling units, with about 10,000 homes using locally engineered design and erection methods constructed using the technology.[38] Public housing was also built in regional Victorian cities, such as Wangaratta, Wodonga and Geelong.[50]

The Commission became part of a new Ministry of Housing in 1973, and in 1984 the commission structure was abolished in favour of an Office of Housing within the Ministry of Housing and subsequent similar Ministries.[51] In 2023, Public housing is administered by the Department of Families, Fairness and Housing.

Legacy and Demolition program

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In September 2023, premier Daniel Andrews announced that all of the 44 1960s public housing towers will be demolished and rebuilt by 2051 with the first 5 to be pulled down by 2031 are 2 towers in Flemington (12 Holland Court & 120 Racecourse Road), 1 tower in North Melbourne (33 Alfred Street) and 2 towers in Carlton (20 Elgin Street and 141 Nicholson Street). As of September 2024, the second phase of the high rise redevelopment was Announced with 1 tower in Richmond (139 Highett Street) and 1 tower in South Yarra (259 Malvern Road) will be demolished by 2032.

Victorian Public Tenants Association

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Victoria is the only State which has a peak body to represent people who live in public housing, and people on the waiting list. The Victorian Public Tenants Association was first formed in 2000[52] as a peak body for Tenant Groups. The organisation now represents people who live in public housing individually, as well as those who have applications on the joint public and community housing waitlist, the Victorian Housing Register.

They operate a free telephone advice line, as well as advocate directly for system wide improvements to policies and procedures, urgent construction of more public housing and on other social justice issues that impact on people who are homeless, insecurely housed or living in public housing.

COVID-19 lockdowns and class action

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During the COVID-19 Pandemic July 4 and July 18 2020 the Victorian government locked down 9 housing commission towers in the Hotham (North Melbourne) and Debney (Flemington) estates due to an outbreak there which rapidly spread through those communities.[53] The tower at 33 Alfred Street, North Melbourne in particular was subject to a "hard lockdown" due to more than 11% of residents were found to be positive. The harsh detention sparked an investigation into treatment of the residents, following the arrival of police residents there were not able to source food or essential medicines for 14 days.[54] The result of a $5 million class action involving 3,000 residents.[55] The government refused to apologise for its actions despite the ombudsman ruling that it was a human rights violation.[56]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The man behind the housing towers heritage bid grew up in them. To him, they’re no eyesore By Royce Millar. The Age. 22 April 2024
  2. ^ Greens say Melbourne housing towers should be fixed amid claims that would be ‘putting lipstick on a pig’ by Margaret Simons.The Guardian. 2 October 2023
  3. ^ a b Spearritt, Peter (August 1973). "The Australian Slum Stigma". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology. 9 (2): 41–45. doi:10.1177/144078337300900209. ISSN 0004-8690. S2CID 146176243.
  4. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. p. 20. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  5. ^ "Housing Commission of Victoria". Encyclopedia of Melbourne. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  6. ^ Russell, E.W. (1972). The slum abolition movement in Victoria, 1933–37. Melbourne: Hornet Publications. p. 8. ISBN 0-85919-191-5.
  7. ^ Correspondent, Victorian (1935). "The Slum Problem in Melbourne". Australian Quarterly. 7 (27): 78–80. doi:10.2307/20629248. ISSN 0005-0091. JSTOR 20629248. {{cite journal}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  8. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. pp. 33–34. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  9. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. pp. 34–35. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  10. ^ "Commission Meets". The Argus. 2 March 1938. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  11. ^ Hutchings, Alan (1999). Stephen Hamnett & Robert Freestone (ed.). The Australian metropolis: a planning history. St Leonards: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-053-5.
  12. ^ Freestone, Robert (2010). Urban nation: Australia's planning heritage. Collingwood, Vic.: CSIRO Pub. in association with the Dept. of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, and the Australian Heritage Council. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-643-09698-1.
  13. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. p. 37. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  14. ^ "EXPERIMENTAL CONCRETE HOUSES". Victorian Heritage Database. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  15. ^ "Forests Of Scaffolding Tell". The Herald. No. 19, 420. Victoria, Australia. 15 August 1939. p. 6. Retrieved 22 April 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. p. 39. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  17. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. p. 40. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  18. ^ "Racecourse Precinct". Victorian Heritage Database. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  19. ^ "HCV Estate (Railton Grove) Precinct". Victorian Heritage Database. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  20. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. p. 41. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  21. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  22. ^ a b Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. p. 54. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  23. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  24. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. pp. 50–51. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  25. ^ Barnett, F.O.; Burt, W.O (1942). Housing the Australian nation. The Book Depot. p. 46.
  26. ^ Barnett, F.O.; Burt, W.O (1942). Housing the Australian nation. The Book Depot. p. 22.
  27. ^ Howe, Renate (1988). Renate Howe (ed.). New houses for old : fifty years of public housing in Victoria, 1938–1988. Melbourne: Ministry of Housing and Construction. p. 55. ISBN 0-7241-4797-7.
  28. ^ a b Lewis, Miles (1999). Suburban backlash: the battle for the world's most liveable city. Hawthorn, Vic.: Bloomings Books. p. 46. ISBN 1-876473-16-9.
  29. ^ Housing Commission of Victoria (1963). Housing Commission, Victoria: The first 25 years. Housing Commission of Victoria. p. 3.
  30. ^ Mayne, Alan (November 1995). "A Just War". Journal of Urban History. 22 (1): 75–107. doi:10.1177/009614429502200104. ISSN 0096-1442. S2CID 144524066.
  31. ^ Barnett, F.O.; Burt, W.O (1942). Housing the Australian nation. The Book Depot.
  32. ^ Barnett, F.O., Burt, W.O. & Heath, F. We must go on: a study in planned reconstruction and housing. Melbourne: The Book Depot.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ "HCV Newlands Estate". Victorian Heritage Databse. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  34. ^ "HCV EAST RESERVOIR ESTATE". Victorian Heritage Database. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  35. ^ "SLUMS: "Sure I'd like a shiny Commission home-but I coutdn't pay the rent"". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 33, 183. Victoria, Australia. 9 January 1953. p. 2. Retrieved 22 April 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
  36. ^ "Subsidised houses in Victoria are too expensive'". The Herald. No. 24, 042. Victoria, Australia. 17 June 1954. p. 10. Retrieved 22 April 2024 – via National Library of Australia.
  37. ^ "What is the history of the Holmesglen TAFE site?". Malvern Historical Society. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  38. ^ a b "Industrialised Pre-cast Concrete Housing". Technology in Australia 1788–1988. austehc.unimelb.edu.au. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
  39. ^ J. John Palen; Bruce London (1984). Gentrification, Displacement, and Neighborhood Revitalization. SUNY Press. p. 249. ISBN 0-87395-784-9. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
  40. ^ a b Howe, Renate (September 2009). "New Residents—New City. The Role of Urban Activists in the Transformation of Inner City Melbourne". Urban Policy and Research. 27 (3): 243–251. doi:10.1080/08111140903159781. ISSN 0811-1146. S2CID 153655426.
  41. ^ Grabosky, P N (1989). "Australian studies in law, crime and justice The Victorian land scandals 1973-82". Wayward Governance: Illegality and Its Control in the Public Sector: 197–210. Archived from the original on 28 July 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  42. ^ The High Rise At a Glance. Minister of Housing and Construction Victoria. December 1990.
  43. ^ Residents outraged after bureaucrats keep Albert Park housing estate windows locked in 40C heat by Dana McCauley 4 February 2014
  44. ^ a b Creating better futures for residents of high-rise public housing in Melbourne prepared by Ecumenical Housing 2001
  45. ^ Slated for demolition by 2031
  46. ^ Slated for demolition by 2031
  47. ^ Hulse, Kath; Herbert, Tania; Down, Karyn (2004). "Kensington Estate Redevelopment Social Impact Study" (PDF). Swinburne University of Technology. Swinburne Institute for Social Research: 1. hdl:1959.3/242.
  48. ^ Amendment Documentation for Adoption Amendment C161port Part 2 to the Port Phillip Planning Scheme
  49. ^ a b Public housing in Carlton gets heritage recognition by Spencer Fowler Steen. Inner City News. 3 March 2022
  50. ^ Bruce Pennay (2006). Making a City in the Country: The Albury-Wodonga National Growth Centre. UNSW Press. ISBN 9780868409443. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
  51. ^ "VA 508 Housing Commission of Victoria". Public Records Office Victoria. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  52. ^ "Who We Are". Victorian Public Tenants Association. 26 July 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  53. ^ Victorian housing lockdown illegal: Ombudsman by Patrick Durkin and Hannah Wootton. Australian Financial Review 17 December 2020
  54. ^ Investigation underway into North Melbourne public housing tower in lockdown By Chanel Zagon. 9 News. 17 July 2020
  55. ^ Tower tenants win $5m in pandemic lockdown settlement, but no apology by David Estcourt. The Age. 9 May 2023
  56. ^ Melbourne public housing Covid lockdown violated human rights, Victoria's ombudsman finds by Matilda Boseley. The Guardian. 17 December 2020
  • 1960s High Rises:
  • New houses for old: fifty years of public housing in Victoria 1938–1988, edited by Renate Howe, Ministry of Housing and Construction, Melbourne. 1988.
  • Museum Victoria Website
  • Victorian Government Housing Website
  • Fitzroy: Melbourne’s First Suburb, cutten History Committee of the Fitzroy History Society, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1991.
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