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Ordnance Factory Board Mine Protected Vehicle

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Aditya Mine Protected Vehicle
An Aditya-type MPV.
TypeMine-Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP)
Place of originIndia
Service history
Used bySee Operators
WarsNaxalite–Maoist insurgency
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
Nepalese Civil War
Production history
ManufacturerAVANI
Produced2001 – present
VariantsSee Variants
Specifications
Length6.00 metres
Width2.90 metres
Height3.07 metres
Crew2 (Crew) + 10 (Passengers)
Main
armament
Turret for light/medium machine gun or a Remote weapon station mounted on top.
EngineDiesel
Power/weight11 Tons at 1400 kg
Ground clearance305 mm (ground)
1000 mm (fording)
Operational
range
1,000 km (621 mi)

The Aditya Mine Protected Vehicle (OFB MPV)[1] is a Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected-type vehicle used by the Indian Army and the Central Reserve Police Force as an armored personnel carrier to transport personnel with protection from explosives and small arms fire.[2][3] The MPV’s construction was based on the Casspir Mk II, which India used in the 1990s.[4]

The Mine Protected Vehicle has been improved by Ordnance Factory Board after feedback from the CRPF based on their experience in encountering powerful improvised explosive devices that were able to destroy them and kill the occupants inside during ambushes.

As of 2018, 12 MPVs were lost to IED ambushes.[5]

History

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The Mine Protected Vehicle was developed in 2001 at a cost of US$14 million.[6] In 2004, exports were made to Nepal.[7] Sainik Samachar reported in the July 2005 issue that OFB had made a version of the MPV with a remote control weapon system.[6]

The MPV was presented publicly in 2007, with the name of Aditya, under the production of Ordnance Factory Medak.[8] The Indian Army made a contract to secure 1,400 MPVs, but an order of 250 MPVs was secured in November 2007.[8]

For a short time, there were discreet inquiries made by the US military on the option of purchasing OFB-made MPVs.[9]

However following a series of ambushes conducted with improvised explosive devices (IEDs) that were able to destroy the MPVs as early as 2005, they were described by CRPF director general K. Vijay Kumar as merely “coffins on wheels”.[10][11]

The reasoning was simple, the Naxalites were able to produce IEDs containing up to 80 kilograms explosives in weight and no MRAP can be designed to survive the blast force generated by such a massive explosion[12][13] due to IEDs and not against anti-tank mines.[14]

Hence, the MRAPs were converted to use in limited roles, such as evacuating casualties.[15]

This also forced the CRPF to look for alternative means to successfully counter IED ambushes.[11] The CRPF has discontinued most of its MPVs in service in 2012.[16]

In the meantime, their MPVs were sent to Kashmir for use in providing security to CRPF convoys there, since the insurgents operating in the region and in Naxal-influenced areas have different operational methods.[17] CRPF MPVs in Naxalite areas are limited to evacuating casualties.[17]

In 2012, the CRPF approached OFB specialists from Vehicle Factory Jabalpur and requested for future MPVs to be enhanced for better protection against IEDs.[18]

In response, OFB made an upgraded version of the first MPV, known as the Modern Mine Protected Vehicle or the Yuktirath, which was ordered by the Indian Army with an initial order of 14 MPVs in 2009.[19][20] The Yukitirath was officially presented for the first time in public in 2012 at the Defexpo 2012 exhibition.[21] The Indian Army made an order for 250 MPVs in late September 2016, which is expected to be produced by Vehicle Factory Jabalpur with first deliveries made in 2018.[2] They will be deployed in the Northeastern parts of India and in Kashmir for anti-insurgency operations.[4]

Ordnance Factory Board Medak won the Golden Peacock Innovative Product Award during a ceremony in Dubai in 2016 for excellence in their technology in creating and improving the MPV.[22]

On September 5, 2022, India gave 10 MPVs as part of a military grant worth Rs 222 million (US$4.25 Million, adjusted for 2024).[23]

Design

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Rear view of the Aditya MPV.

Being based on the Casspir, the MPV has the same V-monoque hull with a provision for a Remote weapon station or a mounted turret for a light or medium machine gun for protection and self-defense purposes.[24][25] The RWS can be armed with machine guns or grenade launchers.[26]

Its use was criticized by the CRPF due to bad armor protection, which means that stronger IEDs can be used to destroy them when they are out on patrols.[27] Naxalite-made IEDs are composed of fertilisers, gelatins, emulsions and slurries.[10] Their successes in destroying them serves as mainly propaganda for the Naxalites.[28]

The creation of the Yuktirath has better protection than its predecessor, surviving 14 kg of explosives and 1 kg of shrapnel from 5 metres with a height of 1.5 metres,[29] which also includes better axles to be easily replaced in case it gets damaged in an IED ambush.[29] It can also withstand TNT and other types of explosives for up to 42 kg under the wheel and 35 kg under the hull with a 6x6 drivetrain.[21]

The Minister of State for Defence M. M. Pallam Raju mentioned the need for technology to be modernized with the creation of the Yuktirath.[30]

Tests

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In tests against the Wer’wolf MKII, the Indian Army said that the MPV failed in most of the tests conducted, such as driving on steep terrain with occasional breakdowns, leaks and broken parts.[31] During simulated IED bomb tests, the MPV failed since it destroyed the windows and the floor plates with the rear axles and hull having major damage.[31] At one point, the MPV crew refused to participate in driving the vehicle in the snow as part of the snow test, not trusting its worthiness.[31]

Variants

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  • Aditya – (Literally Sun in Sanskrit)[32] First version of the MPV. It was made in 2001, but was publicly announced in 2007.[6][8] It's built to withstand TNT and other types of explosives for up to 14 kg under the wheel and 10 kg under the hull.[24]
  • Yuktirath – Second version of the MPV. It's built to withstand bomb attacks from TNT and other types of explosives for up to 42 kg under the wheel and 35 kg, alongside 14 kg of explosives and 1 kg of shrapnel from 5 metres with a height of 1.5 metres under the hull with a 6×6 drivetrain.[21][29] The other known variant aside from the MRAP version is a light armored recovery vehicle, which has a 4x4 drivetrain.[21]

Operators

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March 2014, a Tanzanian WZ551 passing by the wreck of a Nepalese MVP, destroyed one year earlier during MONUSCO operations against the ADF in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Current operators

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  •  India: Sold to the Indian Army and various paramilitary forces. 266 Aditya-type MPVs sold to the Indian Army and 120 for paramilitary forces in 2006.[7] 250 MPVs sold in 2007.[8] 14 Yuktirath-type MPVs sold with 329 ordered in 2009[19][30] with 250 MPVs purchased in 2016.[2]
  •  Myanmar: unknown numbers of MPVs provided by India in 2006 for use against Assamese militants operating from Myanmar, currently unknown if operational.[33]
  •    Nepal: Sold to the Nepalese Army, being used in anti-insurgency operations against Maoist guerrillas during the civil war.[7] 65 MPVs, followed by 30 MPVs were sold in 2004.[34] 25 were subsequently sold.[7] 124 MPVs used, most of them purchased due to Indian military grants.[35] 10 MPVs handed over from India.[23]

Failed exports

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  •  Iraq: Won a contract to produce 300 MPVs for the Iraqi Army with a cost of Rs.1.5 Billion (US$28.81 Million, adjusted for 2024) at Rs.5 Million (US$93.000, adjusted for 2024) per vehicle.[7] Due to undisclosed reasons from the MEA and MOD, OFB was forced to call off the production.[7]

References

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  1. ^ Sukhpreet Singh (4 April 2012). "Ordnance Factory Board showcases Yuktirath". Zig Wheels. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Gordon Arthur (17 October 2016). "Indian Army buys more MPVs". Shepard Media. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  3. ^ "Government to procure more mine-protected vehicles for paramilitary force". Economic Times. 24 April 2019. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019.
  4. ^ a b Radul Bedi. "Indian Army orders 250 MPVs for use in counter-terrorism operations". Jane's. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  5. ^ Deeptiman Tiwary (15 March 2018). "Analysis: How protected are Mine-Protected Vehicles?". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018.
  6. ^ a b c "Mine Protected Vehicle". Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Sandeep Unnithan (3 April 2006). "Fighting shy of a deal". India Today. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d "'Aditya' to be inducted into Indian Army". One India. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  9. ^ "US expresses interest in Indian-made mine protected vehicle". Outlook. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  10. ^ a b Sushant Singh (24 January 2012). "Mine Protected Vehicle or coffin on wheels?". Mid-Day. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  11. ^ a b Vishwa Mohan (24 February 2012). "Centre looking into MPVs' vulnerability in anti-Naxal war". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  12. ^ "Security forces asked to shun armoured vehicles in Naxal areas | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 17 October 2011.
  13. ^ "Anti-mine vehicles reduced to 'coffin on wheels'". 11 October 2011.
  14. ^ Camp & Heitman (2019), p. 239.
  15. ^ "CRPF shifts MPVS from Naxal grid to Kashmir for better convoy security". The Economic Times. 13 July 2018.
  16. ^ Ejaz Kaiser (15 April 2015). "Armoured carriers are no protection in heavily-mined Maoist areas". Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  17. ^ a b "CRPF shifts MPVs from Naxal grid to Kashmir for better convoy security". Economic Times. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  18. ^ "CRPF asks OFB to enhance safety of mine protected vehicles". Zee News. 18 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  19. ^ a b Jugal R Purohit (19 May 2016). "Weak wheeled". India Today. Archived from the original on 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  20. ^ "MPVs handed over to Army". The Hindu. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  21. ^ a b c d Sukhpreet Singh (4 April 2012). "Ordnance Factory Board showcases Yuktirath". Archived from the original on 1 July 2019.
  22. ^ "Ordinance Factory in Medak wins 'Golden Peacock Innovative Product Award in Dubai". MAA Hyderabad. 6 May 2016. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  23. ^ a b "India hands over military equipment to Nepal". Nepal Press. 5 September 2022. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022.
  24. ^ a b "Mine Protected Vehicle". Ordnance Factory Board. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  25. ^ "Mine Protected Vehicle with RCWS". Ordnance Factory Board. Archived from the original on 10 July 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  26. ^ "Mine Protected Vehicle". Defense Update. 2004. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  27. ^ Sujan Dutta (10 April 2010). "Attack exposes chink in mine vehicle – Rebels thwart machines with big bombs". Telegraph India. Archived from the original on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  28. ^ PV Ramana (30 January 2012). "Maoists understand the limitations of Mine Proof Vehicles". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  29. ^ a b c Baddelly, Adam (1 February 2013). "Protected Mobility: Many Threats, Many Options". Asian Military Review. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  30. ^ a b "Army should be made self-reliant to meet security challenges". Brahmand. 31 October 2009. Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  31. ^ a b c Johan Dippenaar (2000). "WER'WOLF MKII Mine Protected Vehicle India Trial Report: January – June 2000" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  32. ^ "Aditya, Āditya: 42 definitions". 19 December 2011.
  33. ^ "SIPRI Trade Register". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  34. ^ Verman, Bharat (April–June 2004). "Indian Defence Supplies for Nepal". Indian Defence Review. 19 (2): 110.
  35. ^ "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2013.

Bibliography

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  • Camp, Steve; Heitman, Helmoed Römer (2014). Surviving the Ride: A Pictorial History of South African-Manufactured Mine-Protected Vehicles. 30 Degrees South Publishers. ISBN 978-1928211174.
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