Saturday 13 December 1941

U-126 returning to its port of Lorient, France, 13 December 1941 (Tölle, Alwin, Federal Archive Bild 101II-MW-4362-40).

Battle of the Mediterranean: Events on land in the Mediterranean basin invariably revolve around sea battles. General Erwin Rommel has been frantic to get more supplies delivered from Naples to Tripoli via Palermo. In the early morning hours of 13 December 1941, the Italians send the cruisers Alberto da Barbiano and Alberico di Giussano across the Strait of Sicily.

Italian cruisers Alberico Da Barbiano and Alberto Di Giussano docked side by side in the 1930s. These are the two ships sunk by the Royal Navy on 13 December 1941.

The cruisers are packed with fuel barrels on deck that carry 100 tons of aviation fuel, 250 tons of gasoline, and 600 tons of naphtha, among other supplies. Also making the crossing are 135 ratings. The cruisers are not meant to serve as cargo ships, so the fuel barrels are stacked high and limit the ability to fire the main guns. The British, meanwhile, have learned of the convoy via their Ultra service and have sent the 4th Destroyer Flotilla to intercept them. The stage is set for a deadly confrontation.

Commander Lieutenant Ernst Bauer of U-126 shortly after returning to Lorient, France on 13 December 1941 (Tölle, Alwin, Federal Archive Picture 101II-MW-4363-06).

The Royal Navy ships, knowing exactly where to look for them and lying in wait, spot the two unaware Italian cruisers near Cape Bon, Tunisia around 02:30. Hugging the coast, which causes them to blend into the background, the British destroyers remain undetected until they are close enough to launch torpedoes and open fire with their main guns. The outcome is extremely similar to that of the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941. Once they become aware of the British trap, the Italian ships immediately reverse course, but Barbiano is hit by a torpedo, bursts into flames due to the fuel barrels being hit, and then is hit with several more torpedoes. Meanwhile, Giussano also is hit by gunfire and a torpedo, leaving her dead in the water. Neither ship has a chance. Barbiano sinks at 03:35 and Giussano at 04:20. The Italians lose 817 men. Italian destroyer Cigno picks up about 500 men in the water, Italian torpedo boats rescue another 145, and other men manage to swim to shore. All of the fuel for Rommel's tanks goes to the bottom.

The bottom line? Knowing ahead of time what your enemy is about to do gives you lots of ways to beat them.

U-126 approaching the dock in Lorient, France after a patrol on 13 December 1941. That is likely Admiral Doenitz on the dock saluting, he often personally greeted returning submarines (Tölle, Alwin, Federal Archive Picture 101II-MW-4362-37).

On land, the New Zealand 5th Brigade attacks the new Afrika Corps Gazala line along an 8-mile front while the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade makes a flanking attack against the Italian Trieste Division at Alem Hamza. The New Zealand troops make some headway, taking point 204 a few miles west of Alem Hamza, but the Germans quickly counterattack with 39 panzers and accompanying infantry. Both sides take heavy casualties (the Germans lose 15 panzers), but the New Zealand troops hold their exposed position. The British plan to reinforce them on the 14th and attack again early on the 15th.

U-126 approaching the dock on 13 December 1941, crew lined up on deck, commander Bauer saluting (Tölle, Alwin, Federal Archive Picture 101II-MW-4362-38).

Eastern Front: Faced with frantic calls for help from the Moscow front, German Army commander Field Marshal Walther Brauchitsch arrives at Army Group Center headquarters in Smolensk shortly before noon. He listens as Field Marshal Fedor von Bock and the generals advise that further withdrawals are necessary, to a line centered on Rzhev-Gzhatsk-Orel-Kursk. Supported by Field Marshal von Kluge, who is overseeing Third and Fourth Panzer Armies, and General Adolf Strauss of Ninth Army, von Bock warns that the entire German front may be "smashed to pieces" without a timely withdrawal. Brauchitsch does not make any decisions today, as they are being made without him, but plans on talking to General Guderian (who, having withdrawn from Tula, now is having trouble holding his new line further west) and other generals on the 14th.

The Louisville, Jefferson, Kentucky Courier-Journal of 13 December 1941. Buried deep under the Pacific war news is a headline stating "Reds Claim Total Victory in Battle for Moscow," which is quite accurate at this point and much more significant than anything else on the page.

Battle of the Pacific: In the Hawaiian Islands, a bizarre postscript to the attack on Pearl Harbor ends on 13 December 1941 when a Japanese pilot, Airman First Class Shigenori Nishikaichi, who crash-landed during the attack, is killed on Niihau Island. This becomes known as the "Niihau incident." Nishikaichi has remained at large on the island for the past five days because there are no radios and also because he has gained some allies. However, after a wild melee, island residents overcome the mini-rebellion in hand-to-hand combat. One woman, Irene Harada (of Japanese descent), is imprisoned until June 1944 for helping the Japanese pilot but never convicted of any crimes. The incident contributes to fears that Japanese residents in the United States may secretly aid the Imperial Japanese government, as indicated in a 26 January 1942 Navy report by Lieutenant C.B. Baldwin.

German Jews being deported from Muenster, Germany to the Ghetto at Riga, Latvia. The Riga Ghetto has recently had space freed up due to mass exterminations there (Yad Vashem Photo Archives 4981/46).

The Japanese advance on the Malay Peninsula continues as the Japanese take Jitra. The 11th Indian Division successfully withdraws late on the 13th, but it is poorly executed and many advanced units remain while the bulk of the division leaves after dark. The area commander, General Percival, later writes:

This withdrawal would have been difficult under the most favourable conditions. With the troops tired, units mixed as the result of the fighting, communications broken and the night dark, it was inevitable that orders should be delayed and that in some cases they should never reach the addressees. This is what in fact occurred. Some units and sub-units withdrew without incident. Others, finding themselves unable to use the only road, had to make their way as best they could across country.

Going "across the country" means troops hauling whatever equipment they can carry, struggling through jungles with no roads and finding many natural obstacles. The withdrawing Indian troops reach the south bank of the River Kedah around midnight, but the division has taken very heavy losses both from combat and the botched withdrawal. The Indian troops know they cannot hold this position for long, so they begin retreating to a position 30 miles south of Jidrah in southern Kedah.

"USS Helena (CL-50), December 1941. The image shows the torpedo damage received on December 7, 1941, during the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor. Specifically shown is between frames 69.5 and 80.5 starboard side below armor belt. Note that the bilge keel is split along a line of rivets. Photographed at Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, December 13, 1941. Official Bureau of Ships Photograph, now in the collections of the National Archives. (2015/2/18)." National Museum of the U.S. Navy.

At Hong Kong, the last Commonwealth troops, the 5/7 Rajputs of the Indian Army under the command of Lieutenant R. Cadogan-Rawlinson, evacuate to Hong Kong Island. The Japanese close in on the Kowloon waterfront and make their first surrender demand, which is rejected by the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Mark Aitchison Young. The British organize their defense into a West Brigade (Canadian Brigadier J.K. Lawson) and an East Brigade (British Brigadier C. Wallis). The officer commanding in Hong Kong, British Major General Christopher Maltby, fears a seaborne invasion, so he deploys many troops on the southern beaches when the real threat emanates from the north.

A burning building along Taft Avenue which was hit during the Japanese air raid in Barrio, Paranque, December 13, 1941, the Philippine Islands (Libary of Congress)

In the Philippines, the Japanese Air Force continues devastating raids on Clark, Del Carmen, and Nichols airfields, destroying many more aircraft on the ground. The US Army Air Force is fighting back and scores some successes. First Lieutenant Boyd D "Buzz" Wagner of the 17th Pursuit Squadron (Interceptor), 24th Pursuit Group (Interceptor), shoots down four Japanese airplanes near Aparri while on a reconnaissance mission over the Japanese invaders in northern Luzon. In doing so, Wagner apparently violates orders to avoid combat, later claiming that he "accidentally" stumbled into the dozen Japanese fighters. However, the fleet of bombers with which the Americans began the campaign is virtually gone and few fighters remain.

"Picture Post" magazine for 13 December 1941. The cover features General Martel, "The man against Hitler's tanks."

In Burma, a small Japanese force makes rapid progress against token opposition. The RAF is forced to evacuate an airfield at Victoria Point on the Kra Isthmus, which the Japanese quickly take and use. While Victoria Point is far to the south of Rangoon, the airfield is perfectly positioned for the Japanese to use for missions both over Burma and south toward Singapore.

Liberty magazine of 13 December 1941 poses the question, "Is the President A Well Man Today?" That actually is an excellent question, because President Roosevelt, in fact, is much sicker than this commonly known. However, he still is able to hide it very well.

American Homefront: The US Department of Justice is working fast to intern suspected foreign sympathizers. To date, it has imprisoned 585 Japanese and 187 German citizens. The US Congress passes an amendment to the Selective Service laws which authorizes the military to keep soldiers enlisted beyond their scheduled expiration date - meaning, until things change, everyone is in for the duration as the military sees fit.

"Love Story Magazine" for 13 December 1941. This includes articles such as "The Technique of Make-up," "Your Stars and You," and "Married in Haste."

December 1941

December 1, 1941: Hitler Fires von Rundstedt
December 2, 1941: Climb Mount Niitaka
December 3, 1941: Hints of Trouble in the Pacific
December 4, 1941: Soviets Plan Counteroffensive
December 5, 1941: Soviets Counterattack at Kalinin
December 6, 1941: Soviet Counterattack at Moscow Broadens
December 7, 1941: Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
December 8, 1941: US Enters World War II
December 9, 1941: German Retreat At Moscow
December 10, 1941: HMS Prince of Wales and Repulse Sunk
December 11, 1941: Hitler Declares War on US
December 12, 1941: Japanese in Burma
December 13, 1941: Battle of Cape Bon
December 14, 1941: Hitler Forbids Withdrawals
December 15, 1941: The Liepaja Massacre
December 16, 1941: Japan Invades Borneo
December 17, 1941: US Military Shakeup
December 18, 1941: Hitler Lays Down the Law
December 19, 1941: Brauchitsch Goes Home
December 20, 1941: Flying Tigers in Action
December 21, 1941: The Bogdanovka Massacre
December 22, 1941: Major Japanese Landings North of Manila
December 23, 1941: Wake Island Falls to Japan
December 24, 1941: Atrocities in Hong Kong
December 25, 1941: Japan Takes Hong Kong
December 26, 1941: Soviets Land in the Crimea
December 27, 1941: Commandos Raid Norway
December 28, 1941: Operation Anthropoid Begins
December 29, 1941: Soviet Landings at Feodosia
December 30, 1941: Race for Bataan
December 31, 1941: Nimitz in Charge

2020

Friday 12 December 1941

Type 97 (B5N1) "Kate" Carrier Attack Bombers flying from aircraft carrier Ryujo are shown flying near Mayon Volcano on their way to attack Legaspi, southeast of Luzon, Philippines. Captain Masayuki Yamagami is in command. 12 December 1941 ("Album of a Navy Captain" via Egoo.net).

Battle of the Pacific: For the first time, the Japanese Army broadens the war into Burma on 12 December 1941 when a small force enters the British colony from Thailand unobserved. The Japanese hope that widespread desire in Burma, led by former Prime Minister and Premier Ba Maw, will make the country's conquest easy. However, the British also have strong support within the country, particularly from ethnic minorities, and a major power base in neighboring India. The Third American Volunteer Group (AVG) squadron moves to Rangoon today to join the RAF in the defense of Burma.

The Washington, D.C. Evening Star headline on 12 December 1941 has a better grasp on actual events in the Pacific Theater than some other media outlets. Captain Colin Purdie Kelly, Jr. becomes a war hero after he perishes during a bombing run shortly after Pearl Harbor. However, valorous as Kelly's activities are, he did not sink a battleship on 9 or 10 December 1941 as the newspapers insist. Instead, his plane based at Clark Field only lightly damages heavy cruiser Natori during a raid. Kelly is a real hero, however, because he orders his crew to bail out but is unable to do so himself. The US Navy awards Kelly a posthumous Distinguished Service Cross for "extraordinary heroism" and "selfless bravery."

In the Philippines, the American military situation is deteriorating rapidly. Japanese bombers attack Clark Field, Batangas, and Olongapo on Luzon Island. At Legazpi in southern Luzon, about 2500 Japanese soldiers of the 16th Division from Palau in the Caroline Islands land in an undefended area, supported by aircraft flying from aircraft carrier Ryujo. They are about 150 miles (240 km) from the nearest military base and the Japanese force is free to consolidate its position and expand. At Aparri in northern Luzon, other Japanese troops take Tuguegarao airfield. The Japanese have created the foundation for a massive pincer movement on Manila, though that will take quite some time to realize.

The United States Navy seizes France's cruise liner SS Normandie on 12 December 1941. It has been berthed in New York Harbor since 1940. The Normandie is the largest ocean liner in the world (1029 feet long and 119 feet wide, displacing 85,000 tons) and has a fast top speed of 32 knots, and the US Navy intends to convert it into a troop carrier.

In Hong Kong, The British continue withdrawing all troops (including elements of the Indian Army) to Hong Kong Island. They use all available vessels to evacuate Kowloon, and as they depart, Royal Engineers engage in demolitions of all facilities on the north side.

César Fernando Basa, a pioneer fighter pilot of the Philippine Air Force, perishes during aerial combat over Batangas on 12 December 1941. On a routine aerial reconnaissance mission, Basa attempts to intervene in a dogfight in his P-26 but is shot down. Basa manages to bail out but is strafed and killed by Japanese fighter pilots in his parachute. Lieutenant Basa was posthumously awarded the Silver Star.

Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival decides to pull his forces on the Malay Peninsula back after the loss of the Kelantan airfield on the 11th. Indian III Corps begins heading south, taking as many supplies with it as possible. Indian 11th Division falls back to the Kedah River, and a separate force on the Kroh-Patani Road also pulls back. There is a lack of transport, meaning a lot of equipment will have to be left behind.

The NY Times of 12 December 1941, showing President Roosevelt signing the declaration of war with Germany.

A Japanese submarine surfaces near Johnston and Palmyra Atoll and fires star shell clusters over the US Marine base on Johnson. These do not cause appreciable damage. The Marines, under the command of Major Francis B. Loomis Jr., return fire with their 5-inch coastal guns, causing the submarine to depart. There are numerous civilian contractors on the island who rapidly are fortifying it and hope to be evacuated soon.

The US media continues to grasp for real war news, and even the authorities feeding them information are hazy on real details. Brooklyn Eagle, 12 December 1941.

Battle of the Mediterranean: Axis forces under General Erwin Rommel have withdrawn in good order into a line centered around Gazala. The 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade closes up on this new Gazala line. One veteran in the unit writes:

… So steady was the advance that the gunners could not range quickly enough with the result that the shells were bursting behind our line, though to me it seemed that several direct hits were made on the right flank but the boys came out of the smoke and dust still in line, never faltering. It was a magnificent sight to see that thin line moving steadily forward into a hail of lead, with shells of all sizes … bursting all around…. the fact that the ground was sandy saved more casualties…. One more dash brought us to within bayonet reach. We crossed the ground swiftly, some of the boys shouting encouragement to each other. From my position on the left flank, I could see our line, straight enough to bring joy to any bayonet instructor, stretching away to the right flank. Roaring “Forward!”, I came up ready for the final dash. It made the blood sing to see the boys leap forward, a steady line of gleaming steel backed by grim faces. Nothing short of death could stop them now.

The New Zealand troops prepare to attack the new German line on the 13th.

The Struma, an old cargo barge chartered by the New Zionist Organization and the Irgun, departs from Constanza, Romania on 12 December 1941. It is the last refugee ship to leave Occupied Europe during the war. It is headed toward Istanbul, and then Palestine. It holds 769 passengers. The British do not want the Struma coming to Palestine, which turns the voyage into an eventual tragedy.

Holocaust: A day following his declaration of war against the United States, Adolf Hitler convenes a meeting at the Reich Chancellery with top NSDAP officials (and nobody else, such as Hermann Goering, who held no party office). This is an important step in the escalation of the Holocaust. No transcripts were made, but Joseph Goebbels summarizes the meeting in his diary later in the day:

Regarding the Jewish Question, the Führer has decided to make a clean sweep. He prophesied to the Jews that, if they yet again brought about a world war, they would experience their own annihilation. That was not just a phrase. The world war is here, and the annihilation of the Jews must be the necessary consequence.

Hans Frank, who is present, later recalls that "in Berlin" he had been told to "liquidate" undesirable groups. The timing of this meeting suggests that the official entry into the war of the United States led directly to this meeting. This may mean that Hitler either viewed the war declaration as freeing him from having to maintain appearances of not mistreating people, or knew that he was running out of time to implement his "final solution" and needed to shift the Holocaust into a higher gear.

"Captain Marvel Adventures," No. 5, 12 December 1941.

The pace of transfers to extermination camps in the East already is picking up steam. Today, the first persons, 150 men who had been taken during a manhunt in the Lublin Ghetto, are sent to Majdanek, a camp on the outskirts of Lublin, Poland. This becomes a classic prison camp complete with high-tension electrified double barbed-wire fencing and 18 watchtowers, though it is not in its final form at this time. The camp includes workshops, warehouses, a laundry, and other facilities.

USS Utah AG-16 capsized at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. USS Raleigh CL-7 is seen in the background. 12 December 1941 (USS Arizona Memorial).

American Homefront: Various restrictions are being placed upon Japanese-American citizens throughout the United States, particularly on the West Coast. In addition, many Asian businesses (including some Chinese ones) have been attacked. In a diary entry made on 12 December 1941 in Seattle Washington, Toku Shimomura makes the following diary entry:

It was fair and clear weather today. I spent all day at home. Starting today we were permitted to withdraw up to $100 from the bank. This was for our sustenance of life, we who are enemy to them. I deeply appreciated American's large-heartedness in dealing with us.

The Shimomura family eventually is heading to Camp Minidoka in Hunt, Idaho.

At the University of Wisconsin in Madison, a capacity crowd fills the Field House in a war rally (UW ARCHIVES S07306).

December 1941

December 1, 1941: Hitler Fires von Rundstedt
December 2, 1941: Climb Mount Niitaka
December 3, 1941: Hints of Trouble in the Pacific
December 4, 1941: Soviets Plan Counteroffensive
December 5, 1941: Soviets Counterattack at Kalinin
December 6, 1941: Soviet Counterattack at Moscow Broadens
December 7, 1941: Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
December 8, 1941: US Enters World War II
December 9, 1941: German Retreat At Moscow
December 10, 1941: HMS Prince of Wales and Repulse Sunk
December 11, 1941: Hitler Declares War on US
December 12, 1941: Japanese in Burma
December 13, 1941: Battle of Cape Bon
December 14, 1941: Hitler Forbids Withdrawals
December 15, 1941: The Liepaja Massacre
December 16, 1941: Japan Invades Borneo
December 17, 1941: US Military Shakeup
December 18, 1941: Hitler Lays Down the Law
December 19, 1941: Brauchitsch Goes Home
December 20, 1941: Flying Tigers in Action
December 21, 1941: The Bogdanovka Massacre
December 22, 1941: Major Japanese Landings North of Manila
December 23, 1941: Wake Island Falls to Japan
December 24, 1941: Atrocities in Hong Kong
December 25, 1941: Japan Takes Hong Kong
December 26, 1941: Soviets Land in the Crimea
December 27, 1941: Commandos Raid Norway
December 28, 1941: Operation Anthropoid Begins
December 29, 1941: Soviet Landings at Feodosia
December 30, 1941: Race for Bataan
December 31, 1941: Nimitz in Charge

2020