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This is "evolution for beginners" and looks a shared derived characteristics, branching tree diagrams and takes a trip to the Galapagos for an activity on natural selection. For the natural selection activity, email me at gjohnston@ssis.edu.vn
This document summarizes key concepts of evolution including Lamarck's theory of acquired traits versus Darwin's theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest. It also discusses evidence that supports common ancestry, such as embryology, similar macromolecules, vestigial structures, biogeography, and homologous/analogous structures. Finally, it outlines different types of evolution like divergent, convergent, and phyletic and explains scientific classification from kingdom to species.
This document discusses evidence that supports the theory of evolution through natural selection as described by Charles Darwin. It provides details on Darwin's theory, including his five points of natural selection. It also summarizes several key types of evidence, including fossils that show changes over time, homologous and analogous structures found through comparative anatomy, biogeography patterns, and limitations in the fossil record.
- Life has existed on Earth for approximately 3.5 billion years and evolved from earliest forms into the vast diversity that exists today through the process of evolution by natural selection.
- Charles Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution in his 1859 book "On the Origin of Species", suggesting that species evolve over generations as individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and pass on those traits.
- Significant evidence for evolution includes the fossil record which shows progressive changes in ancient species and the emergence of new species over time, as well as anatomical, developmental, molecular, and biogeographical data that reveal connections between living and extinct organisms.
This document discusses the classification of organisms. It begins by stating that biologists have identified approximately 1.6 million species, three-fourths of which are animals. It then discusses systematics and taxonomy, which involve describing new species and organizing animals into groups based on evolutionary relatedness. Phylogenies depict evolutionary histories using tree diagrams. A taxonomy hierarchy from broad to specific includes domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species. Molecular approaches using DNA, genes and proteins provide information for taxonomic studies by reflecting evolutionary relatedness. The three domains are Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Taxonomies are traditionally built assuming vertical gene transfer but recent evidence suggests horizontal gene
Analogous structures are structures in different species that perform the same function but were not evolved from a common ancestor. They arose through convergent evolution as species adapted to similar environments. Examples include insect wings and bird wings, fish fins and penguin fins, and human, horse and dolphin limbs. While Carolus Linnaeus originally grouped species based only on appearance, analogous structures show that function, not appearance alone, determines evolutionary relationships, and natural selection leads to convergent adaptations over time.
Evolutionary biologists use phylogenetic trees and cladistics to study evolutionary relationships between organisms and construct classifications. Cladistics involves analyzing shared characteristics to hypothesize how groups of organisms evolved from common ancestors over time. A key assumption is that all organisms are related through descent from a shared ancestor. Cladograms graphically represent evolutionary relationships, with shared derived characteristics defining monophyletic clades. Parsimony is used to select the simplest phylogenetic tree that is best supported by evidence.
This document defines key terms related to homologous and analogous structures in biology. It explains that homologous structures share an ancestral structure, but may not have the same function, while analogous structures between species have similar functions but different underlying structures. Examples are given of homologous limb bones in vertebrates and vestigial structures providing evidence of evolution from common ancestors. References are also provided.
Organisms have existed on Earth for millions of years through a continuity of life sustained by both internal and external factors. Internally, organisms adapt to environmental changes and reproduce to pass on adaptive abilities. Adaptations can be morphological, physiological, or behavioral. Externally, natural selection influences which adaptive organisms survive and reproduce.
The evolutionary development or history of a species or of a taxonomic group of organisms (The phylogeny of a group of taxa (singular: taxon) (species, etc.) is its evolutionary history)
This document discusses key concepts of evolution including the history of evolutionary theories from creationism to modern ideas like punctuated equilibrium. It covers Darwin and Wallace's model of natural selection and how environmental pressures can lead to speciation. The fundamentals of evolution are explained including variation, inheritance, selection over time. The role of tectonic plate movement in genetic isolation and speciation is described. Various forms of evidence for evolution are listed such as the fossil record, present-day examples, and molecular clocks using mitochondrial DNA.
1) A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. This is known as the biological species concept.
2) Speciation is the process by which new species arise from existing species. It occurs through anagenesis, where a population accumulates traits over time to form a new species, or cladogenesis, where a new species branches off from an ancestral species.
3) Speciation increases biodiversity by splitting ancestral species into multiple descendant species over time.
This document provides a summary of key biology terms and concepts related to evolution, including:
- Definitions of important terms like ancestor, descent, DNA, fossils, natural selection, and speciation.
- A description of the process of natural selection, including how random genetic variations, interaction with the environment, and differential reproductive success can lead to adaptation over time.
- A phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationships between major primate groups like humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and old and new world monkeys.
The key events in speciation are the isolation of a population's gene pool, which can occur through external barriers like geographic separation, or internal barriers that develop later. External barriers initially isolate populations, exposing them to different environments where natural selection can cause adaptations. Over time, internal barriers to reproduction may form as a byproduct and further maintain genetic isolation between the species. Sympatric speciation differs in that internal barriers form first without an initial external cause, often through chromosome changes making organisms unable to mate.
This document summarizes different types of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Comparative anatomy studies body structures across species and finds that more similar structures indicate a closer evolutionary relationship.
2. Embryology finds that more closely related species have more similar embryo development.
3. Molecular biology, such as comparing DNA sequences, finds that a higher similarity in genes and proteins indicates a closer evolutionary relationship between living species. This provides further evidence supporting theories from comparative anatomy and the fossil record.
Gregor Mendel studied traits in pea plants such as color and height. He found that traits are controlled by alleles - dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles in the first generation. Through subsequent generations and self-pollination, he discovered that recessive traits can be expressed according to his laws of inheritance and principles of dominance and segregation. Mendel's experiments laid the foundations for modern genetics.
The document summarizes key concepts about the evolution of animal diversity. It describes the major splits in animal evolution including acoelomates vs coelomates, radiates vs bilateria, and protosomes vs deuterosomes. The Cambrian explosion occurred around 500 million years ago, resulting in the emergence of modern animal phyla. Today's animals can be classified into over 35 phyla based on their adult forms, embryological development, body symmetry, and presence of tissues and body cavities. Examples of major phyla include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, arthropods, mollusks, and chordates.
The document discusses multiple lines of evidence that support evolution, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, biogeography, embryology, and biochemistry. It explains how fossils are formed through processes like compression, petrification, and becoming molds or casts, and how fossils are used to relatively or absolutely date organisms. Comparative anatomy examines homologous and analogous structures between organisms. Biogeography and continental drift help explain the distribution of species. Embryology shows that embryos of different species resemble each other at early stages. Biochemistry finds that DNA and proteins are similar between closely related species.
This document discusses several of Charles Darwin's key concepts from The Origin of Species including natural selection, survival of the fittest, the peppered moth example, sexual selection, cross-pollination, hermaphrodites, flaws in Lamarckism and orthogenesis, and Darwin's metaphor of the tree of life. It covers Darwin's theory that nature selects traits for the benefit of the species while man selects for his own benefit, and how variations within species allow some individuals to outcompete others and pass on their traits.
Lecture 20: Morphological Changes in MacroevolutionTauqeer Ahmad
17 slides•1.9K views
This document discusses different types of morphological changes that can occur during macroevolution, including:
1. Saltation, where new features arise through major reorganization rather than gradual intermediates.
2. Modification of ancestral features, such as gill arches evolving into jaws. Changes can involve number, size, shape, position or complexity of elements.
3. Serially homologous structures like digits may increase or decrease in number, and differentiation of structures from ancestors can also occur through processes like allometry or heterochrony.
Comparative embryology provides evidence of evolution by showing that closely related species have similar embryonic development, with structures appearing during development that are not present in adults and represent ancestral forms. For example, all vertebrate embryos have gills that become ear canals and tails/tailbones, and pass through larval fish stages, even though these structures do not remain in most adult forms.
This document discusses speciation and the evolution of new species. It defines different types of speciation, including allopatric, parapatric, and sympatric speciation. Reproductive isolation is a key factor in speciation, with both prezygotic barriers that prevent interbreeding and postzygotic barriers affecting the viability of hybrid offspring. Speciation occurs over long periods of time through either gradual evolution or punctuated equilibrium. The document also covers taxonomy, phylogeny, cladistics, extinction, and adaptive radiation.
This document provides key biology terms and concepts related to evolutionary history. It discusses endosymbiotic theory, which proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from ancient endosymbiotic relationships between bacteria and larger prokaryotic cells. It also describes paedogenesis, the process by which some larval chordates reached sexual maturity without undergoing complete metamorphosis, and how this may have led to modifications in chordate traits. Several major extinction events are noted, including one at the Triassic period where 90% of animal species went extinct, possibly due to asteroid impact. The document outlines the basic sequence of events that may have led to the emergence of early life forms and discusses challenges with using the fossil record to
Two main types of speciation are allopatric and sympatric speciation. Allopatric speciation occurs when populations of a species become isolated by geographic barriers and evolve independently. Sympatric speciation is when new species evolve from a single ancestral species inhabiting the same geographic region. Speciation is the formation of new species that cannot successfully interbreed, as seen when horses and donkeys mate to produce infertile mules.
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated biological populations evolve to become distinct species.There are few mechanisms through which this process can be well understood.
Stabilizing selection favors average or intermediate traits in a population, reducing variation. This causes the population to stay the same over time. Directional selection favors one extreme trait, causing the population to evolve in one direction. Disruptive selection favors two extreme traits, leading to the emergence of two new species separated by intermediate forms. Geographic isolation and behavioral differences can cause speciation as populations separated by barriers evolve independently.
This document discusses the concept of biological species and mechanisms of reproductive isolation that can lead to speciation. It defines a biospecies as populations that interbreed and produce viable offspring, but are reproductively isolated from other such groups. Speciation can occur through geographic isolation (allopatric speciation) or within the same area (sympatric speciation) due to changes in chromosomes, anatomy, chemicals, ecology or behavior. The document also discusses challenges in defining species and patterns of evolutionary change, such as phyletic gradualism versus punctuated equilibrium.
This document discusses Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and evolution. It defines key terms like variation, reproduction, competition, and fitness. It explains that Darwin observed variation among finches in the Galapagos Islands which led him to propose that natural selection causes evolution as organisms compete for limited resources and those with traits best suited to the environment have higher fitness and are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes. Over time this leads to evolution of species adapted to their environments.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolution science. It discusses Jean Baptiste de Lamarck as the first evolutionist and his three theories of evolution: need, use and disuse, and acquired characteristics. It also covers Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and how it led to the evolution of giraffes' long necks. The document then examines mechanisms of evolution like mutation, genetic drift, gene flow and natural selection. It defines speciation and the different types like allopatric, peripatric, parapatric and sympatric speciation. In the end, it provides a review questions and short test on these evolutionary concepts.
The evolutionary development or history of a species or of a taxonomic group of organisms (The phylogeny of a group of taxa (singular: taxon) (species, etc.) is its evolutionary history)
This document discusses key concepts of evolution including the history of evolutionary theories from creationism to modern ideas like punctuated equilibrium. It covers Darwin and Wallace's model of natural selection and how environmental pressures can lead to speciation. The fundamentals of evolution are explained including variation, inheritance, selection over time. The role of tectonic plate movement in genetic isolation and speciation is described. Various forms of evidence for evolution are listed such as the fossil record, present-day examples, and molecular clocks using mitochondrial DNA.
1) A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. This is known as the biological species concept.
2) Speciation is the process by which new species arise from existing species. It occurs through anagenesis, where a population accumulates traits over time to form a new species, or cladogenesis, where a new species branches off from an ancestral species.
3) Speciation increases biodiversity by splitting ancestral species into multiple descendant species over time.
This document provides a summary of key biology terms and concepts related to evolution, including:
- Definitions of important terms like ancestor, descent, DNA, fossils, natural selection, and speciation.
- A description of the process of natural selection, including how random genetic variations, interaction with the environment, and differential reproductive success can lead to adaptation over time.
- A phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationships between major primate groups like humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons, and old and new world monkeys.
The key events in speciation are the isolation of a population's gene pool, which can occur through external barriers like geographic separation, or internal barriers that develop later. External barriers initially isolate populations, exposing them to different environments where natural selection can cause adaptations. Over time, internal barriers to reproduction may form as a byproduct and further maintain genetic isolation between the species. Sympatric speciation differs in that internal barriers form first without an initial external cause, often through chromosome changes making organisms unable to mate.
This document summarizes different types of biological evidence that support the theory of evolution:
1. Comparative anatomy studies body structures across species and finds that more similar structures indicate a closer evolutionary relationship.
2. Embryology finds that more closely related species have more similar embryo development.
3. Molecular biology, such as comparing DNA sequences, finds that a higher similarity in genes and proteins indicates a closer evolutionary relationship between living species. This provides further evidence supporting theories from comparative anatomy and the fossil record.
Gregor Mendel studied traits in pea plants such as color and height. He found that traits are controlled by alleles - dominant alleles will be expressed over recessive alleles in the first generation. Through subsequent generations and self-pollination, he discovered that recessive traits can be expressed according to his laws of inheritance and principles of dominance and segregation. Mendel's experiments laid the foundations for modern genetics.
This document discusses Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and evolution. It defines key terms like variation, reproduction, competition, and fitness. It explains that Darwin observed variation among finches in the Galapagos Islands which led him to propose that natural selection causes evolution as organisms compete for limited resources and those with traits best suited to the environment have higher fitness and are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genes. Over time this leads to evolution of species adapted to their environments.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in evolution science. It discusses Jean Baptiste de Lamarck as the first evolutionist and his three theories of evolution: need, use and disuse, and acquired characteristics. It also covers Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and how it led to the evolution of giraffes' long necks. The document then examines mechanisms of evolution like mutation, genetic drift, gene flow and natural selection. It defines speciation and the different types like allopatric, peripatric, parapatric and sympatric speciation. In the end, it provides a review questions and short test on these evolutionary concepts.
Theory Of Evolution of Natural Selection by DARWINVipul Sachan
18 slides•11.8K views
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. As a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle, Darwin made observations and collected evidence that led him to propose that life evolves over generations through a process of natural selection, where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits. Darwin believed that all species on Earth descended with modification from common ancestors over long periods of time. His theory challenged religious orthodoxy and provided a naturalistic explanation for the diversity and complexity of life.
The document defines key objectives around evolution and biodiversity. It then provides examples of different mammalian species and groups them by common characteristics. The mechanisms of evolution are described as natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow and recombination. Charles Darwin's voyage on the Beagle is discussed, where he made observations that led to his theory of evolution by natural selection.
EVOLUTION / CONVERSATONS IN EVOLUTION THEORY Kashafnaz2
10 slides•85 views
1) Charles Darwin first proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection in 1859 to explain how species change over time through heritable traits that increase an organism's chance of survival.
2) In 1854, Darwin solved his last major problem regarding how new evolutionary branches are formed through the divergence of genera.
3) Gregor Mendel's work in 1865 on inheritance and genes advanced understanding of how traits are passed to offspring, which is a key component of evolution by natural selection.
This document provides an overview of evolution and related concepts. It begins by outlining the key objectives to be covered, which include understanding natural selection, mutation and gene recombination in evolution, the role of natural selection, types of isolation and speciation. It then defines evolution and discusses early theories of evolution. Key concepts like variation, natural selection, isolation and speciation are explained. Evidence for evolution such as paleontology, biogeography, anatomy and molecular biology is summarized. It concludes with classifications of living things and the general process of biological evolution.
This document provides an overview of the theory of evolution, including key concepts like Lamarck's theory, Darwin's theory of natural selection and common descent, evidence of evolution from fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, biogeography and molecular biology, and misconceptions about evolution. It discusses how evolution leads to diversity of life on Earth through genetic variations being subject to natural selection, with organisms better adapted to their environments being more likely to survive and pass on their traits. The document also references sources for further information.
Three business basics to always remember! People don't care about your brand. They care about what you can do for them. Back to basics... Give people what they want, do it consistently and do it better than your competition.
1) The document introduces Alexei Kapterev, who published a popular presentation on presentation skills 4 years ago and has since become an expert in the field.
2) While most presentations still suffer from issues like poor structure, bad slides, and boring delivery, Kapterev believes everyone can learn to present well by focusing on a few key principles rather than rules.
3) The principles of focus, contrast, and unity are described as more effective than rules, and examples are given of how to apply these principles to structure, slides, and delivery.
10 Easy Ways to Unleash Your Kid's Brain PowerSage HR
23 slides•84.7K views
Do you know that a baby is born with all the brain cells he needs when he becomes an adult?
Do you know that a baby creates 700 neural connections every second in the first 1,000 days of his life?
A study conducted by Dr. Jim Heckman, a Nobel Laureate in Economics, show that early stimulation of brain function during childhood plays a critical role in a child's social and economic success. Furthermore, the neural pathways and networks that are forged during the first 1,000 days will have lasting impacts on the person's social, emotional and mental capabilities --- very important factors which dictate the kind of lifestyle, job and social interactions he will have in the future.
For parents who want nothing but the best for their children, Dr. Heckman's research show that preschool experiences and early interactions with peers and adults provide the highest return in capital investment. The benefits of which decreases dramatically after school due to aging and several other reasons.
From an economic standpoint, these words ring true. Early childhood stimulation of brain function develops fluid abilities such as memory, reasoning, speed of thought and problem solving prowess. All of which are interrelated and foreshadows high-level brain function which is key to a happy, successful life.
In this Slideshare story deck, CakeHR is proud to present 10 easy, practical ways to develop your kid's brain power. Here you will learn about the importance of play, songs and interactive toys in early childhood brain stimulation. You will also learn that the way your respond to your child's needs and cries will have a direct effect on the development of his cognitive and emotional abilities.
Learn more about CakeHR at > > > cake.hr
This document outlines Seth Familian's presentation on working with big data. It discusses key concepts like what constitutes big data, popular tools for working with big data like Splunk and Segment, and techniques for building dashboards and inferring customer segments from large datasets. Specific examples are provided of automated data flows that extract, load, transform and analyze big data from various sources to generate insights and populate customized dashboards.
After you've been in the workforce awhile, it can be hard to switch back to study mode. Members of Connect: Professional Women's Network share the tips that helped them through continuing education, professional development and college as an adult.
Connect is online community with more than 360,000 members that discusses issues relevant to women and their success. The free LinkedIn group powered by Citi also features videos interviews with influential businesswomen, live Q&As with experts and slideshows with career advice. To learn more and join the conversation in the largest women's group on LinkedIn, visit http://www.linkedin.com/womenconnect.
Mapping the customer experience: innovate using customer experience journey mapsJoyce Hostyn
133 slides•294.8K views
This document maps out a customer's negative experience with a company's dishwasher repair/replacement process. It took months to resolve, with multiple unnecessary service visits and a lack of communication. The customer grew increasingly frustrated as the process involved misplaced records and confusion about next steps. They did not feel their problem was being properly addressed or that the company cared about providing a good experience.
How to Craft Your Company's Storytelling Voice by Ann Handley of MarketingProfsMarketingProfs
24 slides•2.6M views
You know your company's story, but what's the right voice to use in telling it? Find out how to craft your company's storytelling voice. Ann Handley, chief content officer of MarketingProfs and author of "Content Rules" shares tips and ideas for crafting your brand's storytelling voice.
This document discusses strategies for getting students to successfully respond to feedback in order to close the gap between their current performance and expectations. It recommends that feedback should cause thinking in students and reduce the gap between where they are and where they need to be. Several strategies are presented to encourage deeper student engagement with feedback, such as using burning questions, critique, redrafting with keys, and having students speak to peers. Challenges like ensuring strategies are used frequently and monitoring their use are also discussed. The document advocates adapting strategies as needed and continuing to share successful practices.
Organisms in the kingdom protista are some of the most varied life forms on the planet. Some are unicellular, some multicellular. Some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs.
Bacteria are a very interesting form of life because of their various shapes and reproductive capabilities. In this session, we'll look at their role in the ecosystem and see examples of them. If you have a microscope, consider looking at prepared slides.
In this show, we look at what all living things have in common. All living things respond to stimuli, grow and develop, are made of chemicals and reproduce. Some great visuals.
This presentation follows metals and focuses on the transition metals over to the pure metals, non-metals and metalloids. If you are a teacher, I have a great lab to help students classify substances based on their physical and chemical properties. Just drop me a line at gjohnston@ssis.edu.vn
After students have learned about basic properties of elements such atomic number and mass, they're ready to explore how the periodic table is organized.
This is a short description of Ionic bonds and how an elements location on the periodic table and what it bonds with determines if it is Ionic. A good follow up lab is to see if students can see if ionic compounds produce ions in distilled water.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and how they are classified. It describes the physical properties of metals like malleability, ductility, and luster. The chemical properties discussed are reactivity and corrosion. Metals are classified into three main groups - alkali metals, which are the most reactive; alkali earth metals, which are harder/denser and melt at higher temperatures than alkali metals; and transition metals. The document aims to teach students about the key properties and classification of metals.
THE JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES’ ENCRYPTED SATANIC CULT - PART 1Claude LaCombe
70 slides•179 views
One of the longest-running rumors in modern Christianity is the claim that Jehovah's Witnesses' artists have been sneaking Satanic imagery into their publications for years.
One of the books that deals with the topic of satanic images hidden in Jehovah's Witnesses' books and magazines is "Die geheime Macht hinder den Zeugen Jehovas" (The Hidden Power Behind Jehovah's Witnesses) written in German by Robin de Ruiter.
Although Robin de Ruiter is known for his attachment to conspiracy theories, his chapter about satanic images hidden in the artwork of Jehovah's Witnesses publications (chapter 7 of his book) is quite significant.
Another author who stands out on this subject is Darek Barefoot who relates the subliminal art of the Watchtower with different forms of witchcraft (see "Jehovah's Witnesses and The Hour of Darkness" by Darek Barefoot).
The following article will present evidence that will prove beyond a doubt that for many years the Watchtower Society has been secretly introducing drawings of demons into its illustrations.
Visit the following site: https://subliminalreligiousart.blogspot.com/
THE JEHOVAH’S WITNESSES’ ENCRYPTED SATANIC CULT - PART 2Claude LaCombe
70 slides•236 views
One of the longest-running rumors in modern Christianity is the claim that Jehovah's Witnesses' artists have been sneaking Satanic imagery into their publications for years.
One of the books that deals with the topic of satanic images hidden in Jehovah's Witnesses' books and magazines is "Die geheime Macht hinder den Zeugen Jehovas" (The Hidden Power Behind Jehovah's Witnesses) written in German by Robin de Ruiter.
Although Robin de Ruiter is known for his attachment to conspiracy theories, his chapter about satanic images hidden in the artwork of Jehovah's Witnesses publications (chapter 7 of his book) is quite significant.
Another author who stands out on this subject is Darek Barefoot who relates the subliminal art of the Watchtower with different forms of witchcraft (see "Jehovah's Witnesses and The Hour of Darkness" by Darek Barefoot).
The following article will present evidence that will prove beyond a doubt that for many years the Watchtower Society has been secretly introducing drawings of demons into its illustrations.
Visit the following site: https://subliminalreligiousart.blogspot.com/
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) A Comprehensive Overview on Slideshare by Raj K...𝐑𝐚𝐣 𝐊𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐫 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐥
11 slides•365 views
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a common respiratory virus that can cause illness in people of all ages, particularly infants and young children. This presentation will provide a detailed overview of HMPV, covering its virology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and future research directions.
5. “There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several
powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or
into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on
according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a
beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful
have been, and are being, evolved” - Charles Darwin