A ferry is a boat that transports passengers, and occasionally vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A small passenger ferry with multiple stops, like those in Venice, Italy, is sometimes referred to as a water bus.
Ferries form a part of the public transport systems of many waterside cities and islands, allowing direct transit between points at a capital cost much lower than or . Ship connections of much larger distances (such as over long distances in water bodies like the Baltic Sea) may also be called ferry services, and many carry vehicles.
History
The profession of the ferryman is embodied in
Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the
River Styx to the
Greek underworld.
Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a water wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature " Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis". Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, modified by using horses, was used in Lake Champlain in 19th-century America. See Experiment (horse powered boat).
In 1850 the roll-on roll-off (ro-ro) ferry, Leviathan designed to carry freight wagons efficiently across the Firth of Forth in Scotland started to operate between Granton, near Edinburgh, and Burntisland in Fife. The vessel design was highly innovative and the ability to move freight in great quantities and with minimal labour signalled the way ahead for sea-borne transport, converting the ro-ro ferry from an experimental and marginal ship type into one of central importance in the transport of goods and passengers.
In 1871, the world's first car ferry crossed the Bosphorus in Istanbul. The iron steamship, named Suhulet (meaning 'ease' or 'convenience') was designed by the general manager of Şirket-i Hayriye (Bosporus Steam Navigation Company), Giritli Hüseyin Haki Bey and built by the Greenwich shipyard of Maudslay, Sons and Field.
Notable services
Asia
In
Hong Kong,
Star Ferry carries passengers across
Victoria Harbour. Other carriers ferry travelers between Hong Kong Island and outlying islands like
Cheung Chau,
Lantau Island and
Lamma Island.
In the Philippines, the Philippine Nautical Highway System forms the backbone of the nationwide transport system by integrating with highway systems; the system has three main routes. Another known ferry service is the Pasig River Ferry Service, which is the only water-based transportation in Metro Manila. This system cruises the Pasig River.
Bangladesh
India
India's ro-ro ferry service between
Ghogha and
Dahej was inaugurated by Prime Minister
Narendra Modi on 22 October 2017. It aims to connect
South Gujarat and Saurashtra currently separated by of roadway to of ferry service. It is a part of the larger Sagar Mala project.
Water transport in Mumbai consists of ferries, hovercraft, and catamarans, operated by various government agencies as well as private entities. The Kerala State Water Transport Department (SWTD), operating under the Ministry of Transport, Government of Kerala, India regulates the inland navigation systems in the Indian state of Kerala and provides inland water transport facilities. It stands for catering to the passenger and cargo traffic needs of the inhabitants of the waterlogged areas of the Districts of Alappuzha, Kottayam, Kollam, Ernakulam, Kannur and Kasargode. SWTD ferry service is also one of the most affordable modes to enjoy the beauty of the scenic Kerala backwaters.
Ferry operates between Port Blair, Havelock island & Neil Island in the Andaman Islands while Boat Operates For Ross Island, North Bay, Elephanta Beach, Red Skin, Jolly Bouy. Ferries and Catamaran are operated by Green Ocean, Makruzz, ITT Majestic, Nautika.
Indonesia
As the largest archipelagic country, Indonesia has several ferry routes which is managed mostly by PT. ASDP Indonesia Ferry (Persero) and several private companies. ASDP_Indonesia_Ferry or ASDP is a state-owned company engaged in the business of integrated ferry and port services and waterfront tourist destinations. ASDP operates a ferry fleet of more than 160 units handling more than 300 routes in 36 ports throughout Indonesia.
Japan
Japan used to rely heavily on ferries for passenger and goods transportation among the four main islands of
Hokkaido,
Honshu,
Shikoku and
Kyushu. However, as highway and railway bridges and undersea tunnels (such as the
Seikan Tunnel and Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project) have been constructed, the ferry transportation has recently become for short-distance sightseeing passengers with or without car, and for long-distance truck drivers hauling goods.
Malaysia
The Malaysian state of
Penang is home to the oldest ferry service in the country. The first regular ferry service operating across the
Penang Strait between George Town and Province Wellesley (now
Seberang Perai) was launched in 1894 by Quah Beng Kee and his brothers.
The iconic yellow double-deck roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ferries were introduced in 1957. Between 1959 and 2002, a total of 15 vessels were commissioned for the service.
Currently operated by Penang Port Sdn Bhd, the ferry service has evolved over the decades.
Russian Federation
Due to the geographical features of Russia, it has a large number of both sea and river ferry crossings. Car ferries operate from the continental part of Russia to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Japan. The Ust-Luga – Kaliningrad ferry also runs, until February 2022 ferries also ran from St. Petersburg to different cities of the Baltic Sea. Before the construction of the Kerch Bridge, there was a ferry across the Kerch Strait, whose service was resumed after the Kerch bridge explosion.
There are also more than 100 ferry crossings on different rivers in Russia. These are usually symmetrical through ferries with two ramps for quick entry and exit of cars. For some categories of car owners, these ferries may be free if there is no alternative crossing of the river.
Europe
Great Britain
The busiest seaway in the world, the
English Channel, connects Great Britain and mainland Europe, with ships sailing from the UK ports of
Dover, Newhaven, Poole,
and
Plymouth to French ports, such as
Calais,
Dunkirk, Dieppe,
Roscoff, Cherbourg-Octeville,
Caen,
St Malo and
Le Havre. The busiest ferry route to France is the Dover to Calais crossing with approximately 9,168,000 passengers using the service in 2018.
Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, and some are exclusively for the use of freight lorries. In Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as
RORO (roll-on, roll-off) for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave.
Denmark
The busiest single ferry route in terms of the number of departures is across the northern part of Øresund, between
Helsingborg,
Scania,
Sweden and
Elsinore,
Denmark. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and "car and train" ferries departed up to seven times every hour (every 8.5 minutes). This has since been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime.
The route is around and the crossing takes 22 minutes. Today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack stems and sterns, since the vessels sail in both directions. Starboard and port-side are dynamic, depending on the direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants (on three out of four ferries), cafeterias, and kiosks. Passengers without cars often make a double or triple return journey in the restaurants; for this, a single journey ticket is sufficient. Passenger and bicycle passenger tickets are inexpensive compared with longer routes.
Baltic Sea
Large
cruiseferry sail in the
Baltic Sea between
Finland, Åland,
Sweden,
Estonia,
Latvia and
Saint Petersburg,
Russia. In many ways, these ferries are like
, but they can also carry hundreds of cars on car decks. Besides providing passenger and car transport across the sea, Baltic Sea cruise-ferries are a popular tourist destination unto themselves, with multiple restaurants, nightclubs, bars, shops and entertainment on board.
Helsinki was the busiest international passenger ferry port in the world in 2017 with over 11.8 million passengers whilst the second business international ferry port, Dover, had 11.7 million passengers. The Helsinki-
Tallinn route alone accounted for nine million passengers.
In 2022 the port of Helsinki had almost 8 million passengers, of which 6.3 million travelled between Helsinki and Tallinn.
Additionally many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia.
The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic and cars. The ferry routes of Rødby-Puttgarden, Trelleborg-Rostock, Trelleborg-Travemünde, Trelleborg-Świnoujście, Gedser-Rostock, Gdynia-Karlskrona, and Ystad-Świnoujście are all typical transports ferries. On the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. Some of these routes previously also carried trains, but since 2020 these trains are instead routed around the Baltic via the Great Belt fixed link and Jutland.
Turkey
In
Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of
Bosphorus, as well as Princes' Islands and nearby coastal towns. In 2014, İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world.
Italy
The largest ferry system in
Italy is in
Venice. The city's
water taxis (
Italian language:
taxi d'acqua) provide service all around the city's
Canal. They can carry up to 10 people.
They operate on a series of lines that stop at different locations around Venice.
Sweden
The world's shortest ferry line is the
Ferry Lina in Töreboda,
Sweden. It takes around 20–25 seconds and is hand powered.
File:Silja Symphony Kustaanmiekka.jpg| leaving Helsinki via the Kustaanmiekka strait to the Baltic Sea.
File:HSF Festos Palace wisnia6522.jpg|Ro-Pax Festos Palace in Piraeus, Greece
File:Road ferry Merisilta.jpg|A road ferry between Oulu and the Hailuoto Island on the Bothnian Bay
File:Bridge and deck of Gullbritt.jpg|alt=|M/S Gullbritt in the Gullmarn close to Lysekil, Sweden. Sweden has many of these yellow ferries that are run by the Swedish Transport Administration. Almost all of them are free of charge.
North America
Canada
Due to the numbers of large freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada, various provinces and territories have ferry services.
BC Ferries operates the third largest ferry service in the world which carries travellers between Vancouver Island and the British Columbia mainland on the country's west coast. This ferry service operates to other islands including the Gulf Islands and Haida Gwaii. In 2015, BC Ferries carried more than 8 million vehicles and 20 million passengers.
Canada's east coast has been home to numerous inter- and intra-provincial ferry and coastal services, including a large network operated by the federal government under CN Marine and later Marine Atlantic. Private and publicly owned ferry operations in eastern Canada include Marine Atlantic, serving the island of Newfoundland, as well as Bay Ferries, NFL, CTMA, Coastal Transport, and STQ. Canadian waters in the Great Lakes once hosted numerous ferry services, but these have been reduced to those offered by Owen Sound Transportation and several smaller operations. There are also several commuter passenger ferry services operated in major cities, such as Metro Transit in Halifax, and Toronto Island ferries in Toronto. There is also the Société des traversiers du Québec.
United States
Due to the
North Carolina coast's geography, consisting of numerous sounds, inlets, tidal arms, and islands, ferry transportation is essential in the region. The state operates twelve routes, eight of which are under the oversight of the North Carolina Department of Transportation Ferry Division, three of which are under the direct oversight of the North Carolina Department of Transportation, and one of which is under the oversight of the North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
Three of the Ferry Division routes are tolled, and all ferry routes operated by the North Carolina Department of Transportation carry both vehicles and pedestrians, although certain vessels only carry pedestrians and cyclists. The National Park Service additionally works with private companies to offer ferry service to locations such as Cape Lookout and Portsmouth.
Washington State Ferries operates the most extensive ferry system in the continental United States and the second largest in the world by vehicles carried, with ten routes on Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca serving Ferry terminal in Washington and Vancouver Island.
The Alaska Marine Highway System provides service between Bellingham, Washington, and various towns and villages throughout Southeast and Southwest Alaska, including crossings of the Gulf of Alaska. AMHS provides affordable access to many small communities with no road connection or airport.
The Staten Island Ferry in New York City, sailing between the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island, is the nation's single busiest ferry route by passenger volume. Unlike riders on many other ferry services, Staten Island Ferry passengers do not pay any fare to ride it. New York City also has a network of smaller ferries, or water taxis, that shuttle commuters along the Hudson River from locations in New Jersey and Northern Manhattan down to the midtown, downtown and Wall Street business centers. Several ferry companies also offer service linking midtown and lower Manhattan with locations in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn, crossing the city's East River. New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced in February 2015 that city would begin an expanded Citywide Ferry Service, and launched as NYC Ferry in 2017, linking heretofore relatively isolated communities such as Manhattan's Lower East Side, Soundview in The Bronx, Astoria and the Rockaways in Queens and such Brooklyn neighborhoods as Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, and Red Hook with existing ferry landings in Lower Manhattan and Midtown Manhattan. A second expansion phase connected Staten Island to the West Side of Manhattan, and added a stop in Throgs Neck, in the Bronx. NYC Ferry is now the largest passenger fleet in the United States.
The New Orleans area also has many ferries that carry both vehicles and pedestrians. Most notable is the Algiers Ferry, which has been in continuous operation since 1827 and is one of the oldest operating ferries in North America.
In New England, vehicle-carrying ferry services between mainland Cape Cod and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are operated by The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority, which sails year-round between Woods Hole and Vineyard Haven as well as Hyannis and Nantucket. Seasonal service is also operated from Woods Hole to Oak Bluffs during the summer and fall. As there are no bridges or tunnels connecting the islands to the mainland, The Steamship Authority ferries in addition to being the only method for transporting private cars to or from the islands, also ferry heavy freight and supplies, such as construction materials and fuel, competing with tug and barge companies. Additionally, Hy-Line Cruises operates high-speed catamaran service from Hyannis to both islands, and several smaller operations run seasonal passenger-only service primarily geared towards tourist from other mainland ports, including New Bedford, (New Bedford Fast Ferry) Falmouth, (Island Queen ferry and Falmouth Ferry) and Harwich (Freedom Cruise Line). Ferries also bring riders and vehicles across Long Island Sound to such Connecticut cities as Bridgeport and New London, and to Block Island in Rhode Island from points on Long Island.
Transbay commuting in the San Francisco Bay Area was primarily ferry-based until the advent of automobiles in the 1940s, and most bridges in the area were built to supplant ferry services. By the 1970s, ferries were primarily used by tourists with Golden Gate Ferry, an organization under the ownership of the same governing body as the Golden Gate Bridge, left as the sole commute operator. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake prompted the restoration of service to the East Bay. The modern ferry network is primarily under the authority of San Francisco Bay Ferry, connecting with cities as far as Vallejo. Tourist excursions are also offered by Blue & Gold Fleet and Red & White Fleet. A ferry serves Angel Island (which also accepts private craft). Alcatraz is served exclusively by ferry service administered by the National Park Service.
Until the completion of the Mackinac Bridge in the 1950s, ferries were used for vehicle transportation between the Lower and the Upper Peninsulas of Michigan, across the Straits of Mackinac in the United States. Ferry service for bicycles and passengers continues across the straits for transport to Mackinac Island, where motorized vehicles are almost completely prohibited. This crossing is made possible by two ferry lines Shepler's Ferry and Mackinac Island Ferry Company (formerly Star Line).
A ferry service runs between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Muskegon, Michigan operated by Lake Express. Another ferry SS Badger operates between Manitowoc, Wisconsin and Ludington, Michigan. Both cross Lake Michigan.
Numerous additional inland ferry routes exist in the United States, such as the Cave-In-Rock Ferry across the Ohio River, and the Benton-Houston Ferry across the Tennessee River.
Modernization of ferry system
The FTA announced in September 2024 that it would award $300 million in grants to modernize ferry systems in the United States. These grants will support 18 projects across 14 states, emphasizing upgrading environmentally friendly propulsion systems. Eight of the 18 projects will receive funding for this purpose.
One notable project is the San Francisco ferry system, which will receive $11.5 million to improve the connection between Treasure Island and Mission Bay. In Maine, the ferry system will be upgraded in Lincolnville and Islesboro. Additionally, Alaska will receive a significant $106.4 million grant to replace a 60-year-old vessel operating in the southwest. This vessel is a crucial connector for the region.
These grants are part of the FTA's efforts to improve ferry transportation in the United States and promote sustainable transportation options.
Mexico
Mexico has ferry services run by
Baja Ferries that connect La Paz located on the Baja California Peninsula with Mazatlán and
Topolobampo. Passenger ferries also run from Playa del Carmen to the island of
Cozumel.
File:Spirit of vi 3.jpg| en route to Tsawwassen from Swartz Bay. Route 1 is BC Ferries busiest route.
File:Washington State Ferry 6415.JPG|The MV Spokane sailing from Edmonds to Kingston, one of ten routes served by Washington State Ferries.
File:LeConte Kennicott 30.jpg|Alaska Marine Highway System ferries MV LeConte and MV Kennicott near Juneau, Alaska
South America
There are several ferries in South America.
Chacao Channel has ferry lines.
Oceania
Australia
In Australia, two Spirit of Tasmania ferries carry passengers and vehicles across
Bass Strait, the body of water that separates
Tasmania from the Australian mainland, often under turbulent sea conditions. These run overnight but also include day crossings in peak time. Both ferries are based in the northern Tasmanian port city of Devonport and sail to
Geelong. Before Geelong this ferry used to sail to
Melbourne.
The double-ended Freshwater-class ferry cuts an iconic shape as it makes its way up and down Sydney Harbour New South Wales, Australia between Manly and Circular Quay.
New Zealand
In New Zealand, ferries connect
Wellington in the
North Island with Picton in the
South Island, linking New Zealand's two main islands. The route is , and is run by two companies – government-owned
Interislander, and independent
Strait Shipping, who say the trip takes three and half hours.
File:Devonport-Spirit-Of-Tasmania-2008.jpg| at port in Devonport, Australia.
File:Sydney Ferry Freshwater.jpg|The Manly Ferry 'MV Freshwater'
Types
Ferry designs depend on the length of the route, the passenger or vehicle capacity required, speed requirements and the water conditions the craft must deal with.
Double-ended
Double-ended ferries have interchangeable bows and sterns, allowing them to shuttle back and forth between two
Ferry terminal without having to turn around. Well-known double-ended ferry systems include the
BC Ferries, the Staten Island Ferry, Washington State Ferries,
Star Ferry, several ferries on the North Carolina Ferry System, and the Lake Champlain Transportation Company. Most Norwegian fjord and coastal ferries are double-ended vessels. All
Marine Atlantic from southern Prince Edward Island to the mainland of Canada were double-ended. This service was discontinued upon completion of the Confederation Bridge. Some ferries in
Sydney Ferries and
BC Ferries are also double-ended. In 2008, BC Ferries launched the first of the Coastal-class ferries, which at the time were the world's largest double enders. These were surpassed as the world's largest double-enders when P&O Ferries launched their first double-ender, called the P&O Pioneer, which entered service in June 2023 replacing Pride of Kent.
Hydrofoil
have the advantage of higher cruising speeds, succeeding
hovercraft on some English Channel routes where the ferries now compete against the Eurotunnel and
Eurostar trains that use the
Channel Tunnel. Passenger-only hydrofoils also proved a practical, fast and relatively economical solution in the
Canary Islands, but were recently replaced by faster
catamaran "high speed" ferries that can carry cars. Their replacement by the larger craft is seen by critics as a retrograde step given that the new vessels use much more fuel and foster the inappropriate use of cars
in islands already suffering from the impact of mass tourism.
Hovercraft
Hovercraft were developed in the 1960s and 1970s to carry cars. The largest was the massive SR.N4 which carried cars in its centre section with ramps at the bow and stern between England and France. The hovercraft was superseded by catamarans which are nearly as fast and are less affected by sea and weather conditions. Only one service now remains, a foot passenger service between
Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight run by
Hovertravel. From 1984 to 1994 Scandinavian Airlines to operated a hovercraft service between Malmö and Copenhagen Airport as a connecting "flight" for passengers from southern Sweden. The service was replaced by a regular boat in 1994 and by the Öresund bridge in 2000.
Catamaran
Since 1990 high speed
have revolutionised ferry services, replacing
hovercraft,
hydrofoils and conventional monohull ferries. In the 1990s there were a variety of builders, but the industry has consolidated to two builders of large vehicular ferries between 60 and 120 metres.
Incat of
Hobart, Tasmania favours a Wave-piercing hull to deliver a smooth ride, while
Austal of
Perth, Western Australia builds ships based on SWATH designs. Both these companies also compete in the smaller river ferry industry with a number of other ship builders.
Stena Line once operated the largest catamarans in the world, the Stena HSS class, between the United Kingdom and Ireland. These waterjet-powered vessels, displaced 19,638 tonnes, accommodating 375 passenger cars and 1,500 passengers. Other examples of these super-size catamarans are found in the Condor Ferries fleet with the Condor Voyager and Rapide.
Roll-on/roll-off
Roll-on/roll-off ferries (RORO) are large conventional ferries named for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave.
Cruiseferry / RoPax
A
cruiseferry is a ship that combines the features of a
cruise ship with a roll-on/roll-off ferry. They are also known as
RoPax for their combined Roll on/Roll Off and passenger design.
Fast RoPax ferry
Fast RoPax ferries are conventional ferries with a large garage intake and a relatively large passenger capacity, with conventional diesel propulsion and propellers that sail over . Pioneering this class of ferries was
Attica Group, when it introduced Superfast I between Greece and Italy in 1995 through its subsidiary company Superfast Ferries. Cabins, if existent, are much smaller than those on cruise ships.
Turntable ferry
This type of ferry allows vehicles to load from the "side". The vehicle platform can be turned. When loading, the platform is turned sideways to allow sideways loading of vehicles. Then the platform is turned back, in line with the vessel, and the journey across water is made.
Pontoon ferry
Pontoon ferries and flat-bottomed boats such as punts carry passengers and vehicles across rivers and lakes and are widely used in less-developed countries with large rivers where the cost of bridge construction is prohibitive. One or more vehicles are carried on such ferries with
Drawbridge at either end for vehicles or animals to board. Cable ferries are usually pontoon ferries. In the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany many such small cable ferries exist and are called püntes.
Train ferry
A train ferry is a ship designed to carry railway vehicles. Typically, one level of the ship is fitted with railway tracks, and the vessel has a door at either or both of the front and rear to give access to the
Wharf.
Foot ferry
Foot ferries are small craft used to ferry foot passengers, and often also cyclists, over rivers. These are either self-propelled craft or cable ferries. Such ferries are for example to be found on the lower
Schelde in
Belgium and in particular the
Netherlands. Regular foot ferry service also exists in the capital of the Czech Republic, Prague, and across the
Yarra River in Melbourne, Australia at Newport. Restored, expanded ferry service in the Port of New York and New Jersey uses boats for pedestrians only.
The UK has a variety of historic foot ferries such as the Butley Foot Ferry across Butley Creek which dates back to 1383.
Cable ferry
Very short distances may be crossed by a
cable ferry, which is usually a pontoon ferry (see above), where the ferry is propelled along and steered by cables connected to each shore. Sometimes the cable ferry is human powered by someone on the boat.
Reaction ferry are cable ferries that use the perpendicular force of the current as a source of power. Examples of a current propelled ferry are the four Rhine ferries in
Basel, Switzerland.
Cable ferries may be used in fast-flowing rivers across short distances. With an ocean crossing of approximately 1900 metres, the cable ferry between Vancouver Island and Denman Island in British Columbia; is the longest one in the world.
Free ferries operate in some parts of the world, such as at Woolwich in London, England (across the River Thames); in Amsterdam, Netherlands (across the IJ waterway); along the Murray River in South Australia, and across many lakes in British Columbia. Many cable ferries operate on lakes and rivers in Canada, among them a Reaction ferry that charges a toll operates on the Rivière des Prairies between Laval-sur-le-Lac and Île Bizard in Quebec, Canada. In Finland there were 40 road ferries (cable ferries) in 2009, on lakes, rivers and on sea between islands.
Air ferries
In the 1950s and 1960s, travel on an "air ferry" was possible—airplanes, often ex-military, specially equipped to take a small number of cars in addition to foot passengers. These operated various routes including between the United Kingdom and Continental Europe. Companies operating such services included Channel Air Bridge, Silver City Airways, and
Corsairfly.
The term is also applied to any "ferrying" by air, and is commonly used when referring to airborne military operations.
Docking
Ferries often dock at specialized facilities designed to position the boat for loading and unloading, called a
ferry slip. If the ferry transports road vehicles or railway carriages there will usually be an adjustable
Inclined plane called an
Linkspan that is part of the
Ferry slip. In other cases, the
Linkspan will be a part of the ferry itself, acting as a wave guard when elevated and lowered to meet a
Slipway at the terminus – a road segment that extends partially underwater or meet the
ferry slip.
Records
Gross tonnage
The world's largest ferries are typically those operated in Europe, with different vessels holding the record depending on whether length, gross tonnage or car vehicle capacity is the metric.
Oldest
The sole contender as oldest ferry in continuous operation is the
Mersey Ferry from
Liverpool to
Birkenhead, England. In 1150, the Benedictine Priory at
Birkenhead was established. The monks used to charge a small fare to row passengers across the estuary.
In 1330,
Edward III granted a charter to the Priory and its successors for ever: "the right of ferry there... for men, horses and goods, with leave to charge reasonable tolls". However, there may have been a short break following the Dissolution of the monasteries after 1536.
On 11 October 1811, inventor John Stevens' ship the Juliana, began operation as the first steam-powered ferry (service was between New York City, and Hoboken, New Jersey).
The Elwell Ferry, a cable ferry in North Carolina, travels a distance of ,
Largest networks
-
Waxholmsbolaget – 21 vessels serving around 300 ports of call in the Stockholm archipelago.
-
Istanbul Ferry Network – 87 vessels serving 86 ports of call in and around the Bosporus of Istanbul, Turkey.
-
BC Ferries – 36 vessels serving 47 ports of call along the west coast of British Columbia, Canada, carrying 22.3 million passengers annually.
-
Caledonian MacBrayne – 31 vessels serving 50 ports of call along the west coast of Scotland, carrying 1.43 million passengers annually.
-
Sydney Ferries – 31 vessels serving 36 ports of call in Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), carrying 15.3 million passengers annually.
-
Washington State Ferries – 21 vessels serving 20 ports of call around Puget Sound of Washington, United States, carrying 24.2 million passengers annually.
-
Metrolink Queensland – 21 vessels serving 26 ports of call along the Brisbane River in Brisbane, Australia, carrying 2.7 million passengers annually.
-
Société des traversiers du Québec
Busiest networks
-
Istanbul Ferry Network – 40 million passengers annually.
-
Washington State Ferries – 24.2 million passengers annually.
-
Staten Island Ferry in New York City – 23.9 million passengers annually; busiest single-line ferry in the world.
-
Amsterdam GVB Ferries – 22.4 million passengers annually.
-
BC Ferries – 22.3 million passengers annually.
-
Star Ferry in Hong Kong – 19.7 million passengers annually.
Fastest
The gas turbine powered
Luciano Federico L operated by Montevideo-based
Buquebus, holds the Guinness World Record for the fastest car ferry in the world, in service between
Montevideo,
Uruguay and
Buenos Aires,
Argentina: its maximum speed, achieved in sea trials, was .
It can carry 450 passengers and 52 cars along the route.
Sustainability
The contributions of ferry travel to climate change have received less scrutiny than land and air transport, and vary considerably according to factors like speed and the number of passengers carried. Average carbon dioxide emissions by ferries per passenger-kilometre seem to be .
However, ferries between Finland and Sweden produce of CO
2, with total emissions equalling a CO
2 equivalent of , while ferries between Finland and Estonia produce of CO
2 with total emissions equalling a CO
2 equivalent of .
Alternative fuels
With the price of oil at high levels, and with increasing pressure from consumers for measures to tackle
global warming, a number of innovations for energy and the environment were put forward at the Interferry conference in
Stockholm. According to the company Solar Sailor, hybrid marine power and solar wing technology are suitable for use with ferries, private
and even tankers.
Alternative fuels are becoming more widespread on ferries. The fastest passenger ferry in the world Buquebus, runs on LNG, while Sweden's Stena Line converted one of its ferries to run on both diesel and methanol in 2015.
Megawatt-class battery electric ferries operate in Scandinavia, with several more scheduled for operation.
Since 2015, Norwegian ferry company Norled has operated e-ferry on the Lavik-Opedal connection on the E39 north of Bergen.
WWW.TU.NO (In Norwegian).
Since 15 August 2019, Ærø Municipality have operated between the southern Denmark ports of Fynshav and Søby, on the island of Ærø.
A special feature is the Danish Udbyhøj cable ferry in Randers Fjord which has a land-based power supply by means of a retractable submarine cable.[Jessica McCormick: Electric Ferry Never Needs Charging, ]
Accidents
The following notable maritime disasters involved ferries:
-
– (10 April 1968) 53 deaths
-
MV Namyoug-Ho (15 December 1970) 323–326 deaths
-
MV George Prince (20 October 1976) 78 deaths
-
– (6 March 1987) 193 deaths
-
– (20 December 1987) 4,386 deaths
-
– (24 October 1988) ≈400 deaths
-
– (7 April 1990) 159 deaths
-
– (15 December 1991) 470–850 deaths
-
– (23 August 1992) 30 deaths
-
MS Jan Heweliusz – (14 January 1993) 55 deaths
-
MV Seohae – (10 October 1993) 292 deaths
-
MS Estonia – (28 September 1994) 852 deaths
-
– (2 December 1994) 140 deaths
-
– (21 May 1996) 894 deaths
-
– (18 September 1998) 150 deaths
-
– (26 September 2000) 81 deaths
-
– (26 September 2002) 1,863 deaths
-
– (21 June 2008) 814 deaths
-
– (10 September 2011) 1,573 deaths
-
– (2 February 2012) 88–223 deaths
-
– (18 July 2012) 150 deaths
-
– (16 August 2013) 137 deaths
-
MV Sewol – (16 April 2014) 304 deaths
-
MV Nyerere – (20 September 2018) 228 deaths
See also
Notes
Bibliography
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" When Horses Walked on Water: Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America" (Smithsonian Institution Press; Kevin Crisman, co-authored with Arthur Cohn, executive director of the Lake Champlain Maritime Museum).
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