Macombs Dam Bridge

Over-river span

The Macombs Dam Bridge includes a swing bridge over the Harlem River, pivoting around a small masonry island in the middle of the river. The swinging span is the oldest remaining swing bridge in New York City that retains its original span. According to the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT), which maintains the bridge, it is the city's third-oldest major bridge still in operation.^[8] It is variously cited as being 408 or 415 feet (124 or 126 m) long.^[8][13] It has four lanes for vehicular traffic and a sidewalk on each side for pedestrians.^[4][8][14] The roadway measures 40 feet (12 m) wide and the sidewalks measure 9.9 feet (3.0 m) wide.^[4][14][15] The total width of the deck, including additional space for supports and railings, is 65 feet (20 m).^[13]

The span's trusswork consists of concave chords running along the top. The chords taper up toward a square section in the center of the span, which is topped by four finials. On the Manhattan side, there is a plaque stating the year 1894, the words "Central Bridge", and the name of the bridge's major engineers.^[13] The design has been compared to a "raffish tiara" due to the presence of the Gothic Revival-style abutments.^[16] The swing span can be rotated around a tower located below the center of the deck, which in turn is located on the small masonry island. On both sides of the island are shipping channels with 150 feet (46 m) of horizontal clearance. When closed, the bridge provides 25 feet (7.6 m) of vertical clearance.^[7][8] The swinging portion weighs 2,400 short tons (2,100 long tons; 2,200 t) and is turned by two concentric drums: the inner drum has a diameter of 36 feet (11 m) and the outer has a diameter of 44 feet (13 m).^[14] At the time of its construction, Macombs Dam Bridge's over-river span was said to be among the largest drawbridges built to date,^[16] or the heaviest movable mass in the world.^[17][18]

On either bank of the river are pairs of stone end piers with shelter houses.^[7][13] The shelter houses contain red tile roofs and are used by the bridge tender. Latticework gates are located near these end piers, blocking off access to the span when it is in the "open" position. Many of the original railings have been replaced.^[13]

Viaducts

There are three approaches to the bridge. Two are from the Manhattan side (the 155th Street Viaduct and the Seventh Avenue approach), while the third leads to the intersection of Jerome Avenue and 161st Street in the Bronx.^[19]

155th Street Viaduct

At the western end of the over-water span is a long steel viaduct, carrying two sidewalks and two lanes of traffic in each direction. The viaduct stretches from the intersection of 155th Street, Edgecombe Avenue, and St. Nicholas Place, at its western end, to the intersection of Macombs Place, Macombs Dam Bridge, and Seventh Avenue (also Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard) at its eastern end.^[20] There are traffic lights at both ends of the 155th Street Viaduct. An unconnected lower section of 155th Street runs at ground level under the viaduct.^[19]

The viaduct stretches 1,600 feet (490 m) was built due to the presence of Coogan's Bluff at its western end, some 110 feet (34 m) above the river.^[21][22] It passes over an unconnected section of 155th Street located at the bottom of the cliff.^[22] The viaduct is supported by 31 girders; the western 22 girders contain horizontal, diagonal, and vertical bracing, while the eastern 9 girders do not contain bracing. The extreme western end of the viaduct is located on a granite and limestone abutment; the roadway retains its original ornamental iron railings designed by Hecla Iron Works, with a tall chain-link fence above. The rest of the viaduct contains utilitarian metal railings and tall chain-link fences.^[22]

The viaduct was designed similar to a landscaped boulevard or parkway, with observation decks projecting outward from the viaduct's sidewalks.^[21] Additionally, four long metal staircases originally connected the viaduct and the lower level of 155th Street; these stairs had canopies covering their upper flights. By 1992, only two of these stairs remained on the west side of Eighth Avenue,^[22] and by 2000, both remaining stairs had deteriorated too severely to be restored.^[21] On the western end of the viaduct, a stone staircase connects the north sidewalk of the viaduct and the lower section of 155th Street.^[22] A 28-foot-tall (8.5 m) column with a weather vane, lamp, and drinking fountain is at the western end of the viaduct.^[21][23] The fountain—sometimes called the Hooper Fountain after its donor, businessman John Hooper^[23][24]—still exists on the southeast corner of the 155th Street Viaduct and Edgecombe Avenue.^[22] Just east of the column, a path leads south to Jackie Robinson Park.^[25]

Before the viaduct was built, the 155th Street station of the elevated IRT Ninth Avenue Line, located along Eighth Avenue at the bottom of the cliff, could only be reached from the top by a long staircase.^[26] A Scientific American magazine article in 1890 stated that "To draw a load up the hill a team has to be taken a mile or more to the south".^[21][27]

Bronx approach

At the eastern end of the over-water span, there are two Warren truss spans, followed by a camelback span over the tracks of the Metro-North Railroad's Hudson Line.^[7][13] Past the camelback span, the bridge intersects with the on- and off-ramps to and from the southbound Major Deegan Expressway. To the northeast, a steel approach road leads to Jerome Avenue, which extends north into the Bronx and Westchester County, and there are cloverleaf ramps to and from the northbound Major Deegan Expressway.^[19] The approach road consists of six steel-and-concrete spans across the expressway, as well as six more Warren trusses. These spans are supported by girders located atop granite piers.^[22] The approach road contains another intersection, with 161st Street, before terminating at Jerome Avenue.^[19] The grade of the approach road is 1%.^[14]

Previous spans

The original river crossing on the site was called Macombs Dam and was built along with the since-demolished lock-and-dam system on the Harlem River.^[4][7][8] The dam was opened in 1814,^[7][33] and the bridge was finished in 1815^[18] or 1816.^[7][34] Macombs Dam's capacity was limited by its narrow width, as the manned lock only measured 7 by 7 feet (2.1 by 2.1 m),^[7] and by the mid-19th century, no longer used as a dam.^[33] In one incident in September 1839, local residents breached the dam over several days, and their actions were later reinforced by New York Supreme Court despite the operator's objections.^[7][35][36] Following legislature passed by the city in 1858, the dam was demolished that year, and was mandated to be replaced with a swing bridge.^[3][7][18]

The wooden Central Bridge, a swing bridge across the Harlem River, followed in 1860 or 1861.^[15][18] The span's construction was initially supposed to cost $10,000, but ultimately cost nine times as much.^[18] The wooden swing bridge included a rotating square tower situated atop a small island in the center of the river; the span itself was supported by iron rods attached to the tower.^[15] Because of the number of wooden parts, it often required maintenance.^[8] The city held a contest in 1875 for the installation of "a new wooden draw" to replace the existing Central Bridge.^[37] In 1877, the swinging component's square-shaped frame was removed and an A-frame was installed.^[7][15][18] The approach spans were subsequently replaced with iron in 1883, and the wooden span was rebuilt in 1890.^[15][18] The rebuilt span was 210 feet (64 m) long and 18 feet (5.5 m) wide, with two 4-foot-wide (1.2 m) sidewalks, as well as approach ramps measuring 180 feet (55 m) long.^[15] These improvements did not help the public's reputation of the bridge, and one driver was quoted as saying, "They ought to keep it for clam wagons, though no clam with any regard for himself would ever cross the bridge."^[38]

Planning and construction

By the late 1880s, landowners in Upper Manhattan were advocating for development of Washington Heights, the then-sparsely-populated area atop Coogan's Bluff, the high cliff to the west of Macombs Dam.^[39] At the time, there were few options for traveling between the top and bottom of Coogan's Bluff.^[40] Another reason for developing this region of Manhattan was the opening of the Polo Grounds stadium at the bottom of Coogan's Bluff in 1890.^[39] By 1886, local landowners had come to an agreement that a viaduct was needed to connect the top of Coogan's Bluff and the Central Bridge.^[39] The next year, the New York state legislature passed a law that enabled the construction of a viaduct connecting the high point of Coogan's Bluff to the Central Bridge.^[39][41] Around the same time, the Central Bridge was slated to be rebuilt as a result of the River and Harbor Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1890.^[39] As part of the act, bridges on the Harlem River with low vertical clearance were to be replaced with those with at least 24 feet (7.3 m) of clearance during mean high water springs. Drawbridges and swing spans were determined to be most suitable for this purpose.^[39][42][43]

Structural engineer Alfred Pancoast Boller was hired to design the viaduct; his plans were officially approved in May 1890 at an estimated cost of $514,000, to be split evenly between the city and landowners.^[39] The city hired Herbert Steward to be the contractor; the Union Bridge Company for structural steel; and Hecla Iron Works for iron ornamentation.^[44] In June 1890, Boller was also hired for the over-water span. Boller submitted his plans for the over-water span that November; the plans entailed a smaller approach viaduct in the Bronx to cross over the swamp on that side.^[45] Work on the 155th Street Viaduct began in December 1890.^[46]

At the end of 1891, the foundations for the 155th Street Viaduct's support structure, as well as the masonry abutment at the viaduct's western end, had been constructed. However, further work at the viaduct's east end was delayed until the over-water span's foundations could be laid.^[39][47] The contract for the over-water span and Bronx approach was given to the Passaic Rolling Mill Company in March 1892, and work on that segment began two months later. The contractors and suppliers for the 155th Street Viaduct were also contracted for the over-water span.^[45] As the old bridge was about to be closed, residents of the town of Tremont, Bronx, expressed concerns that one of their few links to Manhattan would be temporarily severed.^[48] Ultimately, the old drawbridge was floated slightly north to 156th Street while the new span was constructed immediately adjacent.^[45][49][50] The old bridge remained there until the new span was completed, at which point the old span was demolished.^[49]

After the height of the over-water span's deck had been established, two falsework rails were placed on the outer edges of the span, along which a rolling scaffold traveled.^[45] Two different methods were used to construct the foundations for the over-water span. A caisson was used for the western bank's pier and the central pivoting "island", while a cofferdam was used for the eastern bank's pier.^[45][51] The latter required a modification to the original contract "owing to the great depth of swampy bottom".^[52] The design of the short span over the Hudson Line railroad tracks was likely also changed when the contract modification was made.^[45]

By late 1892, the 155th Street Viaduct was nearly completed and the Real Estate Record stated that pedestrians were already using the viaduct to access the elevated line. However, there were disputes over the ramp between Seventh Avenue and the over-water span.^[29][39] In the initial plans, the 155th Street Viaduct lacked a direct connection to Seventh Avenue.^[30] A rocky outcropping obstructed the line of view between Seventh Avenue and the bridge, so the builders decided to destroy the rock.^[29][45] The city also acquired land for a park between Macombs Dam Road, Seventh Avenue, and 153rd Street.^[53] Additionally, there were problems in coordinating work on the viaduct and over-water span, since the two segments intersected at an angle.^[29][39] An additional contract for a second Bronx approach from Sedgwick and Ogden Avenues was designed by Boller in January 1893,^[45] and was approved by the New York State Legislature.^[54] In 1894, the contract for the second Bronx approach was awarded to Passaic,^[45] while the contract for the over-water span's ornamentation was given to Valentine Cook & Son.^[45][55]

1890s to 1930s

The 155th Street Viaduct opened on October 10, 1893.^[21][45] The over-water span opened "without any particular ceremony" a year and a half later, on May 1, 1895.^[8][56] The viaduct cost $739,000 (about $25 million in 2023),^[45] while the over-water span cost $1.3 million (equal to $48 million in 2023);^[8] however, the total cost of the over-water span including land acquisition was $1.774 million (about $65 million in 2023).^[45] The new bridge was also called the Central Bridge, and though a plaque bearing this name still can be seen on the swing span, the name never stuck.^[20] The old "Macombs Dam" name remained in popular use, and the bridge was officially renamed with its original moniker in 1902.^[7][8] The 155th Street Viaduct and over-water span were formerly operated by two different entities. The over-water span was erected by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation before being transferred to the Bridge Department in 1898, while the 155th Street Viaduct was erected by the Department of Public Works and was transferred to the Manhattan borough president's office in 1898.^[28]

A trolley franchise was awarded to the Union Railroad Company in 1903, providing Bronx residents with a direct connection to the Eighth Avenue trolley.^[57] The first trolley traveled over the Macombs Dam Bridge in 1904.^[58][59] Due to the increasing prevalence of trolleys and automobiles, there was a decrease in horse-drawn carriages that used the bridge. Also in 1904, the steam engine that powered the movable over-water span was replaced with a 24 horsepower (18 kW) electric motor,^[59] which itself was replaced with a 52 horsepower (39 kW) motor in 1917.^[28] The New York City Department of Plant and Structures assumed control of the over-water span in 1916, and five years later it also had jurisdiction of the 155th Street Viaduct.^[28]

In 1920, while Yankee Stadium was under construction, ramps were built on the Bronx side of the Macombs Dam Bridge,^[8][59] leading to 161st Street.^[22] As part of this project, the staircase on the northern facade of the Bronx abutment was demolished, and a corresponding stair on the southern facade was built.^[59] On the Manhattan side, a rebuilt approach from Seventh Avenue and 151st Street to the bridge, as well as a rebuilt triangular plaza between Seventh Avenue and Macombs Dam Road, was opened in 1931.^[32][59][60] The approach was built on land donated by John D. Rockefeller Jr.^[32] The new approach, designed by Andrew J. Thomas, entailed rebuilding the formerly-straight Macombs Dam Road approach to a "flared polygonal" route, which required extending the masonry abutment there.^[59] In 1938, both the over-water span and the viaduct became the jurisdiction of the Department of Public Works.^[28]

1940s to present

Part of the pedestrian railing was damaged in 1949 after a boat's boom ran into the over-water span.^[61] Around the same time, from 1949 through 1951, the approach to Ogden and Sedgwick Avenues in the Bronx was demolished to make way for the construction of the Major Deegan Expressway.^[59] Three segments of truss bridge were also removed during this time, and the removed truss segment over the expressway's path was replaced with a new steel deck. The trolley tracks were also removed c. 1950, and many of the original decorative and lighting fixtures were replaced in the early 1960s.^[13]

The Transportation Administration assumed control of the bridge and viaduct in 1966.^[28] Mayor John Lindsay proposed enacting tolls along the University Heights Bridge, as well as all other free bridges across the East and Harlem rivers, in 1971.^[62][63] The proposal failed in 1977 after the United States Congress moved to ban tolls on these bridges.^[64] A new interchange on the Bronx side opened in 1977, providing easier access to Yankee Stadium.^[65] The same year, jurisdiction passed to the NYCDOT, which still operates and maintains the bridge and viaduct.^[28]

By 1988, the NYCDOT listed the Macombs Dam Bridge as one of 17 bridges citywide that urgently needed restoration. The work, initially expected to cost $34 million, would pay for the restoration of steel brackets and deteriorated concrete supports.^[66] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the Macombs Dam Bridge and the 155th Street Viaduct as a city landmark on January 14, 1992.^[67][68] The NYCDOT conducted a $145 million overhaul of the bridge between 1999 and 2004.^[4] As part of the renovation, the NYCDOT replaced the deck of the bridge, and renovated the structural elements of the approach viaducts and the four ramps to and from the Major Deegan Expressway.^[69] The over-water span was also repainted and the electrical systems were replaced.^[4] Simultaneously, the NYCDOT also assessed the Macombs Dam Bridge and 155th Street Viaduct for a seismic-retrofitting project, which at the time was slated to be completed between 2010 and 2013 for $36 million.^[69] Despite the low probability of earthquakes in the area, the project had been proposed after more stringent building codes had been implemented in 2003.^[70][71]