Oxford Circus

19th century

The junction was designed as part of John Nash's work on Regent Street.^[1] Circuses had become popular in English architecture after George Dance the Younger had popularised them in the Minories in East London. Nash wanted to use extra land space so that vehicles could move around one another when turning, with a concave layout attracting shopkeepers and increasing the potential for land value. He originally intended the circus to be colonnaded, but when the New Street Bill was proposed to parliament, it was rejected, with one MP fearing the circus would "be a nuisance by day and something worse by night".^[2] He redesigned the circus so that the new Regent Street would meet the established Oxford Street at a near right-angle, with a smaller 164-foot (50 m) diameter reducing its land intake. Parliament approved the design, passing the New Street Act 1813 (53 Geo. 3. c. 121).^[3]

Construction of the circus began in 1816, with Nash working in association with Samuel Baxter. Work was complicated by the compulsory purchase of properties along Oxford Street. Eight houses on the north side and eleven on the south were demolished to make way for the junction.^[4] To avoid legal challenges, Nash attempted to rehouse existing tenants in the new buildings around the circus wherever possible. After John Richardson, proprietor of Richardson's silk shop on 118 Oxford Street died, Nash ensured his widow and surviving family and employees were all housed in a building on the circus's north-eastern section. After the family complained and demanded changes, Nash worked with Baxter to try to accommodate them as much as possible.^[5]

Most buildings around the circus were designed in a more disciplined manner than some of Nash's later work, and were based on Palladian architecture. They featured fluted Corinthian pilasters and artificial stone capitals. The pilaster order continued down Regent Street.^[6]

The circus opened officially in November 1819.^[7] It was originally known as Regent Circus North, with the corresponding Piccadilly Circus named Regent Circus South.^[1][8] However, unlike Piccadilly Circus, Oxford Circus had no decorations and was designed as a straightforward traffic crossing.^[9] Fellow architect James Elmes described Nash's work on the circus as giving "an air of grandeur" and "as elegant in form as it is useful in application".^[10] The current name began to be used around 1836.^[3]

In 1842, the MP Joseph Hume proposed a commemorative obelisk should be constructed in the middle of the circus.^[10] Construction began in December 1842, but was quickly disrupted and abandoned after the Marylebone parish vestry realised they only had authority to clean and maintain the circus, and not to construct anything on top of it. The obelisk was eventually built in 1850 at Nunhead Cemetery to a slightly different design.^[11]

In the Victorian era, mourning was elaborate and expensive. This area had mourning warehouses, selling the clothes, fabrics and accessories required for this. The most important of these was The London General Mourning Warehouse, commonly known as Jay's. This was founded in Regent Street in 1841 and expanded north so that it occupied all of the SW quadrant of the circus by 1880.^[12]

20th century

The lease on the four quadrants around the interchange was due to expire in 1917, and it was determined they would need to be rebuilt. In 1904, the Commissioners of Woods and Forests outlined a plan to redevelop Regent Street, including Oxford Circus. In 1909, they invited proposals to redevelop the site.^[13] The new design was awarded in October 1910 to Henry Tanner, who saw off several rival designs, and was built in stages between 1913 and 1928.^[14][15] Tanner's design was inspired by 18th-century French architecture, particularly that of Ange-Jacques Gabriel.^[16] Each quadrant was designed to be symmetrical with the others.^[17]

The south-eastern quadrant was completed first in 1913, before work stopped at the beginning of World War I.^[18] The north-western quadrant opened in May 1922 as the London premises for the Magasins du Louvre. The store was never popular and closed in 1930.^[19] The south-western quadrant followed in 1925 and the north-eastern in 1928.^[14][19]

The new north-eastern quadrant was originally occupied by the Peter Robinson department store. An extension to the store was added to the original quadrant building in 1924.^[19][20] During World War II, it was badly damaged by bombs in September 1940 but survived owing to its steel frame construction and was quickly repaired to a high standard. The BBC requisitioned part of the block and it saw significant use in overseas broadcasting during the war. It was sold to the London Co-operative Society in 1944.^[21] In 1969, the fourth floor of the Peter Robinson department store was leased by producer George Martin's Associated Independent Recording company, which opened the first AIR Studios recording complex there the following year, with the studio operating in this location until 1991.^[22] Through a series of buyouts and mergers, Peter Robinson became Topshop, which occupied the site until 2020, after it went into liquidation.^[19][23] It was the flagship store of the franchise, covering four floors and attracting around 28,000 shoppers a day, half of whom would buy something.^[24]

The buildings are constructed of Portland stone with a cladding steel frame and slate roofs. They have been Grade II listed since 1973.^[17][25]