Rumelia Eyalet

Eyalet of Rumelia
Eyalet-i Rumeli
Eyalet of Rumelia Eyalet-i Rumeli
1365–1867
	The Rumelia Eyalet in 1609
Status	Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire
Capital	Edirne (1362–1530); Sofia (1530–1836); Monastir (1836–1867); 41°1′N 21°20′E
History
• Established	1365
• Disestablished	1867
Area
1844	124,630 km2 (48,120 sq mi)
Population
• 1844	2,700,000
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Byzantine Empire
	Second Bulgarian Empire
	Despotate of Serbia
	Despotate of Dobruja
	Lordship of Prilep
	Gazaria (Genoese colonies)
	Principality of Theodoro
	Kingdom of Bosnia
	League of Lezhe
	Venetian Albania
	Latinokratia
	Kingdom of Hungary
Eyalet of the Archipelago
Kefe Eyalet
Bosnia Eyalet
Ioannina Eyalet
Principality of Serbia
Salonica Eyalet
Adrianople Eyalet
Silistra Eyalet
Niš Eyalet
Vidin Eyalet
Habsburg Monarchy

The Eyalet of Rumeli, or Eyalet of Rumelia (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت روم ایلی, romanized: Eyālet-i Rūm-ėli),^[2] known as the Beylerbeylik of Rumeli until 1591,^[3] was a first-level province (beylerbeylik or eyalet) of the Ottoman Empire encompassing most of the Balkans ("Rumelia"). For most of its history, it was the largest and most important province of the Empire, containing key cities such as Edirne, Yanina (Ioannina), Sofia, Filibe (Plovdiv), Manastır/Monastir (Bitola), Üsküp (Skopje), and the major seaport of Selânik/Salonica (Thessaloniki). It was also among the oldest Ottoman eyalets, lasting more than 500 years with several territorial restructurings over the long course of its existence.

Quick Facts Eyalet of RumeliaEyalet-i Rumeli, Status ...

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The capital was in Adrianople (Edirne), Sofia, and finally Monastir (Bitola). Its reported area in an 1862 almanac was 48,119 square miles (124,630 km²).^[4]

Initially termed beylerbeylik or generically vilayet ("province") of Rumeli, only after 1591 was the term eyalet used.^[3]

The first beylerbey of Rumelia was Lala Shahin Pasha, who was awarded the title by Sultan Murad I as a reward for his capture of Adrianople (Edirne) in the 1360s, and given military authority over the Ottoman territories in Europe, which he governed effectively as the Sultan's deputy while the Sultan returned to Anatolia.^[3]^[5]^[6] Also, Silistra Eyalet was formed in 1593.

From its foundation, the province of Rumelia encompassed the entirety of the Ottoman Empire's European possessions, including the trans-Danubian conquests like Akkerman, until the creation of further eyalets in the 16th century, beginning with the Archipelago (1533), Budin (1541) and Bosnia (1580).^[5]^[6]

The first capital of Rumelia was probably Edirne (Adrianople), which was also, until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans' capital city. It was followed by Sofia for a while and again by Edirne until 1520, when Sofia once more became the seat of the beylerbey.^[6] At the time, the beylerbey of Rumelia was the commander of the most important military force in the state in the form of the timariot sipahi cavalry, and his presence in the capital during this period made him a regular member of the Imperial Council (divan). For the same reason, powerful Grand Viziers like Mahmud Pasha Angelovic or Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha held the beylerbeylik in tandem with the grand vizierate.^[5]

In the 18th century, Monastir emerged as an alternate residence of the governor, and in 1836, it officially became the capital of the eyalet. At about the same time, the Tanzimat reforms, aimed at modernizing the Empire, split off the new eyalets of Üsküb, Yanya and Selanik and reduced the Rumelia Eyalet to a few provinces around Monastir. The rump eyalet survived until 1867, when, as part of the transition to the more uniform vilayet system, it became part of the Salonica Vilayet.^[5]^[7]^[8]

Eastern Rumelia became a new ottoman province in 1878 (formally until 1908 but united to the Principality of Bulgaria since 1885).

The governor of the Rumelia Eyalet was titled "Beylerbey of Rumelia" (Rumeli beylerbeyi) or "Vali of Rumelia" (Rumeli vali).

More information Governor, Reign ...

Governor	Reign	Notes
Lala Shahin Pasha		the first beylerbey of Rumelia, the lala (tutor) of Murad I.^[9]^{[better source needed]}
Timurtaş Bey	fl. 1385
Süleyman Çelebi	before 1411	son of Bayezid I^[10]
Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey	1411
Mustafa Bey	1421^[11]
Sinan Pasha ( son of noble Bogdan)	1430
Hadım Şehabeddin	1439–42^[12]
Kasım Pasha	1443^[13]
Ömer Bey	fl. 1453^[14]
Turahan Bey	before 1456
Mahmud Pasha	before 1456
Ahmed	after 1456^{[citation needed]}
Hass Murad Pasha	c. 1469–1473
Hadım Süleyman Pasha	c. 1475^[15]
Davud Pasha	c. 1478^[16]
Sinan Pasha	c. 1481^[17]
Mesih Pasha	after 1481^[18]
Hasan Pasha	fl. 1514^[19]
Ahmed Pasha	fl. 1521^[20]
Güzelce Kasım Pasha	c. 1527^[21]
Ibrahim	fl. 1537^[22]
Khusrow Pasha	June 1538^[23]–?
Ali Pasha	fl. 1546^[24]
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha	fl. 1551^[25]
Şemsi Ahmed Pasha	1564 – 1569^[26]
Doğancı Mehmed Pasha		^[27]
Osman Yeğen Pasha	1687^[28]
Sari Ahmed Pasha	1714^[29]–1715^[30]
Topal Osman Pasha	1721–27, 1729–30, 1731^[31]
Hadji Mustafa Pasha	summer of 1797^[32]–?
Ahmed Kamil Pasazade Hakki Pasha		^[33]
Ali Pasha	1793^[34]
Ali Pasha (2nd term)	1802^[35])
Veli Pasha (son of Ali Pasha) 1804^[36]
Hurshid Pasha	fl. 1808^[37]
Köse Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha	1836–March 1840
Mehmed Dilaver Pasha	May–July 1840
Yusuf Muhlis Pasha Serezli	July 1840–February 1842
Yakub Pasha Kara Osmanzade
Mustafa Nuri Paşa, Sırkatibi
Mehmed Said Paşa, Mirza/Tatar
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade
Mehmed Emin Pasha
Asaf Pasha
Mehmed Reşid Paşa, Boşnakzade
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı (2nd term)
Mehmed Hurshid Pasha Arnavud
Ahmed Nazır Paşa
İsmail Paşa, Çerkes
Abdülkerim Nadir Paşa, Çırpanlı
Ali Paşa, Hacı, Kütahyalı/Germiyanoğlu
Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa
Mehmed Tevfik Paşa, Taşcızade

Close

1475

A list dated to 1475 lists seventeen subordinate sanjakbeys, who controlled sub-provinces or sanjaks, which also functioned as military commands:^[5]

Constantinople
Gallipoli
Edirne
Nikebolu/Nigbolu
Vidin
Sofia
Serbia (Laz-ili)
Serbia (Despot-ili)
Vardar (under the Evrenosoğullari)
Üsküb
Arnavut-ili (under Iskender Bey, i.e. Skanderbeg)
Arnavut-ili (under the Arianiti family)
Bosnia
Bosnia (under Stephen)
Arta, Zituni and Athens
Morea
Monastir

1520s

Another list, dating to the early reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566), lists the sanjakbeys of that period, in approximate order of importance.:^[5]

Bey of the Pasha-sanjak
Bosnia
Morea
Semendire
Vidin
Hersek
Silistre
Ohri
Avlonya
Iskenderiyye
Yanya
Gelibolu
Köstendil
Nikebolu
Sofia
Inebahti
Tirhala
Alaca Hișar
Vulcetrin
Kefe
Prizren
Karli-eli
Ağriboz
Çirmen
Vize
Izvornik
Florina
Elbasan
Sanjakbey of the Çingene ("Gypsies")
Midilli
Karadağ (Montenegro)
Sanjakbey of the Müselleman-i Kirk Kilise ("Muslims of Kirk Kilise")
Sanjakbey of the Voynuks

The Çingene, Müselleman-i Kirk Kilise and Voynuks were not territorial circumscriptions, but rather represented merely a sanjakbey appointed to control these scattered and often nomadic groups, and who acted as the commander of the military forces recruited among them.^[5] The Pasha-sanjak in this period comprised a wide area in western Macedonia, including the towns of Üskub (Skopje), Pirlipe (Prilep), Manastir (Bitola) and Kesriye (Kastoria).^[5]

A similar list compiled c. 1534 gives the same sanjaks, except for the absence of Sofia, Florina and Inebahti (among the provinces transferred to the new Archipelago Eyalet in 1533), and the addition of Selanik (Salonica).^[5]

1538

In 1538 there are listed 29 liva (sanjaks) during the reign of Sultan Suleiman I.^[38]

Sofya (Pasha Sanjak of Rumelia)
Ağrıboz
Alacahisar
Avlonya
Bosna
Çirmen
Gelibolu
Hersek
İlbasan
İskenderiye
İzvornik
Karlıili
Kefe
Köstendil
Mora
Niğbolu
Ohri
Prizrin
Rodos
Semendire
Silistre
Tırhala
Vidin
Vize
Vulçıtrın
Yanya
Müselleman-ı Kızılca
Müselleman-ı Çingane
Voynugan-ı Istabl-ı Amire

1644

Further sanjaks were removed with the progressive creation of new eyalets, and an official register c. 1644 records only fifteen sanjaks for the Rumelia Eyalet:^[5]

Köstendil
Tirhala
Prizren
Yanya
Delvine
Vulcetrin
Üskub
Elbasan
Avlonya
Dukagin
Iskenderiyye
Ohri
Alaca Hișar
Selanik
Voynuks

1700/1730

The administrative division of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia between 1700-1730 was as follows:^[39]

Pasha-sanjak, around Manastir
Köstendil
Tirhala
Yanya
Delvina
Elbasan
Iskenderiyye
Avlonya
Ohri
Alaca Hisar
Selanik
Dukagin
Prizren
Üsküb
Vulçıtrin
Voynuks
Çingene
Yoruks

Early 19th century

Sanjaks in the early 19th century:^[40]

Manastir
Selanik
Tirhala
Iskenderiyye
Ohri
Avlonya
Köstendil
Elbasan
Prizren
Dukagin
Üsküb
Delvina
Vulcetrin
Kavala
Alaca Hișar
Yanya
Smederevo

Mid-19th century

According to the state yearbook (salname) of the year 1847, the reduced Rumelia Eyalet, centred at Manastir, encompassed also the sanjaks of Iskenderiyye (Scutari), Ohri (Ohrid) and Kesrye (Kastoria).^[5] In 1855, according to the French traveller A. Viquesnel, it comprised the sanjaks of Iskenderiyye, with 7 kazas or sub-provinces, Ohri with 8 kazas, Kesrye with 8 kazas and the pasha-sanjak of Manastir with 11 kazas.^[41]

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[eb19-1] [1]
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[someprov-2] [2]
"Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire". Geonames.de. Retrieved 25 February 2013.

[EI2-eyalet-3] [3]
İnalcık, Halil (1965). "Eyālet". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 721–724. OCLC 495469475.

[4] [4]
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[EI2-Rumeli-5] [5]
İnalcik, Halil (1995). "Rūmeli". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 607–611, esp. 610–611. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.

[Provinzen50-6] [6]
Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. p. 50. ISBN 9783920153568.

[EI2-Manastir-7] [7]
Ursinus, M. (1991). "Manāstir". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 371–372. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.

[8] [8]
Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. pp. 50, 52. ISBN 9783920153568.

[9] [9]
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[SettonHazard1990-10] [10]
Kenneth M. Setton; Harry W. Hazard; Norman P. Zacour (1 June 1990). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 699–. ISBN 978-0-299-10744-4.

[Mutafchieva1988-11] [11]
Vera P. Mutafchieva (1988). Agrarian relations in the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries. East European Monographs. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-88033-148-7. Retrieved 19 February 2013.

[FOOTNOTEJefferson2012280-12] [12]
Jefferson 2012, p. 280.

[FOOTNOTEBabinger199225-13] [13]
Babinger 1992, p. 25.

[Özkan2015-14] [14]
Aytaç Özkan (21 December 2015). Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Great Eagle. Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-59784-397-3.

[FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters200925-15] [15]
Ágoston & Masters 2009, p. 25.

[Barleti2012-16] [16]
Marin Barleti (2012). The Siege of Shkodra: Albania's Courageous Stand Against Ottoman Conquest, 1478. David Hosaflook. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-99956-87-77-9.

[Freely2009-17] [17]
John Freely (1 October 2009). The Grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II-Conqueror of Constantinople and Master of an Empire. The Overlook Press. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-1-59020-449-8.

[Lowry2012-18] [18]
Heath W. Lowry (1 February 2012). Nature of the Early Ottoman State, The. SUNY Press. pp. 66–. ISBN 978-0-7914-8726-6.

[Akçe2015-19] [19]
Fatih Akçe (22 December 2015). The Conqueror of the East Sultan Selim I. Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-1-68206-504-4.

[Turnbull2014-20] [20]
Stephen Turnbull (6 June 2014). The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-1-4728-1026-7.

[21] [21]
Gülru Necipoğlu; Julia Bailey (2008). Frontiers of Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Celebration of Oleg Grabar's Eightieth Birthday; the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture Thirtieth Anniversary Special Volume. BRILL. pp. 98–. ISBN 978-90-04-17327-9.

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Lucette Valensi; Arthur Denner (1 December 2008). The Birth of the Despot: Venice and the Sublime Porte. Cornell University Press. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-0-8014-7543-6.

[Gibb1954-23] [23]
Sir H. A. R. Gibb (1954). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Archive. pp. 35–. GGKEY:1FSD5PNQ2DE.

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Stephen Ortega (22 April 2016). Negotiating Transcultural Relations in the Early Modern Mediterranean: Ottoman-Venetian Encounters. Taylor & Francis. pp. 121–. ISBN 978-1-317-08919-3.

[FOOTNOTESetton1984574-25] [25]
Setton 1984, p. 574.

[:2-26] [26]
Afyoncu, Erhan (2010). "ŞEMSİ AHMED PAŞA". Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 38. TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. pp. 527–529.

[FOOTNOTEÁgostonMasters2009153-27] [27]
Ágoston & Masters 2009, p. 153.

[İnalcıkQuataert1997-28] [28]
Halil İnalcık; Donald Quataert (1997-04-28). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-521-57455-6. Retrieved 2013-06-07.

[29] [29]
Novak, Viktor, ed. (1971). Istoriski časopis, Volumes 18-19. Srpska akademija nauka. Istoriski institut. p. 312.

[Setton1991-30] [30]
Kenneth Meyer Setton (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. American Philosophical Society. pp. 430–. ISBN 978-0-87169-192-7.

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Rumelia Eyalet

1475

1520s

1538

1644

1700/1730

Early 19th century

Mid-19th century

Wikiwand in your browser!

1475

1520s

1538

1644

1700/1730

Early 19th century

Mid-19th century

Wikiwand in your browser!

History

Governors

Administrative divisions

References

Bibliography