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Stotra (Sanskrit: स्तोत्र) is a Sanskrit word that means "ode, eulogy or a hymn of praise."[1][2] It is a literary genre of Indian religious texts designed to be melodically sung, in contrast to a shastra which is composed to be recited.[1]
A stotra can be a prayer, a description, or a conversation, but always with a poetic structure. It may be a simple poem expressing praise and personal devotion to a deity for example, or poems with embedded spiritual and philosophical doctrines.[3]
A common feature of most stotras other than Nama stotras is the repetition of a line at the end of every verse. For example, the last line of every verse in the Mahiṣāsura Mardinī Stotra ends in "Jaya Jaya Hē Mahiṣāsura-mardini Ramyakapardini śailasute."
Many stotra hymns praise aspects of the divine, such as Devi, Shiva, or Vishnu. Relating to word "stuti", coming from the same Sanskrit root *stu- ("to praise"), and basically both mean "praise". Notable stotras are Shiva Tandava Stotram in praise of Shiva and Rama Raksha Stotra, a prayer for protection to Rama.
Stotras are a type of popular devotional literature. Among the early texts with Stotras are by Kuresha,[clarification needed] which combine Ramanuja's Vedantic ideas on qualified monism about Atman and Brahman (ultimate, unchanging reality), with temple practices.[3]
Stotra comes from the Sanskrit root √stu- which means "to praise, eulogize or laud" combined with the ṣṭran suffix.[3] Literally, the term refers to "poems of praise".[4] The earliest trace of stotras are Vedic, particularly in the Samaveda.[4]
The following is a Peterson translation of a Stotra by the Tamil poet Appar for Ardhanarishvara, the Hindu concept of a god who incorporates both the masculine and the feminine as inseparable halves.[5]
An earring of bright new gold one ear,
a coiled conch shell sways on the other,
On one side he chants the Vedic melodies,
on the other, he gently smiles,
Matted hair adorned with sweet konrai blossoms on one half of his head,
and a woman's curls on the other, he comes.
The one the nature of his form, the other of hers,
And both are the very essence of his beauty.— Appar, Ardhanarishvara Stotra, [5]
The nama-stotra is based on chanting a litany of names for a deity. The Sahasranama, a type of nama-stotra, is a litany of a thousand names for a particular deity. Sahasranama means "1000 names"; Sahasra means 1000 and nama means names. For example, Vishnu Sahasranama means 1000 names of Vishnu.[6] Other nama-stotras may include 100 or 108 epithets of the deity. According to Hinduism, the names of God are valuable tools for devotion.
- Śiva Tāṇḍava Stotra
- Mohamudgara Stotra(Bhaja Govindam)
- Aṣṭalakshmī Stotra
- Hayagrīva Stotra
- Dakshinamūrti Stotra
- Hari Stotra
- Śiva Mahimna Stotra
- Panchākṣara Stotra
- Rāma Raksha Stotra
- Mahiṣāsura Mardinī Stotra
- Māruti Stotra
- Agasti Lakshmi Stotra
- Naṭarāja Stotra
- Dvādaśa Stotra
- Annapūrṇa Stotra
- Radha Sahasranama Stotra
- Vishnu Sahasranama Stotra
- Lalita Sahasranama Stotra
- Narasimha Kavacham Stotra
- Asitakṛtam Śivastotram
- Jainism
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