Books by Joanna Nowak-Michalska
Papers by Joanna Nowak-Michalska
Między Oryginałem a Przekładem, 2024
Translating non-binary language has been one of the major challenges for Polish translators in re... more Translating non-binary language has been one of the major challenges for Polish translators in recent years. At present, various strategies are employed to neutralise the binary gender opposition in Polish. Some of them fit into the extant linguistic system, while others are completely innovative. The solutions range from using gender-neutral expressions (e.g. constructions involving the noun osoba ‘a person’ modified by an adjective or participle or the use of impersonal forms) to coining special forms for non-binary persons (e.g. nouns of neuter gender). The aim of this article is to analyse the non-binary language solutions adopted by Aga Zano in her translation of Bernardine Evaristo’s novel Girl, Woman, Other. The study shows that the translator employs a number of linguistic markers of non-binariness, which, in line with her aim, reflects the linguistic reality of our time. In the case of pronouns and verbs referring to the non-binary character of Morgan, the translator uses the neuter gender. She also creates innovative neutral forms of nouns that describe this person.
Język w regionie, region w języku 5, 2023
The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the Polish translation equivalents ... more The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the Polish translation equivalents of the Lunfardo vocabulary related to criminal activity, mainly theft, occurring in the film Nueve Reinas (Nine Queens) by Argentinian director Fabian Bielinsky. Two Polish voice-over versions of the film are under examination: one prepared for the state-owned Polish Television (Telewizja Polska) and another one for the DVD release. The comparative, semantic and stylistic analysis of the Lunfardo lexical units and their Polish equivalents has made it possible to identify several translation methods adopted by the translators which are discussed and illustrated with examples.
International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique, 2020
Socio-political developments can result in a change of perception of people with disabilities and... more Socio-political developments can result in a change of perception of people with disabilities and increase sensitivity towards language, especially legal language, used in relation to them. Some terms perceived as offensive or stigmatising are rejected in favour of more neutral and inclusive ones. Such terms can often be categorised as euphemisms or orthophemisms (Allan and Burridge in Forbidden Words, Taboo, and the Censoring of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 2006). With the passage of time, such new words frequently cease to serve their purpose and new ones need to be proposed to refer to a given concept (euphemism treadmill). In order to examine this issue, a number of legal terms denoting persons with disabilities used, currently and historically, in legal regulations in Poland and Spain are discussed. They are analysed in the context of changing the model of perception of people with disabilities (medical model vs. social model). Next, the differenti...
National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis program – the research grant no. DE... more National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis program – the research grant no. DEC-2012/07/E/HS2/00678, titled: Parametrisation of legilinguistic translatology in the scope of civil law and civil procedure)
National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis program – the research grant no. DE... more National Science Centre of the Republic of Poland (Sonata Bis program – the research grant no. DEC-2012/07/E/HS2/00678, titled: Parametrisation of legilinguistic translatology in the scope of civil law and civil procedure)
La traduccion del argot: el lunfardo en las versiones polacas de Rayuela y Torito de Julio Cortazar
Comparative Legilinguistics, 2013
The article presents a parameter-based method of description of deontic modality in the Polish an... more The article presents a parameter-based method of description of deontic modality in the Polish and Spanish civil codes. The described units are clauses conveying deontic meanings: obligativity, prohibitivity, permissivity and immunitivity. The clauses are excerpted from the corpus on the basis of criteria proposed for this purpose. Clauses conveying deontic meanings are characterized by various properties. Homogeneous properties are classified into parameters (dimensions). As a theoretical framework for a consistent description of the clauses, eight parameters have been proposed on the basis of an analysis of all clauses conveying deontic meanings. The method proposed for describing clauses conveying deontic meanings makes it possible to characterize them systematically and compare them intra-and interlingually. The comparison of the clauses also enables the entire texts of the Polish and Spanish civil codes to be compared.
Comparative Legilinguistics, 2016
W artykule omawiane są propozycje reformy hiszpaĔskiego jĊzyka prawnego na przykładzie wybranych ... more W artykule omawiane są propozycje reformy hiszpaĔskiego jĊzyka prawnego na przykładzie wybranych wniosków z prac Komisji ds. Modernizacji JĊzyka Prawa (Comisión para la modernización del lenguaje jurídico), które dotyczą jĊzyka przepisów prawnych. Analizowane są równieĪ postulaty stosowania jĊzyka równoĞciowego w jĊzyku prawnym i administracyjnym, wysuwane przez róĪne Ğrodowiska i publikowane w ostatnich latach w Hiszpanii w formie coraz liczniejszych poradników. Porusza siĊ takĪe kwestiĊ krytyki, jakiej poddaje niektóre z tych postulatów HiszpaĔska Akademia Królewska (Real Academia Española). Słowa kluczowe: hiszpaĔski jĊzyk prawny, reforma jĊzyka prawnego, jĊzyk równoĞciowy, jĊzyk i gender
Comparative Legilinguistics, 2013
The book consists of articles presented at the IV CERLIS (Research Centre on Languages for Specif... more The book consists of articles presented at the IV CERLIS (Research Centre on Languages for Specific Purposes) International Conference at the University of Bergamo (Italy) held on 19-21 June 2009 and titled Researching Language and the Law: Intercultural Perspectives. As stated in the introduction to the book, it also includes articles of other specialists in this field. The book consists of eleven articles presenting the results of research in the field of language and law focused on Spanish, sometimes in comparison with Italian, as is the case of the articles by Carpi, Mata Pastor and Valero Gisbert. The authors frequently base their observations on the analysis of text corpora. The method employed in many articles is discourse analysis. Some authors analyse various professional genres in legal context and one article is devoted to discursive markers. Legal translation is also dealt with. One article discusses the legal language of the European Union. All articles are written in Spanish. It would therefore be useful to provide English summaries of the articles to allow non-Spanish-speaking persons to grasp the main idea of the contributions. In the introduction the editors of the volume emphasize the central role of language in the theory of law, which is due to the fact that language is at the same time the object of the study and the means of carrying it out (p. 7). They agree with Palazzo (2003, 113) that the law is language because all legal norms and resolutions need a linguistic formulation to exist. They emphasize that there are various legal languages, each one with its own characteristics (p. 8). They refer to the division made by Jerzy Wróblewski (2000, 157-158), who distinguishes three types of languages related to law: legal language (in which all laws are formulated), language of the application of law (language of the judicial practice) and the language of legal science. Further on they apply this division to classify the articles presented in the book. They also deal with the relation between linguistic and legal norms, the recipients of legal norms and the simplicity versus complexity of legal language. Referring to Prieto de Pedro (1996, 118) they remark that both citizens and jurists are the recipients of legal texts. Therefore, the language used in legal texts should meet the needs of these both types of recipients: simplicity and clarity on one hand and precision and technical explicitness on another
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 2016
The paper deals with problems of legal translation from Polish into Spanish. It analyses selected... more The paper deals with problems of legal translation from Polish into Spanish. It analyses selected terms related to contracts which are regulated in the Polish Civil Code and their possible translations into Spanish. In order to find adequate translation equivalents the author applies the method of parametrisation of legal terms (along with the method of comparing parallel texts and the skopos theory). The parametrisation of legal terms helps to systematically characterise and compare them and thus to identify differences in the meanings of the source language and target language terms and to choose the best equivalents. It may also facilitate the selection of a technique of providing translation equivalents for non-equivalent or partially equivalent terms. Parametrisation is understood as determining for each analysed term a set of properties it shows with respect to translationally relevant parameters – one property out of each parameter. A parameter is conceived of as a set of hom...
Studies in Language and Communication, 2011
Como apuntan los editores en la introducción, los lingüistas suelen comparar la lengua al derecho... more Como apuntan los editores en la introducción, los lingüistas suelen comparar la lengua al derecho, ya que, tanto esta como aquel, se fundan en un sistema de reglas. El lenguaje constituye el objeto de los estudios jurídicos y el medio para llevarlos a cabo. Las normas, las instituciones, los ordenamientos y las resoluciones necesitan una formulación lingüística para materializarse y producir efectos. Esta estrecha relación ha sido analizada ampliamente por juristas y lingüistas aplicando una gran variedad de enfoques de los que dan buena cuenta los editores al principio de este libro.
Comparative Legilinguistics, 2013
Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie i porównanie j zykowych wykładników jednego ze znacze modalno c... more Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie i porównanie j zykowych wykładników jednego ze znacze modalno ci deontycznej, tj. obligatywno ci (nakazu) w polskim i hiszpa skim kodeksie cywilnym. Na podstawie analizy z tekstów korpusu zostały wyró nione signifikatory (wykładniki j zykowe przenosz ce znaczenie obligatywno ci), którymi mog by wyrazy (podzielone według kategorii partyoratywnej, do której nale) oraz syntagmy. Signifikatorem obligatywno ci mo e by równie kontekst tekstu normatywnego (tu ustawy). W proponowanym opisie wszystkie signifikatory zostały pogrupowane według kategorii semantycznej wyrazu b d cego podmiotem w zdaniu, w którym wyst pił dany signifikator. Zaznaczono równie , czy dany signifikator wyst puje w korpusie w czasie tera niejszym czy przyszłym.
Romanica Cracoviensia, 2020
The objective of this article is an analysis of how selected Lunfardo words and expressions in th... more The objective of this article is an analysis of how selected Lunfardo words and expressions in the prose of Julio Cortázar have been translated into Polish. Lunfardo is an urban slang typical of the Río de la Plata region in Argentina. The works of Cortázar analyzed for the puropse of this paper are: Rayuela (Hopscotch) and Torito, a short story which contains a comparatively large number of Lunfardisms, translated by Zofia Chądzyńska. The paper examines how Lunfardo, a sociolinguistic phenomenon closely linked to Argentina and its culture is reflected in the translation into Polish, a language having no analogous lexical repertory. It also analyses the strategies and techniques chosen by the translator. To what extent the translator has enabled the Polish readership to become aware of the existence of Lunfardo is also examined.
International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique, 33(3), 559-580, 2020
Socio-political developments can result in a change of perception of people with disabilities and... more Socio-political developments can result in a change of perception of people with disabilities and increase sensitivity towards language, especially legal language, used in relation to them. Some terms perceived as offensive or stigmatising are rejected in favour of more neutral and inclusive ones. Such terms can often be categorised as euphemisms or orthophemisms (Allan and Burridge in Forbidden Words, Taboo, and the Censoring of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, 2006). With the passage of time, such new words frequently cease to serve their purpose and new ones need to be proposed to refer to a given concept (euphemism treadmill). In order to examine this issue, a number of legal terms denoting persons with disabilities used, currently and historically, in legal regulations in Poland and Spain are discussed. They are analysed in the context of changing the model of perception of people with disabilities (medical model vs. social model). Next, the differentiation between the so-called Identity-First Language (the term denoting disability comes first linearly) and Person-First Language (the term denoting disability comes second linearly, often in the form of a prepositional phrase), advocated by some members of the disability rights movement, is discussed. In this context, important syntactic and morphological differences (word-order, number of the term denoting disability) between English, serving as a model, and Spanish and Polish are focused on.
El uso de los tiempos en las oraciones deónticas de los Códigos Civiles español y polaco . Wiacze... more El uso de los tiempos en las oraciones deónticas de los Códigos Civiles español y polaco . Wiaczeslaw Nowikow El cambio lingüístico y el mecanismo de reanálisis . Janusz Pawlik Panorama dialectal de los romances peninsulares entre los siglos XI y XV .
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Books by Joanna Nowak-Michalska
Papers by Joanna Nowak-Michalska