It was just before the Passover Feast
The Passover Feast, or "Pascha" in Greek, is a pivotal Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egyptian bondage. This context is crucial as it sets the stage for Jesus' impending sacrifice, paralleling the Passover lamb. The timing underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy and the transition from the old covenant to the new covenant through Christ's sacrifice.

Jesus knew that His hour had come
The phrase "His hour" (Greek: "hōra") signifies a divinely appointed time. Throughout the Gospel of John, Jesus refers to "His hour" as the culmination of His earthly mission, leading to His crucifixion and resurrection. This awareness highlights Jesus' obedience to the Father's will and His sovereign control over the events leading to His passion.

to depart from this world to the Father
The word "depart" (Greek: "metabainō") implies a transition or passage. Jesus' departure is not merely a physical death but a return to the Father, signifying His pre-existence and divine origin. This departure is a triumphant return, marking the completion of His redemptive work and the restoration of His glory with the Father.

Having loved His own who were in the world
"His own" refers to the disciples and, by extension, all believers. The Greek word "agapaō" for "loved" denotes a selfless, sacrificial love. Jesus' love is personal and particular, directed towards those He has chosen and called out of the world. This love is active and enduring, providing a model for Christian love and community.

He loved them to the end
The phrase "to the end" (Greek: "eis telos") can be understood as both temporal and qualitative. It signifies Jesus' love enduring to the very end of His earthly life and to the utmost degree. This love is unwavering and complete, culminating in His sacrificial death on the cross. It reassures believers of the constancy and depth of Christ's love, encouraging them to remain steadfast in faith and love.

The evening meal was underway
This phrase sets the scene for the Last Supper, a pivotal moment in the Gospel narrative. The Greek word for "meal" (δειπνον, deipnon) refers to the main meal of the day, often a time of fellowship and intimate conversation. Historically, this meal is significant as it is the Passover meal, a time when Jews commemorated their deliverance from Egypt. This context underscores the gravity of the events about to unfold, as Jesus prepares to offer Himself as the ultimate Passover Lamb.

and the devil
The mention of "the devil" (διάβολος, diabolos) highlights the spiritual warfare at play. In conservative Christian theology, the devil is a real, personal being who opposes God and His purposes. This reference reminds believers of the ongoing battle between good and evil, and the devil's role as the tempter and accuser, seeking to thwart God's redemptive plan through Jesus.

had already put into the heart
The phrase "had already put into the heart" suggests a premeditated action influenced by the devil. The Greek word for "put" (βάλλω, ballo) implies a forceful insertion, indicating that Judas's betrayal was not a spontaneous decision but one that had been brewing under satanic influence. This highlights the importance of guarding one's heart against evil influences, as emphasized in Proverbs 4:23.

of Judas Iscariot, the son of Simon
Identifying Judas as "Iscariot" and "the son of Simon" serves to distinguish him from other individuals named Judas in the New Testament. "Iscariot" likely refers to his place of origin, Kerioth, a town in Judea. This detail emphasizes Judas's unique role in the narrative and his tragic choice to betray Jesus, despite being one of the twelve disciples who had intimate access to Christ's teachings and miracles.

to betray Jesus
The act of betrayal is central to this verse. The Greek word for "betray" (παραδίδωμι, paradidomi) means to hand over or deliver up. Judas's betrayal is not merely a personal failure but a fulfillment of Scripture, as prophesied in Psalm 41:9. This act sets in motion the events leading to Jesus's crucifixion, which, paradoxically, accomplishes God's plan for salvation. It serves as a sobering reminder of human frailty and the depths of God's grace, as even betrayal is woven into the tapestry of redemption.

Jesus knew
The Greek word for "knew" is "εἰδώς" (eidōs), which implies a deep, intuitive knowledge. This knowledge is not merely intellectual but is rooted in divine insight and understanding. Jesus' awareness of His identity and mission is central to His actions and teachings. This knowledge underscores His divine nature and His intimate relationship with the Father, providing a model for believers to seek a deeper understanding of their own identity in Christ.

the Father
The term "Father" here is "πατήρ" (patēr) in Greek, emphasizing the intimate and personal relationship between Jesus and God. This relationship is foundational to Christian theology, highlighting the Trinitarian nature of God. The Father’s role in the divine plan is one of authority and love, and Jesus’ acknowledgment of the Father’s will is a testament to His obedience and submission, which serves as an example for believers to follow.

had delivered
The phrase "had delivered" comes from the Greek "δέδωκεν" (dedōken), meaning to give or to entrust. This indicates a transfer of authority and responsibility. The Father’s act of delivering all things into Jesus’ hands signifies the trust and authority bestowed upon Him. It reflects the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies regarding the Messiah’s dominion and points to Jesus’ sovereignty over all creation.

all things
In Greek, "πάντα" (panta) means all-encompassing, leaving nothing outside of Jesus’ authority. This phrase emphasizes the totality of Jesus’ dominion, which includes both the physical and spiritual realms. It reassures believers of Christ’s supreme power and control over every aspect of life, encouraging them to trust in His sovereign plan.

into His hands
The phrase "into His hands" signifies possession and control. In biblical symbolism, hands often represent power and action. This imagery conveys the idea that Jesus has been given full authority to act according to the Father’s will. It reassures believers of Jesus’ capability to handle all matters concerning their lives and the world.

and that He had come from God
The phrase "had come from God" highlights Jesus’ divine origin. The Greek "ἐξῆλθεν" (exēlthen) means to come forth or proceed from. This affirms the pre-existence of Christ and His incarnation, a core tenet of Christian faith. It underscores the truth that Jesus is not merely a prophet or teacher but God incarnate, sent with a divine purpose.

and was returning to God
The phrase "was returning to God" speaks of Jesus’ ascension and the completion of His earthly mission. The Greek "ὑπάγει" (hypagei) implies a purposeful departure. This return signifies the successful fulfillment of His redemptive work and His exaltation at the right hand of the Father. It offers hope to believers of their own future resurrection and eternal life with God, as Jesus’ return to the Father assures them of their own heavenly homecoming.

so He got up from the supper
This phrase marks a significant transition in the narrative. The Greek word for "got up" is "egeirō," which often implies a deliberate action or rising with purpose. Jesus, fully aware of His impending crucifixion, chooses to rise from the meal, symbolizing His readiness to serve and sacrifice. The "supper" refers to the Passover meal, a deeply significant Jewish tradition commemorating God's deliverance of Israel from Egypt. This context underscores the gravity of Jesus' actions, as He prepares to demonstrate a new kind of deliverance through His impending sacrifice.

laid aside His outer garments
The act of laying aside His garments is rich with symbolism. The Greek word "tithēmi" for "laid aside" suggests a voluntary act of setting something down. Jesus, the Son of God, willingly sets aside His divine privileges, represented by His outer garments, to take on the role of a servant. This act prefigures His ultimate laying down of His life. In the cultural context, outer garments were a sign of status and identity, and by removing them, Jesus humbles Himself, foreshadowing His ultimate humility on the cross.

and wrapped a towel around His waist
The imagery of Jesus wrapping a towel around His waist is profound. The Greek word "diazōnnymi" for "wrapped" indicates a binding or girding, often associated with preparation for service or work. In the historical context, a towel was a tool of servitude, used by the lowest servants to wash the feet of guests. By assuming this posture, Jesus exemplifies the heart of servanthood and love, challenging His disciples to follow His example. This act is a powerful visual of the servant leadership that Jesus embodies and calls His followers to emulate.

After that
This phrase indicates a sequence of events, suggesting that what follows is a deliberate and purposeful action by Jesus. In the context of the Last Supper, this moment is pivotal, as it transitions from the meal to a profound act of service. The Greek word "meta" (μετά) used here implies a change or transition, emphasizing the significance of what Jesus is about to do.

He poured water into a basin
The act of pouring water is symbolic of cleansing and purification. In the Jewish tradition, water is often associated with ritual purification. The Greek word "ekcheo" (ἐκχέω) for "poured" conveys a sense of abundance and intentionality. This action by Jesus is not just a physical act but a spiritual one, symbolizing the cleansing of sin and the humility required to serve others.

and began to wash the disciples’ feet
Washing feet was a task typically reserved for the lowest servant in a household. The Greek word "nipto" (νίπτω) for "wash" indicates a thorough cleansing. By performing this act, Jesus demonstrates ultimate humility and servanthood, challenging societal norms and setting an example for His disciples. This act foreshadows His ultimate sacrifice on the cross, where He would cleanse humanity from sin.

and to dry them with the towel
The use of a towel signifies readiness to serve and the completion of the washing process. The Greek word "lenos" (λενός) for "towel" suggests a cloth used specifically for drying, indicating Jesus' attention to detail and care in His service. This act of drying the disciples' feet further emphasizes His role as a servant leader.

that was wrapped around Him
The imagery of the towel wrapped around Jesus highlights His preparedness and willingness to serve. The Greek word "diazonnumi" (διαζώννυμι) means to gird oneself, indicating readiness for action. This phrase underscores the humility of Christ, who, though divine, took on the role of a servant to teach His disciples about love and humility.

He came to Simon Peter
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Last Supper. The Greek verb "ἔρχεται" (erchetai) indicates a deliberate action, emphasizing Jesus' intentional approach to Peter. Simon Peter, often portrayed as the most outspoken and impulsive of the disciples, represents humanity's initial resistance to divine humility and service. Historically, Peter's character is a reflection of the early church's struggles with understanding the nature of Christ's servanthood. This moment is a profound illustration of Jesus' willingness to serve, challenging the social norms of the time where a teacher would never perform such a menial task for his disciples.

who asked Him
The Greek word "λέγει" (legei) is used here, which is a present active indicative verb, suggesting an ongoing conversation. Peter's question is not just a simple inquiry but a reflection of his inner turmoil and confusion. In the cultural context of the time, washing feet was a task reserved for the lowest servant, and Peter's question underscores his struggle to reconcile his understanding of Jesus as Lord with the humility of His actions. This interaction invites believers to consider their own responses to Christ's call to humility and service.

'Lord, are You going to wash my feet?'
The title "Lord" (Κύριε, Kyrie) is significant, as it acknowledges Jesus' divine authority and Peter's recognition of His sovereignty. The juxtaposition of "Lord" with the act of foot washing creates a tension that highlights the radical nature of Jesus' ministry. The Greek phrase "μου νίπτεις τοὺς πόδας" (mou nipteis tous podas) translates to "wash my feet," with "νίπτεις" (nipteis) being a present active indicative verb, indicating an action that is both immediate and personal. This question encapsulates the heart of the Gospel message: the Lord of all creation humbles Himself to serve humanity. Historically, this act prefigures the ultimate act of service—Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross. For the early church, and for believers today, this moment is a call to embrace a life of humility and service, following the example of Christ.

Jesus replied
The Greek word for "replied" is "ἀπεκρίθη" (apekrithē), which indicates a response or answer. In the context of the Last Supper, Jesus is responding to Peter's confusion about the foot-washing. This reply is not just a simple answer but a profound revelation of His divine purpose. Jesus, the Master and Teacher, is engaging in an act of humility, setting an example for His disciples. His reply is a reminder of His role as a servant leader, a theme that runs throughout His ministry.

You do not realize now
The phrase "do not realize" comes from the Greek "οἶδας" (oidas), meaning to know or understand. At this moment, the disciples are unable to grasp the full significance of Jesus' actions. This reflects a common theme in the Gospels where the disciples often struggle to comprehend Jesus' teachings and actions until after His resurrection. It highlights the limitations of human understanding when faced with divine mysteries.

what I am doing
The Greek word "ποιῶ" (poiō) translates to "doing" and implies an ongoing action. Jesus is not merely performing a ritual; He is enacting a deeper spiritual truth. The act of washing the disciples' feet symbolizes purification and service, foreshadowing His ultimate act of service on the cross. This phrase invites believers to reflect on the significance of Jesus' actions in their own lives, encouraging them to embrace humility and service.

but later you will understand
The word "later" is translated from "μετὰ ταῦτα" (meta tauta), meaning "after these things." This points to a future revelation, specifically after Jesus' death and resurrection, when the Holy Spirit would illuminate the disciples' understanding. The promise of future understanding is a source of hope and assurance for believers, reminding them that God's purposes are often revealed in His timing. The Greek "γνώσῃ" (gnōsē) for "understand" suggests a deep, experiential knowledge, indicating that the disciples will not only intellectually comprehend but also spiritually grasp the significance of Jesus' actions.

Never shall You wash my feet
This phrase captures Peter's initial resistance to Jesus' act of humility. The Greek word for "never" (οὐ μή, ou mē) is a strong double negative, emphasizing Peter's adamant refusal. In the cultural and historical context, foot washing was a task reserved for the lowest servants, and Peter's reaction reflects his struggle to accept Jesus, his Master and Teacher, performing such a menial task. This highlights the radical nature of Jesus' servant leadership, challenging societal norms and expectations.

Peter told Him
Peter, often seen as the spokesperson for the disciples, is characterized by his impulsive and passionate nature. His statement here is consistent with his personality, showing both his reverence for Jesus and his misunderstanding of the deeper spiritual lesson being taught. Historically, Peter's interactions with Jesus often serve as a teaching moment for the early church, illustrating the journey from misunderstanding to deeper faith and comprehension.

Unless I wash you
Jesus' response introduces a conditional statement that shifts the focus from physical cleanliness to spiritual purification. The Greek word for "wash" (νίπτω, niptō) is used here to signify more than just the physical act; it symbolizes the cleansing from sin and the necessity of accepting Jesus' sacrificial role. This phrase underscores the essential nature of Jesus' redemptive work for spiritual fellowship and salvation.

you have no part with Me
The phrase "no part with Me" (οὐκ ἔχεις μέρος μετ’ ἐμοῦ, ouk echeis meros met' emou) is a profound declaration of the necessity of spiritual cleansing for communion with Christ. The word "part" (μέρος, meros) implies a share or participation, indicating that without accepting Jesus' cleansing, one cannot partake in the life and mission of Christ. This statement emphasizes the exclusivity of salvation through Jesus and the importance of humility and submission to His will.

Then, Lord
The word "Lord" here is translated from the Greek "Kyrios," which signifies authority and divinity. Peter acknowledges Jesus not just as a teacher but as the sovereign Lord, indicating his submission and recognition of Jesus' divine authority. This title reflects Peter's growing understanding of Jesus' identity, which is central to the Gospel of John. Historically, the use of "Kyrios" in the Greco-Roman world denoted someone with power and control, and Peter's use of it here underscores his reverence and the intimate relationship he shares with Jesus.

Simon Peter replied
Simon Peter, often the spokesperson for the disciples, is known for his impulsive and passionate nature. His response is characteristic of his personality, showing both his eagerness and his misunderstanding. The name "Simon" is of Hebrew origin, meaning "he has heard," while "Peter" is derived from the Greek "Petros," meaning "rock." This duality in his name reflects his journey from a listener to a foundational figure in the early Church. Peter's reply is a testament to his desire to fully participate in what Jesus is offering, even if he does not fully comprehend it.

not only my feet
The act of washing feet was a common practice in the ancient Near East, symbolizing hospitality and humility. In this context, Jesus washing the disciples' feet is a profound act of servitude and love. Peter's initial resistance to having his feet washed (as seen in the preceding verses) gives way to a desire for complete cleansing. The feet, often considered the dirtiest part of the body due to the dusty roads of the time, represent the need for purification and humility before God.

but my hands and my head as well!
Peter's request for Jesus to wash his hands and head signifies a desire for total purification. The hands, often associated with action and work, symbolize the need for cleansing in all that one does. The head, representing thought and identity, indicates a desire for spiritual renewal and transformation. In Jewish tradition, the washing of hands was a ritual act of purification, and Peter's extension of this to his head suggests a deeper yearning for holiness and alignment with God's will. This phrase encapsulates Peter's earnest, albeit misguided, zeal to be wholly united with Christ, reflecting the Christian call to seek comprehensive sanctification through Jesus.

Jesus told him
This phrase indicates the direct communication from Jesus to Peter, emphasizing the personal and intimate nature of the teaching moment. In the Greek, "Jesus" is "Ἰησοῦς" (Iēsous), which is the Hellenized form of the Hebrew "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." This highlights Jesus' role as the Savior. The act of speaking, "told," underscores the authoritative and instructive nature of Jesus' words, as He imparts spiritual truths to His disciples.

Whoever has already bathed
The Greek word for "bathed" is "λελουμένος" (leloumenos), which implies a full washing. In the cultural and historical context of the time, bathing was a significant act of cleansing, often associated with preparation for a special event or religious ritual. Spiritually, this phrase symbolizes the complete cleansing from sin that believers receive through faith in Christ, akin to the initial act of salvation.

needs only to wash his feet
The act of washing feet, "νίψασθαι" (nipsasthai), was a common practice in the ancient Near East due to the dusty roads and the wearing of sandals. It signifies the ongoing need for believers to seek daily cleansing from the sins and impurities encountered in the world. This phrase highlights the distinction between the once-for-all cleansing of salvation and the continual sanctification process in a believer's life.

and he will be completely clean
The term "completely clean" in Greek is "καθαρός" (katharos), meaning pure or free from impurity. This phrase reassures believers of their standing before God once they have been cleansed by Christ. It emphasizes the sufficiency of Jesus' sacrifice and the assurance of salvation, while also pointing to the ongoing work of sanctification that ensures believers remain in fellowship with God.

And you are clean
Here, "clean" again is "καθαροί" (katharoi), affirming the disciples' spiritual state. Jesus acknowledges the genuine faith of His disciples, except for Judas. This statement serves as an assurance to believers of their justified status before God, having been cleansed by the word and work of Christ.

though not all of you
This phrase introduces a note of caution and foreshadows the betrayal by Judas Iscariot. It serves as a reminder that not all who are outwardly associated with Christ are inwardly transformed. The Greek "οὐχὶ πάντες" (ouchi pantes) underscores the reality of false discipleship and the need for genuine faith. Historically, this highlights the presence of both true and false believers within the community of faith, urging self-examination and sincerity in one's relationship with Christ.

For He knew
This phrase underscores the omniscience of Jesus, a central tenet of Christian theology. The Greek word used here is "εἰδώς" (eidōs), which implies a deep, intuitive knowledge. Jesus' awareness of future events, including His betrayal, highlights His divine nature. This foreknowledge is not just intellectual but relational, as Jesus understands the hearts and intentions of all people. It serves as a reminder of His sovereignty and the fulfillment of prophecy, as He willingly walks the path laid out for Him.

who would betray Him
The word "betray" comes from the Greek "παραδίδωμι" (paradidōmi), meaning to hand over or deliver up. This term is significant in the context of Judas Iscariot's actions. Historically, betrayal was one of the gravest offenses, especially in a close-knit group like the disciples. Judas' betrayal is not just a personal failure but a fulfillment of scriptural prophecy, as seen in Psalm 41:9. This phrase reminds believers of the gravity of sin and the pain of betrayal, even for the Son of God.

That is why He said
This phrase indicates a direct connection between Jesus' knowledge and His actions. The Greek "διὰ τοῦτο" (dia touto) translates to "because of this," showing causality. Jesus' words and actions are always purposeful and intentional. This serves as a model for believers to act with intention and awareness, rooted in truth and understanding.

'Not all of you are clean.'
The word "clean" in Greek is "καθαρός" (katharos), which can mean physically clean or morally pure. In this context, it refers to spiritual purity. Jesus had just washed the disciples' feet, symbolizing cleansing and servanthood. However, He acknowledges that not all present are spiritually clean, alluding to Judas. This statement serves as a call to self-examination for believers, urging them to seek true spiritual purity and integrity. It also highlights the theme of inner versus outer cleanliness, a recurring motif in Jesus' teachings.

When Jesus had washed their feet
This phrase highlights the humility and servant leadership of Jesus. The Greek word for "washed" is "νίπτω" (niptō), which signifies a cleansing that is both physical and symbolic. In the historical context, foot washing was a task reserved for the lowest servants, yet Jesus, the Master, performs this act. This action prefigures His ultimate act of service on the cross, emphasizing the call for His followers to serve one another selflessly.

and put on His outer garments
The act of putting on His outer garments signifies a return to His role as teacher and leader after performing the humble task of a servant. The Greek word for "outer garments" is "ἱμάτιον" (himation), which refers to the cloak or robe worn over the tunic. This action symbolizes the restoration of His authority and dignity, reminding us that true leadership involves humility and service.

He reclined with them again
In the cultural context of the time, reclining at a meal was a sign of fellowship and intimacy. The Greek word "ἀναπίπτω" (anapiptō) means to lie back or recline, indicating a position of rest and comfort. This setting underscores the relational aspect of Jesus' ministry, as He shares a meal with His disciples, teaching them through both words and actions.

and asked, 'Do you understand what I have done for you?'
This question invites reflection and understanding. The Greek word for "understand" is "γινώσκω" (ginōskō), which implies a deep, experiential knowledge. Jesus is not merely asking if they comprehend the act of foot washing, but if they grasp the deeper spiritual significance of servanthood and sacrifice. This question challenges believers to reflect on their own understanding of Jesus' teachings and their application in daily life.

You call Me
This phrase indicates a direct address from Jesus to His disciples, acknowledging the titles they use for Him. The Greek word for "call" is "φωνεῖτε" (phoneite), which implies not just a casual naming but a recognition of authority and relationship. In the context of first-century Judea, calling someone "Teacher" or "Lord" was a sign of respect and acknowledgment of their role and authority.

Teacher
The Greek word here is "Διδάσκαλος" (Didaskalos), which means instructor or master. In Jewish culture, a teacher was someone who imparted wisdom and understanding of the Scriptures. Jesus, as the ultimate Teacher, not only taught with authority but also embodied the truth He taught. His teachings were not just informative but transformative, guiding His followers into a deeper understanding of God's will.

and Lord
The term "Lord" is translated from the Greek "Κύριος" (Kyrios), which denotes authority and ownership. In the Roman world, "Kyrios" was often used to refer to emperors or deities, signifying supreme authority. By using this term, the disciples acknowledge Jesus' divine authority and His sovereignty over their lives. This recognition is crucial for understanding the nature of Jesus' mission and His identity as both fully God and fully man.

and rightly so
This phrase, "καλῶς" (kalōs), means correctly or appropriately. Jesus affirms that the titles given to Him by the disciples are not only fitting but also true. This affirmation underscores the importance of recognizing Jesus' true identity and role. It is a call to the disciples, and to all believers, to understand and accept who Jesus is.

because I am
The phrase "I am" is significant, echoing the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." In Greek, "ἐγώ εἰμι" (ego eimi) is a powerful declaration of Jesus' divinity. This statement is not just a claim to His role as Teacher and Lord but also an assertion of His eternal existence and unity with the Father. It is a profound reminder of Jesus' divine nature and His eternal presence with His followers.

So if I
The phrase "So if I" introduces a conditional statement that emphasizes the example set by Jesus. The Greek word for "if" (εἰ) can also be understood as "since," indicating a certainty rather than a mere possibility. This highlights the authoritative role of Jesus in setting a precedent for His disciples. Jesus, being the Son of God, uses His actions to teach a profound lesson in humility and service.

your Lord and Teacher
Here, Jesus identifies Himself with two significant titles: "Lord" (κύριος) and "Teacher" (διδάσκαλος). "Lord" signifies His divine authority and sovereignty, while "Teacher" underscores His role as an instructor and guide in spiritual matters. In the cultural context of the time, a teacher was highly respected, and a lord was someone with power and control. Jesus combines these roles to show that true leadership involves serving others.

have washed your feet
The act of washing feet was a task typically reserved for the lowest servants in a household. In the dusty roads of ancient Palestine, foot washing was necessary for comfort and cleanliness. By performing this act, Jesus subverts social norms and demonstrates servant leadership. The Greek word for "washed" (νίπτω) implies a thorough cleansing, symbolizing the spiritual purification that Jesus offers.

you also should
This phrase is a call to action for the disciples. The Greek word for "should" (ὀφείλω) conveys a sense of obligation or duty. Jesus is not merely suggesting but commanding His followers to emulate His example. This directive is not limited to the physical act of foot washing but extends to a lifestyle of humility and service.

wash one another’s feet
The act of washing one another's feet is symbolic of serving each other in love and humility. In the early church, this practice became a literal and spiritual expression of mutual care and equality among believers. The phrase "one another" (ἀλλήλων) emphasizes the reciprocal nature of Christian fellowship. It is a call to community, where each member serves and uplifts the other, reflecting the love of Christ.

I have set you an example
The Greek word for "example" here is "ὑπόδειγμα" (hypodeigma), which means a pattern or model to be imitated. In the context of John 13, Jesus has just washed the feet of His disciples, a task typically reserved for the lowest servant. This act of humility and service is the example He sets. Historically, foot washing was a common practice in the ancient Near East due to the dusty roads and the wearing of sandals. Jesus' action transcends cultural norms, emphasizing servant leadership and humility. This example is not merely a suggestion but a call to embody Christ-like humility and service in all aspects of life.

so that you should do
The phrase "so that you should do" indicates purpose and intention. The Greek word "ποιῆτε" (poieite) is in the subjunctive mood, suggesting a desired action or outcome. Jesus' intention is clear: His followers are to actively engage in the same kind of humble service He demonstrated. This is not a passive suggestion but an active command. The historical context of the early church, as seen in Acts and the Epistles, shows the disciples living out this command through acts of service and love, setting a precedent for Christian communities throughout history.

as I have done for you
The phrase "as I have done for you" emphasizes imitation of Christ's actions. The Greek word "καθὼς" (kathōs) means "just as" or "in the same way." This is a call to mirror the actions of Jesus, not just in the specific act of foot washing, but in the broader sense of selfless service and love. Scripturally, this aligns with other teachings of Jesus, such as the Great Commandment to love one another (John 13:34-35). Theologically, this reflects the concept of imitatio Christi, the imitation of Christ, which is central to Christian discipleship. It challenges believers to reflect Christ's love and humility in their daily lives, serving others as an expression of their faith.

Truly, truly
The repetition of "truly" (Greek: "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν," amen amen) is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the importance and certainty of His statement. In Jewish tradition, "amen" is a declaration of affirmation, and its double use underscores the truth and authority of what follows. This phrase invites the listener to pay close attention, as Jesus is about to impart a profound truth. It reflects the divine authority with which Jesus speaks, affirming His role as the ultimate teacher and revealer of God's will.

I tell you
This phrase indicates a direct communication from Jesus to His disciples. It is personal and authoritative, emphasizing that what follows is not merely a suggestion but a fundamental truth. Jesus, as the Son of God, speaks with the authority of the Father, and His words are meant to instruct, guide, and transform the lives of His followers. The personal nature of "I tell you" also highlights the relational aspect of Jesus' ministry, where He engages directly with those He loves.

no servant is greater than his master
The term "servant" (Greek: "δοῦλος," doulos) refers to one who is in a position of subordination, often bound to serve another. In the context of the ancient world, a servant's identity and purpose were intrinsically linked to their master. Jesus uses this analogy to teach humility and the proper understanding of one's role in relation to God. The "master" (Greek: "κύριος," kyrios) is the one with authority and ownership, representing Jesus Himself. This phrase calls believers to recognize their position before Christ, embracing humility and service as central to their discipleship.

nor is a messenger greater than the one who sent him
The "messenger" (Greek: "ἀπόστολος," apostolos) is one who is sent with a specific purpose or message. In the biblical context, this often refers to the apostles and, by extension, all who carry the message of the Gospel. The "one who sent him" is God the Father, who commissions Jesus and, through Him, His followers. This phrase emphasizes the principle of divine commissioning and the responsibility of the messenger to faithfully represent the sender. It underscores the humility required in ministry, as the messenger's authority and purpose are derived from the sender, not from themselves.

If you know
The Greek word for "know" here is "οἴδατε" (oidate), which implies a deep, intuitive understanding rather than mere intellectual awareness. In the context of John 13, Jesus has just demonstrated servanthood by washing His disciples' feet. This knowledge is not just about understanding the act but grasping the profound spiritual truth behind it. In a conservative Christian perspective, this emphasizes the importance of internalizing Christ's teachings, moving beyond surface-level comprehension to a heart-level transformation.

these things
"This" refers to the teachings and example Jesus has just provided. Historically, foot washing was a task for the lowliest servant, yet Jesus, the Master, performed it. This act symbolizes humility, service, and love. The "things" encompass the broader principles of servanthood, humility, and sacrificial love that Jesus consistently taught. For believers, "these things" are foundational to Christian living, calling for a life that mirrors Christ's example.

you will be blessed
The Greek word for "blessed" is "μακάριοι" (makarioi), which conveys a state of spiritual well-being and prosperity. This blessing is not necessarily material but is a deep-seated joy and contentment that comes from living in alignment with God's will. In the conservative Christian view, true blessing is found in obedience to Christ's commands, reflecting the Beatitudes' teaching in Matthew 5, where Jesus describes the blessed life as one rooted in righteousness and godly character.

if you do them
The phrase "do them" underscores the necessity of action. The Greek verb "ποιῆτε" (poieite) implies continuous, habitual practice. Knowing Christ's teachings is insufficient without corresponding action. This aligns with James 1:22, which urges believers to be doers of the word, not hearers only. In the conservative Christian tradition, faith is evidenced by works, and genuine discipleship is demonstrated through a life of active obedience to Christ's commands. This call to action is a reminder that the Christian faith is dynamic, requiring believers to live out their faith in tangible ways.

I am not speaking about all of you
In this phrase, Jesus is making a distinction among His disciples. The Greek word for "speaking" is "laleō," which implies a personal and direct communication. Jesus is addressing His inner circle, yet He acknowledges that His message does not apply to every individual present. This highlights the omniscience of Christ, who knows the hearts and intentions of all men. Historically, this moment is set during the Last Supper, a pivotal event in the Passion narrative, underscoring the gravity of His words.

I know whom I have chosen
The word "know" comes from the Greek "oida," indicating a complete and perfect knowledge. Jesus is asserting His divine foreknowledge and sovereign choice. The term "chosen" is "eklegomai" in Greek, which means to select or elect. This reflects the doctrine of divine election, where Jesus, in His divine wisdom, has chosen His disciples for a specific purpose. This choice is not based on human merit but on divine will, emphasizing God's sovereignty in salvation history.

But this is to fulfill the Scripture
Here, Jesus refers to the fulfillment of prophecy, a common theme in the Gospel of John. The phrase "to fulfill" is "plēroō" in Greek, meaning to complete or bring to realization. Jesus is conscious of His role in the divine plan, and His actions are in accordance with the Scriptures. This underscores the reliability and authority of the Bible, as God's word is always accomplished. The historical context is rich with Jewish expectation of the Messiah, and Jesus is affirming His identity as the one who fulfills these prophecies.

The one who eats bread with Me has lifted up his heel against Me
This phrase is a direct quotation from Psalm 41:9, highlighting the betrayal by a close friend. The act of eating bread together in ancient Near Eastern culture was a sign of fellowship and trust. The phrase "lifted up his heel" is an idiom for betrayal, suggesting a violent or treacherous act. In the context of the Last Supper, this prophecy points to Judas Iscariot, who would betray Jesus. This betrayal is not just a personal affront but a fulfillment of Scripture, demonstrating that even acts of treachery are within God's sovereign plan. The historical and cultural context of shared meals in the ancient world adds depth to the gravity of Judas's betrayal, as it was a violation of sacred trust.

I am telling you now
This phrase underscores the proactive nature of Jesus' revelation. The Greek verb "λέγω" (legō) implies a deliberate act of communication. Jesus is not merely speaking; He is imparting crucial knowledge. This reflects His role as the divine teacher, who prepares His disciples for future events. In the context of the Upper Room discourse, Jesus is setting the stage for the unfolding of His passion, ensuring His followers are not caught unaware.

before it happens
The phrase highlights Jesus' foreknowledge and divine omniscience. The Greek word "πρὸ" (pro) indicates a temporal precedence, emphasizing that Jesus is not bound by time. This foretelling serves to authenticate His identity as the Messiah, who knows the end from the beginning. Historically, this prophetic insight would have been a profound assurance to the disciples, reinforcing their faith amidst impending trials.

so that when it comes to pass
Here, the phrase "when it comes to pass" is a translation of the Greek "ὅταν γένηται" (hotan genētai), which conveys the certainty of future events. Jesus speaks with the authority of one who controls history. This assurance is meant to fortify the disciples' faith, as they witness the fulfillment of His words. The historical context of Jesus' impending betrayal and crucifixion would have been bewildering, yet His forewarning provides a framework for understanding these events as part of God's redemptive plan.

you will believe
The Greek verb "πιστεύω" (pisteuō) is central to the Gospel of John, often translated as "believe." It denotes a deep, abiding trust and confidence in Jesus' identity and mission. This belief is not mere intellectual assent but a transformative faith that shapes the disciples' lives. In the conservative Christian perspective, this call to belief is foundational, urging believers to trust in Christ's sovereignty and divine purpose.

that I am He
This phrase is a profound declaration of Jesus' divine identity. The Greek "ἐγώ εἰμι" (egō eimi) echoes the divine name revealed to Moses in Exodus 3:14, "I AM WHO I AM." Jesus is asserting His oneness with the Father, a claim that is both radical and reassuring. In the scriptural context, this affirmation is pivotal, as it anchors the disciples' faith in the truth of Jesus' divinity. For conservative Christians, this statement is a cornerstone of Christology, affirming Jesus as the eternal, self-existent God who is worthy of worship and trust.

Truly, truly
The phrase "Truly, truly" is translated from the Greek "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν" (amen amen), which is a solemn affirmation of truth. In the Jewish tradition, "amen" is a declaration of affirmation, often used at the end of prayers or statements to signify agreement or truthfulness. Jesus uses this double "amen" to emphasize the importance and certainty of what He is about to say. It is a call for the listener to pay close attention, as the following statement holds significant weight and authority.

I tell you
This phrase underscores the personal authority of Jesus in His teaching. In the Greek, "λέγω ὑμῖν" (lego hymin) indicates a direct communication from Jesus to His disciples. It is a reminder of the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers, where He imparts divine wisdom and truth. The use of "I tell you" also highlights Jesus' role as the ultimate teacher and revealer of God's will.

whoever receives the one I send
The word "receives" comes from the Greek "λαμβάνει" (lambanei), meaning to take or accept. This phrase speaks to the acceptance of those whom Jesus commissions. Historically, this refers to the apostles and, by extension, all who are sent in Jesus' name to spread the Gospel. The act of receiving is not merely a passive acceptance but an active welcoming and acknowledgment of the authority and message of the one sent by Christ.

receives Me
Here, Jesus equates the reception of His messengers with receiving Him personally. This reflects the deep unity between Christ and His followers. Theologically, it underscores the concept of the Church as the Body of Christ, where the actions towards its members are actions towards Christ Himself. This phrase also emphasizes the responsibility of believers to represent Christ faithfully in their mission.

and whoever receives Me
This part of the verse reiterates the importance of accepting Jesus Himself. The repetition of "receives" (λαμβάνει) emphasizes the continuity and consistency in the relationship between the believer, Christ, and God the Father. It is a call to recognize Jesus as the central figure in the divine plan of salvation and to accept His lordship and teachings.

receives the One who sent Me
The "One who sent Me" refers to God the Father. This phrase highlights the divine mission of Jesus and His unity with the Father. In the historical and scriptural context, it affirms the Trinitarian relationship and the divine authority behind Jesus' ministry. Accepting Jesus is synonymous with accepting God, as Jesus is the revelation of the Father. This statement serves as a profound reminder of the interconnectedness of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in the work of redemption.

After Jesus had said this
This phrase sets the context for the verse, indicating a continuation from previous teachings and actions. The preceding verses describe Jesus washing the disciples' feet and teaching them about servanthood and love. The Greek word for "said" is "eipon," which implies a declaration or proclamation. This highlights the importance of Jesus' words as authoritative and significant, setting the stage for the gravity of the upcoming revelation.

He was troubled in spirit
The Greek word for "troubled" is "tarassō," which conveys a deep emotional disturbance or agitation. This phrase reveals the humanity of Jesus, showing that He experienced profound emotional turmoil. The "spirit" here refers to His inner being, emphasizing that this was not just a superficial concern but a deep, spiritual anguish. This moment underscores the weight of the impending betrayal and the sorrow it brought to Jesus, who was fully aware of the suffering He was about to endure.

and testified
The word "testified" comes from the Greek "martyreō," meaning to bear witness or give evidence. This term is often used in legal contexts, suggesting that Jesus is making a solemn declaration. His testimony is not just a prediction but a profound truth that He is revealing to His disciples. This act of testifying also fulfills His role as the ultimate witness to God's truth, even in the face of betrayal.

Truly, truly, I tell you
The repetition of "truly" (Greek "amēn, amēn") is a formula used by Jesus to emphasize the certainty and importance of His statement. It is a solemn affirmation that what follows is of utmost significance. In the Jewish tradition, "amēn" is a strong affirmation of truth, and its double use here underscores the gravity of the message. Jesus is preparing His disciples for a shocking revelation, ensuring they understand the seriousness of His words.

one of you will betray Me
This phrase is the heart of the verse, revealing the impending betrayal by one of Jesus' own disciples. The Greek word for "betray" is "paradidōmi," which means to hand over or deliver up. This betrayal is not just a personal affront but a fulfillment of scriptural prophecy and a pivotal moment in the salvation narrative. The phrase "one of you" highlights the intimate setting and the shocking nature of the betrayal, as it comes from within His closest circle. This moment serves as a profound reminder of human frailty and the cost of redemption, as Jesus willingly faces betrayal to fulfill His mission.

The disciples
The term "disciples" refers to the close followers of Jesus, specifically the twelve apostles in this context. In Greek, the word is "μαθηταί" (mathētai), which means learners or students. These individuals were chosen by Jesus to be His primary companions and to learn directly from His teachings and example. Historically, discipleship in the Jewish context involved a close, personal relationship with a teacher, where the disciple would not only learn information but also imitate the teacher's way of life. This highlights the intimate and transformative relationship Jesus had with His disciples.

looked at one another
This phrase captures a moment of confusion and uncertainty among the disciples. The Greek word for "looked" is "ἐβλέπον" (eblepon), which implies a searching or scrutinizing gaze. This indicates that the disciples were trying to understand the situation and perhaps seeking reassurance or answers from each other. In the cultural context of the time, communal understanding and consensus were important, and the disciples' reaction reflects their shared concern and bewilderment.

perplexed
The word "perplexed" comes from the Greek "ἀπορούμενοι" (aporumenoi), which means to be at a loss or in doubt. This suggests a deep level of confusion and uncertainty. The disciples were unable to comprehend the gravity of Jesus' words about betrayal, which speaks to their limited understanding of the events that were about to unfold. This perplexity also highlights the human tendency to struggle with divine mysteries and the unfolding of God's plan, which often surpasses human understanding.

as to whom He meant
This phrase indicates the disciples' lack of insight into Jesus' prediction of betrayal. The Greek "περὶ τίνος λέγει" (peri tinos legei) suggests an inquiry or speculation about the identity of the betrayer. This reflects the disciples' innocence and their inability to fathom that one among them could betray Jesus. It also underscores the theme of hidden motives and the reality of sin even among those closest to Christ. This moment serves as a reminder of the need for vigilance and self-examination in the Christian life, as betrayal can come from unexpected places.

One of His disciples
This phrase identifies the subject as one of the twelve apostles, the inner circle of Jesus' followers. The Greek word for "disciple" is μαθητής (mathētēs), which means a learner or pupil. In the context of the New Testament, it refers to those who were committed to following Jesus and learning from His teachings. Historically, the disciples were chosen by Jesus to be His closest companions and to carry on His mission after His ascension. This phrase sets the stage for understanding the intimate relationship between Jesus and His followers.

the one whom Jesus loved
This phrase is traditionally understood to refer to John, the author of the Gospel. The Greek word for "loved" is ἀγαπάω (agapaō), which denotes a deep, selfless, and sacrificial love. This expression highlights the special bond between Jesus and John, emphasizing the personal and relational aspect of Jesus' ministry. It also serves as a reminder of the love that Jesus extends to all His followers, inviting them into a close and personal relationship with Him.

was reclining
In the cultural and historical context of the first century, it was customary to recline at the table during meals, especially during significant events like the Passover. The Greek word ἀνακείμενος (anakeimenos) indicates the act of reclining or lying down. This posture reflects the intimate and relaxed setting of the Last Supper, where Jesus shared His final meal with His disciples. It symbolizes the fellowship and communion that believers are invited to share with Christ.

at His side
The phrase "at His side" is translated from the Greek ἐν τῷ κόλπῳ (en tō kolpō), which literally means "in the bosom" or "close to the chest." This expression conveys a position of closeness and intimacy. In the cultural context, being at someone's side, especially during a meal, was a place of honor and affection. This imagery not only illustrates the special relationship between Jesus and John but also serves as a metaphor for the closeness that all believers are invited to experience with Christ. It is a reminder of the personal and loving relationship that Jesus offers to each of His followers.

So Simon Peter
Simon Peter, often simply referred to as Peter, is one of the most prominent apostles in the New Testament. His name, Simon, is of Hebrew origin, meaning "he has heard," while Peter, from the Greek "Petros," means "rock." This duality in his name reflects his role as both a listener and a foundational figure in the early Church. Historically, Peter is known for his impulsive nature and deep devotion to Jesus, characteristics that are evident in this passage as he seeks clarity from Jesus.

motioned to him
The act of motioning indicates a non-verbal communication, suggesting urgency and discretion. In the context of a first-century Jewish meal, where participants reclined at a table, such gestures would have been necessary to maintain the flow of conversation without interrupting the proceedings. This subtle action by Peter underscores his eagerness to understand Jesus' words and his reliance on the beloved disciple, likely John, to gain insight.

to ask Jesus
The Greek word for "ask" here is "eperōtaō," which implies a request for information or clarification. This reflects Peter's desire for understanding and his recognition of Jesus as the ultimate source of truth. In the broader scriptural context, asking Jesus is a recurring theme, symbolizing the disciples' dependence on Him for wisdom and guidance.

which one he was talking about
This phrase highlights the uncertainty and tension among the disciples during the Last Supper. Jesus had just revealed that one of them would betray Him, a shocking announcement that left the disciples in confusion and self-reflection. The phrase "which one" indicates the disciples' lack of understanding and their need for Jesus to reveal the truth. It also sets the stage for the unfolding of the events leading to Jesus' crucifixion, emphasizing the gravity of the moment and the fulfillment of prophetic scripture.

Leaning back against Jesus
This phrase paints a vivid picture of the intimate setting of the Last Supper. The Greek word used here for "leaning back" is "anapiptō," which conveys the act of reclining or resting. In the context of a first-century Jewish meal, participants would recline on couches around a low table. This physical closeness signifies not only the cultural practice of the time but also the deep personal relationship between Jesus and His disciples. The disciple leaning back is traditionally understood to be John, the beloved disciple, highlighting the trust and affection he shared with Jesus. This act of leaning back against Jesus symbolizes a posture of reliance and closeness, reminding believers of the intimate relationship they are invited to have with Christ.

he asked
The Greek verb "erōtaō" is used here, which means to ask or inquire. This is not merely a casual question but a sincere and earnest request for understanding. In the context of the Last Supper, where Jesus had just revealed that one of the disciples would betray Him, this question carries a weight of urgency and concern. It reflects the human desire to seek clarity and truth from the Lord, especially in moments of uncertainty or distress. This encourages believers to approach Jesus with their questions and concerns, trusting in His wisdom and guidance.

'Lord, who is it?'
The title "Lord" (Greek: "Kyrios") is a term of respect and recognition of authority. By addressing Jesus as "Lord," the disciple acknowledges His divine authority and omniscience. The question "who is it?" arises from a place of confusion and concern among the disciples, as they grapple with the shocking revelation of impending betrayal. This moment underscores the theme of divine foreknowledge and the fulfillment of prophecy, as Jesus is fully aware of the events that are about to unfold. For believers, this serves as a reminder of Christ's sovereignty and the assurance that He is in control, even in the midst of betrayal and suffering. It calls Christians to trust in God's plan and to seek His will in times of uncertainty.

Jesus answered
In this phrase, we see the direct response of Jesus to a question posed by His disciples. The Greek word for "answered" is "ἀπεκρίθη" (apekrithē), which implies a response to a query or a situation. This highlights Jesus' role as a teacher and leader, providing clarity and guidance to His followers. In the context of the Last Supper, His answer is not just informative but also prophetic, revealing the fulfillment of Scripture and the unfolding of God's divine plan.

It is the one
This phrase indicates specificity and certainty. Jesus is not ambiguous about the identity of His betrayer. The Greek word "ἐκεῖνός" (ekeinos) is used here, emphasizing a particular individual among the group. This reflects the omniscience of Christ, who knows the hearts and intentions of all men, as seen throughout the Gospels.

to whom I give this morsel
The "morsel" refers to a piece of bread, a common element in Jewish meals. The act of giving a morsel was a gesture of friendship and honor in the cultural context of the time. The Greek word "ψωμίον" (psōmion) is used, which can mean a small piece or fragment of bread. This act of giving the morsel to Judas is deeply symbolic, as it contrasts the outward sign of friendship with the inner reality of betrayal.

after I have dipped it
Dipping the morsel was part of the traditional Passover meal. The Greek word "βάψας" (bapsas) means to dip or immerse. This action is significant because it ties the event to the Passover, a time of remembrance and deliverance for the Jewish people. It also foreshadows the sacrificial nature of Jesus' impending crucifixion, as the Passover lamb was a symbol of atonement and redemption.

Then He dipped the morsel
This phrase shows the deliberate and intentional action of Jesus. The repetition of the act of dipping emphasizes its importance. Jesus is fully aware of the significance of His actions and their implications. This moment is a turning point in the narrative, marking the beginning of the end of His earthly ministry.

and gave it to Judas
The act of giving the morsel to Judas is both an act of love and a fulfillment of prophecy. Judas, whose name in Hebrew means "praise," ironically becomes the instrument of betrayal. This moment is a poignant reminder of the complexity of human free will and divine sovereignty. Jesus' action is a final offer of grace to Judas, even as He acknowledges the path Judas has chosen.

son of Simon Iscariot
This designation identifies Judas specifically, distinguishing him from other individuals named Judas in the New Testament. "Iscariot" likely refers to his place of origin, possibly Kerioth in Judea. This detail underscores the historical and personal reality of the events, reminding readers that these were real people in a real time and place. Judas' lineage and background are part of the tapestry of God's redemptive history, illustrating how God can work through even the most tragic circumstances to accomplish His purposes.

As soon as Judas took the bread
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Last Supper. The act of taking the bread is not merely a physical action but a symbolic gesture that signifies Judas's final decision to betray Jesus. In the Greek, the word for "took" (λαβών, labōn) implies an active reception, indicating Judas's willing participation in the events that are about to unfold. This moment is steeped in historical and theological significance, as it fulfills the prophecy of betrayal and sets into motion the events leading to the crucifixion. The act of taking bread, a common element in Jewish meals, here becomes a moment of profound spiritual consequence.

Satan entered into him
This phrase is a stark and sobering declaration of spiritual possession and influence. The Greek word for "entered" (εἰσῆλθεν, eisēlthen) suggests a forceful and decisive action. Theologically, this indicates that Judas, having rejected the light of Christ, becomes susceptible to the darkness of Satan. This moment is not just about Judas's personal failure but serves as a warning about the dangers of allowing sin and temptation to take root in one's heart. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of spiritual warfare, where evil forces are seen as actively working against God's purposes.

What you are about to do
This phrase underscores the inevitability and urgency of Judas's actions. The Greek construction here implies a sense of immediacy and determination. Jesus, fully aware of Judas's intentions, acknowledges the role Judas will play in the divine plan of salvation. This highlights the tension between human free will and divine sovereignty, a theme that runs throughout the Gospel of John. It serves as a reminder that even in betrayal, God's purposes are ultimately fulfilled.

do quickly
The command to "do quickly" (ποίησον τάχιον, poiēson tachion) is both a release and a directive. Jesus, in His omniscience, knows that the time for His sacrifice is at hand, and He instructs Judas to proceed without delay. This phrase reflects the urgency of the divine timeline and the necessity of the events that are to follow. It also illustrates Jesus's control over the situation, even in the face of betrayal. Historically, this moment is a turning point that accelerates the path to the crucifixion, emphasizing the fulfillment of prophecy and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan.

But no one
This phrase emphasizes the complete lack of understanding among the disciples. The Greek word used here for "no one" is "οὐδεὶς" (oudeis), which means not a single person. This highlights the isolation of Jesus in His knowledge and mission. Despite being His closest followers, the disciples were often unaware of the deeper spiritual realities unfolding before them. This serves as a reminder of the limitations of human understanding without divine revelation.

at the table
The setting of this verse is the Last Supper, a pivotal moment in the New Testament. The Greek word "τράπεζα" (trapeza) refers to a dining table, symbolizing fellowship and communion. In Jewish tradition, sharing a meal was an intimate act, signifying trust and community. This context underscores the gravity of the moment, as Jesus shares His final meal with His disciples before His crucifixion.

knew
The Greek word "ἔγνω" (egnō) is used here, meaning to know or understand. This word implies a deeper, experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual awareness. The disciples' lack of understanding reflects their spiritual immaturity and foreshadows the revelation that would come only after the resurrection and the coming of the Holy Spirit.

why Jesus had said this to him
This phrase refers to Jesus' earlier statement to Judas Iscariot, instructing him to do quickly what he was about to do. The Greek word for "said" is "εἶπεν" (eipen), indicating a direct and authoritative communication. The disciples' ignorance of the reason behind Jesus' words to Judas highlights the mystery of God's plan and the unfolding of divine will, which often remains hidden until the appointed time. This moment is a profound reminder of the sovereignty of God and the fulfillment of prophecy, as Jesus willingly steps toward His sacrificial death for humanity's redemption.

Since Judas kept the money bag
The phrase highlights Judas Iscariot's role among the disciples as the treasurer. The Greek word for "money bag" is "glōssokomon," which refers to a small box or bag used to hold money. This role entrusted to Judas indicates a level of trust and responsibility given to him by Jesus and the other disciples. Historically, this position would have been significant, as it involved managing the group's finances and ensuring their needs were met. The fact that Judas held this position adds a layer of complexity to his later betrayal, as it underscores the depth of his fall from trust.

some thought that Jesus was telling him
This phrase reflects the disciples' misunderstanding of Jesus' intentions. The Greek word "dokeō" is used here, meaning "to think" or "to suppose." It suggests that the disciples were making assumptions based on their limited understanding of the situation. This moment captures the human tendency to interpret actions based on surface-level observations without grasping the deeper spiritual realities at play. It also highlights the disciples' lack of awareness of Judas's impending betrayal, as they did not suspect any wrongdoing.

to buy what was needed for the feast
The mention of the "feast" refers to the Passover, a significant Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt. The Greek word "heortē" is used for "feast," indicating a time of celebration and religious observance. This context emphasizes the importance of the Passover in Jewish life and the disciples' focus on practical preparations for the celebration. It also underscores the irony of the situation, as Judas's actions were leading to the ultimate fulfillment of the Passover through Jesus' sacrificial death.

or to give something to the poor
This phrase reflects a common practice during Jewish festivals, where almsgiving was encouraged as an act of piety and compassion. The Greek word "ptōchos" is used for "poor," highlighting those in need within the community. The disciples' assumption that Judas might be sent to give to the poor aligns with Jesus' teachings on charity and care for the marginalized. This expectation further illustrates their misunderstanding of the gravity of the moment and Judas's true intentions. It also serves as a reminder of the Christian call to generosity and service to others, reflecting Jesus' heart for the poor and needy.

As soon as he had received the piece of bread
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of the Last Supper. The "piece of bread" refers to the morsel given by Jesus to Judas Iscariot, symbolizing the identification of the betrayer. In the Greek, the word for "piece of bread" is "psomion," which can denote a small piece or morsel, often used in the context of a meal. This act of giving bread was a gesture of friendship and honor in Jewish culture, making Judas's impending betrayal even more poignant. The act of receiving the bread signifies Judas's acceptance of his role in the unfolding events, highlighting the tension between divine sovereignty and human responsibility.

he went out immediately
The immediacy of Judas's departure is emphasized by the Greek word "euthys," meaning "immediately" or "at once." This suggests a sense of urgency and determination in Judas's actions. Historically, this moment is laden with the weight of impending betrayal, as Judas leaves to finalize his plans with the chief priests. The act of leaving the intimate setting of the Last Supper underscores the severing of fellowship and the beginning of the fulfillment of prophetic scripture regarding the Messiah's betrayal.

And it was night
The mention of "night" is not merely a time marker but carries deep symbolic meaning. In the Gospel of John, "night" often represents spiritual darkness and separation from the light of Christ. The Greek word "nux" for "night" underscores this duality of physical and spiritual darkness. This phrase serves as a powerful metaphor for the spiritual state of Judas and the world at that moment. The darkness of night contrasts with Jesus, the Light of the World, highlighting the gravity of Judas's actions and the unfolding of God's redemptive plan through the impending crucifixion. Theologically, this moment marks the transition from the light of Jesus's earthly ministry to the darkness of His passion, setting the stage for the ultimate triumph of light over darkness through the resurrection.

When Judas had left
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative. Judas Iscariot's departure signifies the beginning of the final sequence of events leading to Jesus' crucifixion. The act of leaving is not just physical but also spiritual, as Judas steps away from the light of Christ into the darkness of betrayal. Historically, this moment is laden with tension, as it sets in motion the fulfillment of prophecies regarding the Messiah's suffering. The Greek word for "left" (ἐξῆλθεν, exēlthen) implies a decisive action, underscoring Judas's role in the divine plan.

Jesus said
The words of Jesus carry profound authority and significance. In the Gospel of John, Jesus' statements often reveal deep theological truths. Here, His speech marks a transition from the intimate setting of the Last Supper to the unfolding of His passion. The act of speaking is a divine revelation, as Jesus, the Word made flesh, communicates the mysteries of God to His disciples.

Now
The use of "now" (νῦν, nyn) indicates immediacy and urgency. It highlights the present moment as a turning point in salvation history. This word emphasizes the fulfillment of God's redemptive plan, as the events leading to the crucifixion are set in motion. Theologically, it signifies the kairos moment, a divinely appointed time when God's purposes are realized.

the Son of Man
This title, "the Son of Man" (ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, ho huios tou anthrōpou), is one of Jesus' preferred self-designations. It reflects both His humanity and His divine authority. Rooted in Daniel 7:13-14, the term evokes the image of a heavenly figure who receives dominion and glory. In this context, it underscores Jesus' role as the suffering servant who will be exalted through His death and resurrection.

is glorified
The concept of glorification (ἐδοξάσθη, edoxasthē) is central to John's Gospel. It refers to the revelation of God's character and purposes through Jesus' life, death, and resurrection. In the immediate context, it points to the cross as the ultimate manifestation of divine love and justice. Theologically, glorification involves the paradox of suffering leading to exaltation, as Jesus' sacrificial death reveals the glory of God.

and God is glorified in Him
This phrase emphasizes the mutual glorification of the Father and the Son. The Greek construction suggests a reciprocal relationship, where the glorification of Jesus simultaneously reveals the glory of God the Father. This reflects the unity and co-equality of the Trinity, as the work of redemption is a collaborative act of divine love. Historically, this statement affirms the early Christian belief in Jesus' divinity and His unique role in revealing God's nature to humanity.

If God is glorified in Him
The phrase begins with a conditional "if," suggesting a certainty rather than a mere possibility, given the context of Jesus' mission. The Greek word for "glorified" is "δοξάζω" (doxazō), which means to honor, praise, or magnify. In the context of Jesus' life and mission, this glorification is not just about praise but about the revelation of God's character and purpose through Jesus. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God's glory as His manifest presence, as seen in the Shekinah glory in the Old Testament. Jesus, in His actions and forthcoming sacrifice, is the ultimate revelation of God's glory.

God will also glorify Him in Himself
Here, the reciprocity of glorification is emphasized. The Father glorifies the Son, and this glorification is intrinsic, "in Himself." The Greek word "ἐν" (en) indicates a deep, intimate union between the Father and the Son. This reflects the Trinitarian relationship, where the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are distinct yet one. Historically, this mutual glorification is seen in the resurrection and ascension of Jesus, where His divine nature and mission are fully revealed and affirmed by the Father.

and will glorify Him at once
The phrase "at once" is translated from the Greek word "εὐθύς" (euthys), meaning immediately or without delay. This indicates the immediacy and certainty of the glorification process. In the context of the Gospel of John, this points to the events of the crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension as a single, unified act of glorification. Theologically, it underscores the urgency and inevitability of God's redemptive plan through Jesus. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding that Jesus' death and resurrection were not separate events but part of a divine continuum that revealed God's glory and purpose for humanity.

Little children
The Greek term used here is "τεκνία" (teknia), which is a diminutive form of "children," conveying a sense of deep affection and tenderness. This phrase reflects Jesus' intimate and pastoral relationship with His disciples. In the historical context, a rabbi addressing his disciples in such a manner would indicate a close-knit community, akin to a family. Jesus, as the spiritual father, is preparing His "children" for His imminent departure, emphasizing His care and concern for their spiritual well-being.

I am with you only a little while longer
This phrase underscores the urgency and the transient nature of Jesus' earthly ministry. The Greek word "μικρόν" (mikron) for "little" suggests brevity and immediacy. Historically, this was a pivotal moment in the Gospel narrative, as Jesus was preparing for His crucifixion. The disciples, unaware of the full scope of the events to come, are being gently prepared for the separation that will soon occur. This serves as a reminder of the fleeting nature of life and the importance of cherishing the presence of Christ while He is near.

You will look for Me
The act of searching or seeking, "ζητήσετε" (zētēsete) in Greek, implies a deep longing and desire to be with Jesus. This reflects the disciples' impending sense of loss and confusion following Jesus' departure. Scripturally, this echoes the human condition of seeking God, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible. It highlights the innate desire within humanity to seek divine presence and guidance, a quest that finds fulfillment in the resurrection and the coming of the Holy Spirit.

just as I told the Jews
Here, Jesus references His previous interactions with the Jewish leaders, as recorded in John 7:34 and 8:21. The phrase serves as a reminder of the consistent message Jesus has delivered throughout His ministry. Historically, this reiteration underscores the division between those who accept Jesus' message and those who do not. It also foreshadows the broader mission to the Gentiles, as the message of salvation extends beyond the Jewish community.

so now I tell you
This phrase marks a transition from Jesus' public ministry to a more intimate, private discourse with His disciples. The Greek "νῦν" (nun) for "now" indicates a present and personal application of His message. It emphasizes the importance of the disciples' understanding and preparation for the events to come. This moment is pivotal, as Jesus imparts crucial teachings and reassurances to His closest followers.

Where I am going, you cannot come
The destination Jesus refers to is His return to the Father, a journey that involves His death, resurrection, and ascension. The Greek "ὑπάγω" (hypagō) for "going" conveys a sense of purpose and direction. This statement highlights the unique role of Jesus as the mediator between God and humanity. While the disciples cannot follow Him in this specific journey, it foreshadows the promise of eternal life and the eventual reunion with Christ in glory. This assurance provides hope and encouragement, reminding believers of the ultimate destination that awaits those who follow Jesus.

A new commandment
The phrase "A new commandment" introduces a significant directive from Jesus. The Greek word for "new" (καινός, kainos) implies freshness or something unprecedented. This commandment is not new in the sense of time, as the call to love is rooted in the Old Testament (Leviticus 19:18), but it is new in its depth and application. Jesus elevates the command to love by embodying it perfectly and calling His disciples to follow His example. This commandment is foundational for Christian ethics and community life, emphasizing the transformative power of love.

I give you
The phrase "I give you" underscores the authority of Jesus as the divine lawgiver. In the context of the Last Supper, Jesus is preparing His disciples for His impending departure. The use of "give" (δίδωμι, didōmi) indicates a personal and intentional act, highlighting the importance and personal nature of this commandment. It is a gift from Jesus to His followers, meant to guide their interactions and relationships.

Love one another
"Love one another" is the heart of the commandment. The Greek word for love here is "ἀγαπάω" (agapaō), which refers to a selfless, sacrificial love that seeks the best for others. This type of love is not based on emotions or feelings but is an act of the will, reflecting God's love for humanity. In the historical context, this commandment was radical, as it called for a love that transcended social, ethnic, and religious boundaries, uniting believers in a common bond.

As I have loved you
The phrase "As I have loved you" sets the standard for the love Jesus commands. Jesus' love is the model for Christian love, characterized by humility, service, and sacrifice. This is exemplified in the preceding verses where Jesus washes the disciples' feet, demonstrating servant leadership. The ultimate expression of His love is His sacrificial death on the cross. This phrase challenges believers to emulate Christ's love in their relationships, emphasizing that true love involves self-giving and putting others' needs above one's own.

So you also must love one another
"So you also must love one another" reiterates the command with an emphasis on its necessity and urgency. The use of "must" (δεῖ, dei) indicates an obligation, not a suggestion. This love is to be the defining characteristic of Jesus' disciples, serving as a witness to the world of their relationship with Him. In the early church, this commandment was pivotal in shaping the community's identity and mission, fostering unity and mutual care among believers. It remains a timeless call for Christians to live out their faith through love in action.

By this
The phrase "By this" serves as a definitive marker, indicating the means or method by which something is recognized or understood. In the Greek, "ἐν τούτῳ" (en toutō) emphasizes the importance of the subsequent action or characteristic. It is a call to attention, highlighting that what follows is of utmost importance in identifying true discipleship. Historically, this phrase sets the stage for a new commandment that Jesus is imparting to His followers, distinguishing them from the world.

all men
The term "all men" translates from the Greek "πάντες" (pantes), meaning everyone or all people. This universality underscores the comprehensive witness that the disciples' love will have. It is not limited to a specific group but is meant to be a testimony to the entire world. In the historical context of the early church, this was radical, as it broke down barriers of race, culture, and social status, presenting a unified witness to the world.

will know
The phrase "will know" comes from the Greek "γνώσονται" (gnōsontai), which implies a deep, experiential knowledge. This is not merely an intellectual understanding but a recognition that comes from observation and experience. The early Christians were known for their love and care for one another, which was a powerful testimony to the truth of the Gospel. This knowledge is transformative, leading others to see the reality of Christ in the lives of His followers.

that you are My disciples
"That you are My disciples" identifies the followers of Jesus as belonging to Him. The Greek word for disciples, "μαθηταί" (mathētai), means learners or students. This relationship is not just about following teachings but being in a committed, transformative relationship with Jesus. Historically, discipleship involved a close, personal relationship with a teacher, and in this context, it signifies a deep, abiding connection with Christ, marked by love.

if you love one another
The condition "if you love one another" is central to the identity of Jesus' followers. The Greek word for love here is "ἀγαπᾶτε" (agapate), derived from "ἀγάπη" (agapē), which is a selfless, sacrificial love. This is the love that Jesus demonstrated through His life and ultimately His death on the cross. In the scriptural context, this love is not based on emotions or feelings but is an intentional act of the will, reflecting the love of Christ. Historically, this command was counter-cultural, as it called for a love that transcended societal norms and expectations, creating a community that was distinct and attractive to the world.

Simon Peter asked Him
Simon Peter, often seen as the spokesperson for the disciples, demonstrates his characteristic boldness and curiosity. The Greek name "Simon" (Σίμων) is derived from the Hebrew "Shim'on," meaning "he has heard." This reflects Peter's role as one who listens and responds to Jesus' teachings. His inquiry shows a deep personal concern and a desire to remain close to Jesus, highlighting the intimate relationship between the disciple and the Master.

Lord, where are You going?
The term "Lord" (Κύριε) signifies Peter's recognition of Jesus' authority and divinity. This question arises from a place of confusion and concern, as Jesus had just spoken of His impending departure. The disciples, including Peter, struggle to comprehend the necessity of Jesus' path to the cross. Historically, this reflects the Jewish expectation of a Messiah who would establish an earthly kingdom, contrasting with Jesus' mission of spiritual salvation.

Jesus answered
Jesus' response is both direct and enigmatic, a common teaching method He employs to provoke deeper reflection and understanding. The Greek verb "answered" (ἀπεκρίθη) indicates a response that is meant to reveal truth, even if it is not immediately understood. This moment is pivotal, as Jesus begins to prepare His disciples for the reality of His crucifixion and resurrection.

Where I am going, you cannot follow now
The phrase "Where I am going" refers to Jesus' impending death, resurrection, and ascension. The Greek word for "going" (ὑπάγω) implies a purposeful departure. The disciples' inability to follow "now" underscores the unique and solitary nature of Jesus' redemptive work on the cross. It also reflects the spiritual maturity and transformation that the disciples must undergo before they can fully participate in Jesus' mission.

but you will follow later
This promise offers hope and assurance. The future tense "will follow" (ἀκολουθήσεις) suggests a time when Peter and the other disciples will join Jesus in His mission, both in their earthly ministries and ultimately in eternal life. Historically, this foreshadows Peter's own martyrdom and the spread of the Gospel through the apostles. It emphasizes the transformative power of the Holy Spirit, who will enable the disciples to carry on Jesus' work after His ascension.

Lord
The term "Lord" in Greek is "Κύριε" (Kyrie), a title of respect and authority. In the context of the New Testament, it signifies not only a master or teacher but also acknowledges Jesus' divine authority. Peter's use of "Lord" here reflects his recognition of Jesus' supreme position and his own submission to Him. This title is consistent with the early Christian confession of Jesus as Lord, which was central to their faith and worship.

why can’t I follow You now?
This question reveals Peter's impatience and misunderstanding of Jesus' mission. The Greek word for "follow" is "ἀκολουθέω" (akoloutheō), which means to accompany or to be a disciple. Peter's desire to follow Jesus immediately shows his eagerness and devotion, yet it also highlights his lack of understanding of the necessity of Jesus' impending suffering and death. Historically, this reflects the common Jewish expectation of a triumphant Messiah, which contrasted with Jesus' path of suffering.

he asked
The act of asking here is significant. It shows Peter's boldness and his close relationship with Jesus. In the Greek, the verb "λέγει" (legei) is used, which means to say or speak. This indicates a direct and personal communication with Jesus, reflecting the intimate teacher-disciple relationship that Peter had with Him.

I will lay down my life for You
This declaration is a profound expression of Peter's loyalty and love for Jesus. The phrase "lay down my life" in Greek is "ψυχήν μου θήσω" (psychēn mou thēsō), which literally means to place or set down one's life. It is a sacrificial term, indicating a willingness to die. Peter's statement foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice that Jesus Himself would make. However, it also prefigures Peter's own future martyrdom, despite his imminent denial of Jesus. This highlights the theme of human weakness and divine grace, as Peter's intentions are noble, but his understanding and strength are limited without the empowerment of the Holy Spirit.

“Will you really lay down your life for Me?”
This phrase is a poignant question posed by Jesus to Peter. The Greek word for "life" here is "ψυχή" (psyche), which can also mean "soul" or "self." It indicates the depth of sacrifice that Jesus is questioning. Historically, this reflects the ultimate act of devotion and loyalty, as laying down one's life is the greatest form of love and commitment. Jesus is challenging Peter's understanding of his own faith and dedication, knowing that Peter's resolve will soon be tested.

“Truly, truly, I tell you,”
The repetition of "truly" (Greek: "ἀμὴν ἀμὴν," amen amen) is a solemn affirmation used by Jesus to emphasize the certainty and importance of what He is about to say. This phrase is unique to Jesus in the Gospels and serves to underscore the truthfulness and authority of His words. It is a call for the listener to pay close attention, as what follows is of great significance.

“before the rooster crows,”
The mention of the "rooster" (Greek: "ἀλέκτωρ," alektor) is significant in the cultural and historical context of the time. Roosters were common in the region and their crowing marked the approach of dawn. This phrase indicates a specific time frame, suggesting that Peter's denial will occur before the break of day. It serves as a prophetic marker, highlighting the immediacy and inevitability of the forthcoming events.

“you will deny Me three times.”
The prediction of Peter's denial is a sobering revelation. The number "three" in biblical terms often signifies completeness or perfection. In this context, it underscores the thoroughness of Peter's forthcoming denial. The Greek word for "deny" is "ἀπαρνήσῃ" (aparneomai), which means to disown or repudiate. This is a profound moment of foreshadowing, as Peter, despite his fervent declarations of loyalty, will fail to stand by Jesus in His hour of need. This serves as a humbling reminder of human frailty and the need for divine grace and strength.