Koronavirus
| Koronavirus
| |
|---|---|
Orthocoronavirinae  | |
 | |
| Taksunumi | |
| Superdomain | Biota |
| Domain | Virus |
| Dunia | Riboviria |
| Kerajaan | Orthornavirae |
| Filum | Pisuviricota |
| Kelas | Pisoniviricetes |
| Ordo | Nidovirales |
| Famili | Coronaviridae |
| Subfamili | Orthocoronavirinae |
|
| |
| Tata ngaran | |
Sinonim takson (id)  |
Coronavirinae (en) |
| Genus | |
 | |
Koronavirus[1] atawa coronavirus (istilah takanalnya: virus korona, virus corona, atawa virus Corona) adalah sagarumbungan pirus matan subpamili Orthocoronavirinae dalam kulawarga Coronaviridae wan urdu Nidovirales.[2][3] Kalumpuk pirus ngini nang kawa maulah panyakit lawan burung wan mamalia (tamasuk manusia).[4] Pada manusia, koronavirus maulah panjangkitan saluran pahinakan nang rancaknya kada parah, nang kaya salismaan, saupama sapalih tawas panyakit kaya babarapa SARS, MERS, wan COVID-19 sipatnya labih mamati'i. Manipistasi kalinis nang timbul bamacam-macam pada sapasias nang lain: pada hayam, koronavirus maulah panyakit saluran pahinakan atas, amun sapi wan babi maulah bahiraan.
Koronavirus adalah pirus basalubung lawan ginum RNA utas tunggal plus wan nukleokapsid batawas hiliks simitris. Jumlah ginum koronavirus kikira antara 27–34 kilu pasangan basa, pangganalnya di antara virus RNA nang dikatahuani.[5] Ngaran koronavirus babibit matan basa Latin corona nang baarti mahkuta, nang marujuk lawan ampaian partikal pirus (virion): pirus ngini baisi pinggiran nang maingatakan lawan mahkuta atawa kuruna matahari.
Panamuan
[babak | babak asal-mulanya]Koronavirus ditamu'akan pas 1960-an.[6] Virus nang paling pamulaan ditamui adalah virus bronkitis infeksius pada ayam wan dua virus dari rongga hidung manusia lawan flu biasa nang kenanya dibari ngaran human coronavirus 229E wan human coronavirus OC43.[7] Imbah nnag itu, anggota koronavirus nang lain mulai diidentifikasi, tamasuk SARS-CoV pas 2003, HCoV NL63 paa 2004, HKU1 pas 2005, MERS-CoV (panambayannya dikanal sabagai 2012-nCoV) pas 2012, dan SARS-CoV-2 (panambayannya dikanal sabagai 2019-nCoV) pas 2019; sapalih dari virus-virus ini kabanyakan takait lawan infeksi saluran pahinakan nang sarius.
Nama wan morfologi
[babak | babak asal-mulanya]Nama koronavirus ba'asal matan basa Latin corona aan bahasa Yunani κορώνη (korṓnē, "lingkaran, untaian"), nang ba'arti mahkota atawa lingkaran cahaya. Namanya ba'acuan lawan panampilan karakteristik virion (bantuk infektif virus) dalam mikroskop elektron, nang memproyeksikan pinggiran parmukaan virus nang ganal wan bulat nang mahasil'akan gambar nang maingatakan lawan mahkota atau korona matahari. Morfologi ngiini diulah oleh peplomer tonjolan protein permukaan virus (S), nang manantu'akan tropisme inang.
Protein nang manyusun struktur koronavirus yaitu protein tonjolan (spike) (S), amplop (E), membran (M), wan nukleokapsid (N). Khusus pada virus SARS, andak pangikatan reseptor pada protein S memediasi perlekatan virus ke reseptor sel inangnya yaitu, enzim pengubah angiotensin (ACE2).[8] Sapalih koronavirus (khususnya anggota Betacoronavirus garis katurunan A) baisi jua tonjolan protein pendek nang dingarani hemaglutinin esterase (HE).[2]
Panularan
[babak | babak asal-mulanya]Panularan koronavirus dari manusia ke manusia diparkirakan tajadi malalui tatamuan langsung dalam jarak nang paraka lewat tetesan kihit atawa percikan (droplet) matan saluran pahinakan nang dihasilakan panderita haratan wahin wan batuk.[9]
Taksonomi
[babak | babak asal-mulanya]Nama ilmiah gasan koronavirus adalah Orthocoronavirinae atawa Coronavirinae.[10][11][12]
| Genus | Subgenus | Spesies | Inang |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alphacoronavirus | Colacovirus | Bat coronavirus CDPHE15 | kelelawar |
| Decacovirus | Bat coronavirus HKU10 | kelelawar | |
| Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013 | kelelawar | ||
| Duvinacovirus | Human coronavirus 229E | manusia | |
| Luchacovirus | Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus | rodensia | |
| Minacovirus | Ferret coronavirus | ferret | |
| Mink coronavirus 1 | mink | ||
| Minunacovirus | Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1 | kelelawar | |
| Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8 | kelelawar | ||
| Myotacovirus | Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011 | kelelawar | |
| Nyctacovirus | Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013 | kelelawar | |
| Pedacovirus | Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus | babi | |
| Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512 | kelelawar | ||
| Rhinacovirus | Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 | kelelawar | |
| Setracovirus | Human coronavirus NL63 | manusia | |
| NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b | kelelawar | ||
| Tegacovirus | Alphacoronavirus 1 | anjing, kucing, babi | |
| Betacoronavirus | Embecovirus | Betacoronavirus 1 | manusia, sapi, kuda, babi |
| China Rattus coronavirus HKU24 | rodensia | ||
| Human coronavirus HKU1 | manusia | ||
| Murine coronavirus | rodensia | ||
| Hibecovirus | Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013 | kelelawar | |
| Merbecovirus | Hedgehog coronavirus 1 | landak susu | |
| Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus | manusia, unta | ||
| Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5 | kelelawar | ||
| Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 | kelelawar | ||
| Nobecovirus | Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1 | kelelawar | |
| Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9 | kelelawar | ||
| Sarbecovirus | Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus | manusia, kelelawar, viverridae | |
| Gammacoronavirus | Cegacovirus | Beluga whale coronavirus SW1 | paus |
| Igacovirus | Avian coronavirus | burung | |
| Deltacoronavirus | Andecovirus | Wigeon coronavirus HKU20 | burung |
| Buldecovirus | Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 | burung | |
| Coronavirus HKU15 | babi | ||
| Munia coronavirus HKU13 | burung | ||
| White-eye coronavirus HKU16 | burung | ||
| Herdecovirus | Night heron coronavirus HKU19 | burung | |
| Moordecovirus | Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21 | burung |
Koronavirus manusia
[babak | babak asal-mulanya]Koronavirus diyakini maulah 15-30% matan samunyaan salismaan urang tuha wan kakanakan.[13] Koronavirus meayababkan salismaan lawan gajala utama nang kaya panas awak wan sakit tanggorokan gara-gara pambangkakan adenoid, tautama pas musim dingin wan pamulaan musim semi.[14] Koronavirus kawa manyababkan pneumonia, baik pneumonia virus langsung atawa pneumonia bakterial sekunder, dan dapat menyebabkan bronkitis, baik bronkitis virus langsung atawa bronkitis bakterial sekunder.[15] Koronavirus manusia nang ditamu'akan paa tahun 2003, SARS-CoV, nang maulah sindrom ngalih banar bahinak (SARS), baisi patogenesis nang unik karena manyababkan infeksi saluran pernapasan bagian atas wan bawah. Balum ada vaksin atawa obat antivirus gasan mancagah atawa maobati infeksi koronavirus manusia.[16]
Tujuh jenis koronavirus manusia nang wayah ini dikatahui:
- Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)
- Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43)
- Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat (SARS-CoV)
- Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus)
- Human coronavirus HKU1
- Koronavirus terkait sindrom pernafasan Timur Tengah (MERS-CoV), nang panambayannya dikenal sabagai novel coronavirus 2012 dan HCoV-EMC
- Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2 (SARS-CoV-2), panambayannya dikenal sabagai 2019-nCoV atawa "novel coronavirus 2019"
Koronavirus HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, wan -HKU1 batambah tarus dalam populasi manusia aan manyababkan infeksi pahinakan apda urang tuha wan kakanakan di samunyaan dunia.[17]
Wabah panyakit
[babak | babak asal-mulanya]Sapalih wabah koronavirus lawan mortalitas nang relatif tinggi adalah sabagai barikut:
| Wabah | Jenis virus | Kematian |
|---|---|---|
| Wabah SARS 2003 | SARS-CoV | 774[18] |
| Wabah MERS 2012 | MERS-CoV | Lebih dari 400[19] |
| Wabah MERS 2015 di Korea Selatan | MERS-CoV | 36[20] |
| Wabah MERS 2018 | MERS-CoV | 41 |
| Pandemi koronavirus 2019–2020 | SARS-CoV-2 | Paling tidak 19.700++[23] |
Infeksi pada binatang
[babak | babak asal-mulanya]Koronavirus sudah dipinandui wan dikatahui jadi panyabab kondisi patologi di kedokteran hewan mulai matan tahun 1930. Buhannya mainfiksi bamacam binatang tamasuk babi, sapi, kuda, unta, kucing, anjing, tikus, burung wan kalalawar.[21] Kabanyakannya binatang nang kana koronavirus tainfeksi di Saluran panagukan wan manyabar muntung lawan tahi.[22] Panalitian nang ada labih fokus gasan manjalasakan Patogen Vital nang ada dalam binatang nang takana koronavirus, apalagi virologis nanag tatarik lawan kaduktiran lawan panyakit nang ada di binatang.[23]
Catatan Batis
[babak | babak asal-mulanya]- ^ a b de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya AE, Holmes KV, Perlman S, Poon L, Rottier PJ, Talbot PJ, Woo PC, Ziebuhr J (2011). "Family Coronaviridae". Dalam King AM, Lefkowitz E, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, International Union of Microbiological Societies. Virology Division. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Oxford: Elsevier. hlm. 806–828. ISBN 978-0-12-384684-6.
- ^ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (24 Agustus 2010). "ICTV Master Species List 2009 – v10". Diarsipkan dari versi asli (xls) tanggal 2013-04-15. Diakses tanggal 2020-03-26.
- ^ (Bahasa Inggris) Wolfgang B. Fischer (2005). Viral membrane proteins: structure, function, and drug design. Springer. ISBN 978-0-306-48495-7.Page.49-52
- ^ Sexton NR, Smith EC, Blanc H, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB, Denison MR (Agustus 2016). "Homology-Based Identification of a Mutation in the Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase That Confers Resistance to Multiple Mutagens". Journal of Virology. 90 (16): 7415–7428.
CoVs also have the largest known RNA virus genomes, ranging from 27 to 34 kb (31, 32), and increased fidelity in CoVs is likely required for the maintenance of these large genomes (14).
- ^ "Coronavirus: Common Symptoms, Preventive Measures, & How to Diagnose It". Caringly Yours (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2020-01-28. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2020-03-06. Diakses tanggal 28 Januari 2020.
- ^ Geller C, Varbanov M, Duval RE (November 2012). "Human coronaviruses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies". Viruses. 4 (11): 3044–68.
- ^ Li F, Li W, Farzan M, Harrison SC (September 2005). "Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor". Science. 309 (5742): 1864–8.
- ^ "Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) | CDC". www.cdc.gov (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2020-01-31. Diakses tanggal 1 Februari 2020.
- ^ "2017.012-015S". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) (dalam bahasa Inggris). October 2018. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (xlsx) tanggal 14 May 2019. Diakses tanggal 24 January 2020.
- ^ Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P (March 2019). "Bat Coronaviruses in China". Viruses. 11 (3): 210.
- ^ Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis". Methods in Molecular Biology. 1282: 1–23. ISBN 978-1-4939-2437-0.
- ^ Liu P, Shi L, Zhang W, He J, Liu C, Zhao C, et al. (November 2017). "Prevalence and genetic diversity analysis of human coronaviruses among cross-border children". Virology Journal (dalam bahasa Inggris). 14 (1): 230.
- ^ Forgie S, Marrie TJ (February 2009). "Healthcare-associated atypical pneumonia". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 30 (1): 67–85.
- ^ Habibzadeh P, Stoneman EK (February 2020). "The Novel Coronavirus: A Bird's Eye View". The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 11 (2): 65–71.
- ^ Corman VM, Muth D, Niemeyer D, Drosten C (2018). "Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses". Advances in Virus Research. 100: 163–188.
- ^ Smith RD (Desember 2006). "Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management". Social Science & Medicine. 63 (12): 3113–23.
- ^ "Case‐control study to assess potential risk factors related to human illness caused by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)" (PDF). World Health Organization. 28 Maret 2014. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2014.
- ^ "Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Republic of Korea". World Health Organization (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 1 Desember 2016.
- ^ "Chapter 24 - Coronaviridae". Fenner's Veterinary Virology (dalam bahasa Inggris) (edisi ke-Fifth). Academic Press. 2017. hlm. 435–461. ISBN 978-0-12-800946-8.
- ^ Murphy FA, Gibbs EP, Horzinek MC, Studdart MJ (1999). Veterinary Virology. Boston: Academic Press. hlm. 495–508. ISBN 978-0-12-511340-3.
- ^ Tirotta E, Carbajal KS, Schaumburg CS, Whitman L, Lane TE (July 2010). "Cell replacement therapies to promote remyelination in a viral model of demyelination". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 224 (1–2): 101–07.