Infection acute

Chinese Liver Fluke. The adult worm of the Chinese Hver fluke Clonorchis sinensis) can grow to be 2 cm long. Worms infect the bihary tree where they cause local inflammation, diarrhea, and hepatomegaly in the acute infection. Progressive biUary obstmction and cirrhosis can occur in the more advanced disease state. The presence of 20—200 worms is common, but they may number over 20,000. Infection is the consequence of eating raw fish that contain viable parasites. Untreated worms can Hve for up to 30 years. Treatment is with pra2iquantil (1). [Pg.244]

Acute infection with Hetpes simplex viruses (HSV) results in painful rashes on skin and mucous membranes. HSV-1 mainly causes cold sores around the mouth (hetpes labialis) or eyes (keratitis), whereas infection by HSV-2 mostly results in sores in the genital or anal area. Less frequently, HSV also causes severe infections in newborns or potentially fatal encephalitis. HSV remains latent and can be reactivated by stress, suppression of the immune system or other infections. [Pg.600]

Human immunoglobulin preparations from pools of a great number of people (>1,000) with assumed antibodies against common viruses are used as a means of passive immunization in acute infections. More specific antibody preparations with high titers from patients who recovered recently from a viral disease or were immunized against toxins are also available in... [Pg.616]

Category X) and lactation. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors are used cautiously in patients with a history of alcoholism, acute infection, hypotension, trauma, endocrine disorders, visual disturbances, and myopathy. [Pg.412]

Abstract This review provides an overview of the development of viral protease inhibitors as antiviral drugs. We concentrate on HlV-1 protease inhibitors, as these have made the most significant advances in the recent past. Thus, we discuss the biochemistry of HlV-1 protease, inhibitor development, clinical use of inhibitors, and evolution of resistance. Since many different viruses encode essential proteases, it is possible to envision the development of a potent protease inhibitor for other viruses if the processing site sequence and the catalytic mechanism are known. At this time, interest in developing inhibitors is Umited to viruses that cause chronic disease, viruses that have the potential to cause large-scale epidemics, or viruses that are sufQciently ubiquitous that treating an acute infection would be... [Pg.85]

Saquinavir. SQV was first shown in vitro to have potent HIV-1 inhibition in acutely infected cells with an IC50 in the subnanomolar range and to inhibit viral maturation in chronically infected cells at 10 nM (Craig et al. 1991). Subsequently, clinical trials with SQV monotherapy in HIV-1 infected men at concentrations up to 600 mg three times a day for 16 weeks resulted in a decrease in HIV-1 RNA of 80% (0.71ogio) (Kitchen et al. 1995). These and other data facilitated SQV in becoming the first FDA-approved PI in December 1995. In its original formulation. [Pg.89]

HCV infection is rarefy diagnosed in the acute phase, as most acutely infected individuals are asymptomatic. Between 50% and 90% of patients develop chronic infection, however, and this warrants early therapy. After occupational exposure with a known date, treatment should not be started before the acute episode characterized by alanine aminotransferase elevation, but it should always be started within 24 weeks after the onset of symptoms. The optimal treatment schedule for acute hepatitis C is controversial. Pegylated IFN-a monotherapy at the standard dose for 24 weeks yielded SVR rates close to 100% in symptomatic patients referred to tertiary care centers (De Rosa et al. 2006 Jaeckel et al. 2001 Santantonio et al. 2005 Wiegand et al. 2006). Shorter therapy may be envisaged (Calleri et al. 2007). Combination with ribavirin is recommended if a first course of pegylated IFN-a monotherapy fails to eradicate the infection. Viral elimination appears to be independent of the HCV genotype and the HCV RNA level (Calleri et al. 2007 De Rosa et al. 2006 Jaeckel et al. 2001). [Pg.217]

Brodt HR, Kamps BS et al (1997) Changing incidence of AlDS-defining iUnesses in the era of antiretroviral combination therapy. AIDS 11(14) 1731-1738 Calabrese LH, Proffitt MR et al (1987) Acute infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated with acute brachial neuritis and exanthematous rash. Ann Intern Med 107(6) 849-851... [Pg.78]

Measles is a severe, highly contagious, acute infection that frequently occurs in epidemic form. After multiplication within the respiratory tract the virus is transported throughout the body, particularly to the skin where a characteristic maculopapular rash develops. Complications ofthe disease can occur, particularly in malnourished children, the most serious being measles encephalitis which can cause permanent neurological injury and death. [Pg.331]

Acute infection may be marked by increased cough, changes in sputum (darker and thicker), dyspnea, and fever. [Pg.248]

The mortality rate in pregnant women with acute infections may reach 25%. Rarely does HEV cause endemics in industrialized countries, where the prevalence rate is 1% to 5%.18,19... [Pg.348]

The diagnosis of hepatitis A is made by detecting immunoglobulin antibody to the capsid proteins of the HAV. The presence of IgM anti-HAVin the serum indicates an acute infection. IgM appears approximately 3 weeks after exposure and becomes undetectable within 6 months. In contrast, IgG anti-HAV appears in the serum at approximately the same time IgM anti-HAV develops but indicates protection and lifelong immunity against hepatitis A.1... [Pg.348]

Consider how to minimize the patient s risk of contracting the current (and other) CNS infections in the future administer appropriate vaccines after recovery from the acute infection. [Pg.1046]

Review diagnostic information to determine if acute infection is present. Are all three diagnostic criteria present Was the proper method used for diagnosis (pneumatic otoscopy) ... [Pg.1067]

The pathogenesis of diabetic foot infection stems from three key factors neuropathy, angiopathy, and immunopathy. Aerobic gram-positive cocci, such as S. aureus and P-hemolytic streptococci, are the predominant pathogens in acutely infected diabetic foot ulcers. However, chronically infected wounds are subject to polymicrobial infection and require treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics. [Pg.1075]

Historically, osteomyelitis has been classified as acute or chronic based on duration of disease (Fig. 78-2).2,4 However, there are no established definitions for acute and chronic infections.2-4 Acute infection has been defined as first episode or recent onset of symptoms (less than 1 week).2,3 Chronic osteomyelitis is generally defined as relapse of the disease or symptoms persisting beyond 4 weeks.2,3 Others describe chronic osteomyelitis as the presence of necrotic bone.3 ... [Pg.1178]

Hepatitis B virus is a blood-borne or sexually transmitted virus. Most acute infections occur in adults, while chronic infections usually occur in individuals infected as infants or children. However, about 10% of adults who contract hepatitis B virus will fail to clear their infection and develop chronic hepatitis B infection. Individuals with chronic hepatitis B infection are at risk for cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Vaccination with hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis B infection.6... [Pg.1243]

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 3-6 weeks Plasma If nonreactive, no further testing is required, unless acute infection suspected... [Pg.1257]

Acute HIV Infection Diagnosis of acute HIV infection is difficult, since many patients are asymptomatic, or have nonspecific clinical symptoms similar to other common respiratory infections. If acute HIV infection is suspected, HIV antibody tests and a plasma HIV RNA concentration should be obtained. A clear diagnosis is made when an HIV antibody test is negative and the plasma HIV RNA concentration is high. There are limited outcomes data for treating acutely infected patients. Treatment of acute infection can decrease the severity of acute disease and decrease the viral set point this may decrease progression rates and reduce the rate of viral transmission.18-22 Limitations include an increased risk of chronic drug-induced toxicides and the development of viral resistance. [Pg.1266]

Otitis media with effusion Fluid in the middle ear space with no signs or symptoms of an acute infection. [Pg.1573]

Jaimes MC, Rojas OL, Kunkel EJ, et al. Maturation and trafficking markers on rotavirus-specific B cells during acute infection and convalescence in children. J Virol 2004 78 10967-10976. [Pg.117]

Treatment for HCV infection is necessary because a high percentage of acutely infected patients develop chronic infections. Treatment is indicated in patients previously untreated who have chronic HCV, circulating HCV RNA, increased alanine transaminases levels, evidence on biopsy of moderate to severe hepatic grade and stage, and compensated liver disease. [Pg.292]

Selected Initial Therapies for Acute Infection in Adults (strength of recommendation in parentheses)... [Pg.458]

Ribavirin may be considered for bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus in a subset of patients (those with underlying pulmonary or cardiac disease or with severe acute infection). Use of the drug requires special equipment (small-particle aerosol generator) and specifically trained personnel for administration via oxygen hood or mist tent. [Pg.484]

Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear. Acute otitis media involves the rapid onset of signs and symptoms of inflammation in the middle ear that manifests clinically as one or more of the following otalgia (denoted by pulling of the ear in some infants), hearing loss, fever, or irritability. Otitis media with effusion (accumulation of liquid in the middle ear cavity) differs from acute otitis media in that signs and symptoms of an acute infection are absent. [Pg.491]

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