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Velkommen til min sandkasse. Hvis du har nogen indvendinger mod, hvad jeg skriver eller planlægger at skrive, så behandles disse under diskussion. Hvis nogen af jer agter at enten nominere, oprette eller forbedre nogen af de respektive artikler, så kan dette også behandles under diskussion. Denne liste vil nok senere få sin helt egen side.

Liste over artikler som skal oprettes, forbedres eller nomineres.

OBS. Artikler som på den ene eller anden måde omhandler eller har tilknytning til USA står under "USA" i de respektive artikelkategorier. Computerspil, film, litteratur og YouYube kanaler er ikke under denne kategori.

Artikler som skal oprettes

USA

Andet

  • Idre Fjäll
  • Civilization V
  • Civilization V: Brave new world
  • Civilization V: Gods and kings
  • Civilization VI
  • Idre
  • Särna
  • Crash Course (YouTube)
  • SciShow
  • Vlog Brothers
  • CGP Grey
  • Positive Money
  • Fuldreservebankvæsen
  • Opus caementitium/romersk beton/romersk cement.
  • Middelhavskost/Middelhavs Diæt.

Artikle som skal forbedres

USA

Forbes

Andet

Ting har tilknytning til J. R. R. Tolkien

Artikler om filosoffer

Førsokratikere:

Resten af antikken

Middelalderen

Renæssancen

Oplysningstiden

Moderne tid (1850-1918)

Efterkrigstids filosoffer (1940-nu)

Herunder forbedring af artikler om filosofiske retninger og generelle historiske artikler

Antikken

Artikler som skal nomineres

OBS denne liste involverer artikler som ikke nødvendigvis er klar til at blive nomineret. Det kan være at et kapitel er mangelfuldt, eller at tegnsætningen er helt uacceptabel. Så denne er mere en liste over artikler som i den nærmeste fremtid vil blive nomineret til lovende artikler. Hvis du vil bidrage til at forbedre artiklerne, så behandles dette under diskussion, eller du kan vælge at skrive til mig direkte på min profils diskussions side.

Lovende artikler

Gode artikler

1. Den industrielle revolution

2. Rhinen

3. Franklin Delano Roosevelt

4. Alzheimers sygdom GA

Fremragende artikler

Må denne liste være en hjælp for andre til at finpudse og oprette artikler, da jeg næppe vil kunne nå at finpudse, oprette og forbedrer alle de artikler lige foreløbig.

Kladder til "Artikler som skal oprettes"

Hjælp [[1]]

Politik

Partier and valg

Hovedartikler: USA's politiske system og Politiske ideologier i USA.
Kongressens førerskab holder møder med den daværende præsident Obama i 2011.[1]

The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history.[2] For elective offices at most levels, state-administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third-party presidential candidate—former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote. The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system.[3]

Within American political culture, the center-right Republican Party is considered "conservative" and the center-left Democratic Party is considered "liberal".[4][5] The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as "blue states", are relatively liberal. The "red states" of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative.

Republican Donald Trump, the winner of the 2016 presidential election, is currently serving as the 45th President of the United States.[6] Current leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence, Republican President Pro Tempore (Pro Tem) Orrin Hatch, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer.[7] Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi.[8]

In the 115th United States Congress, both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate currently consists of 52 Republicans, and 46 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats; the House consists of 241 Republicans and 194 Democrats.[9] In state governorships, there are 31 Republicans, 18 Democrats and 1 Independent.[10] Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors, there are 2 Republicans, 1 Democrat, 1 Popular Democrat, and 2 Independents.[11]

Statens finanser

Se også Se også: Beskatning i USA og USA's føderale budget.
USA's føderale gæld som procent af BNP fra 1790 til 2013.[12]

Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal, state and local government level. These include taxes on income, payroll, property, sales, imports, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. In 2010 taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8% of GDP.[13] During FY2012, the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue, up $147 billion or 6% versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion. Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ($1,132B or 47%), Social Security/Social Insurance taxes ($845B or 35%), and corporate taxes ($242B or 10%).[14] Based on CBO estimates,[15] under 2013 tax law the top 1% will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979, while other income groups will remain at historic lows.[16]

U.S. taxation is generally progressive, especially the federal income taxes, and is among the most progressive in the developed world.[17][18][19][20][21] The highest 10% of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes,[22] and about half of all taxes.[23] Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax, with no tax charged on income above $118,500 (for 2015 and 2016) and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains.[24][25] The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers.[26][27] However, according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70% for the top earnings quintile to about 170% for the lowest earning quintile, making the system progressive.[28]

The top 10% paid 51.8% of total federal taxes in 2009, and the top 1%, with 13.4% of pre-tax national income, paid 22.3% of federal taxes.[29] In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5% for the top 1%, 27.2% for the top quintile, 13.8% for the middle quintile, and −2.7% for the bottom quintile.[30][31] The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades.[20][32] State and local taxes vary widely, but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams, though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation.[20][33]

During FY 2012, the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis, down $60 billion or 1.7% vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion. Major categories of FY 2012 spending included: Medicare & Medicaid ($802B or 23% of spending), Social Security ($768B or 22%), Defense Department ($670B or 19%), non-defense discretionary ($615B or 17%), other mandatory ($461B or 13%) and interest ($223B or 6%).[14]

The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $18.527 trillion (106% of the GDP) in 2014.[34][fn 1]

Kriminalitet og retshåndhævelse

Uddybende Uddybende artikler: Retshåndhævelse i USA og Kriminalitet i USA
Se også Se også: USA's lovgivning, United States Bill of Rights, Menneskerettigheder i USA#Retssystem, Fængsling i USA og Dødsstraf i USA.
Retshåndhævelse i USA opretholdes primært af lokale politiafdelinger.[39]

Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff's departments, with state police providing broader services. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) is the largest in the country. Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties, including protecting civil rights, national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal laws.[40] At the federal level and in almost every state, a legal system operates on a common law. State courts conduct most criminal trials; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts. Plea bargaining in the United States is very common; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial.[41]

In 2015, there were 15,696 murders which was 1,532 more than in 2014, a 10.8 per cent increase, the largest since 1971.[42] The murder rate in 2015 was 4.9 per 100,000 people.[43] In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States, a 54% decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980.[44] In 2001–2, the United States had above-average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations.[45] A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2003 showed that United States "homicide rates were 6.9 times higher than rates in the other high-income countries, driven by firearm homicide rates that were 19.5 times higher."[46][fremtidigt info] Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate.

From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77% of homicide victims and 90% of offenders. Blacks committed 52.5% of all homicides during that span, at a rate almost eight times that of whites ("whites" includes most Hispanics), and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites. Most homicides were intraracial, with 93% of black victims killed by blacks and 84% of white victims killed by whites.[47] In 2012, Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S., and New Hampshire the lowest.[48] The FBI's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012, for a total of over 9 million total crimes.[49]

Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and used in 31 states.[50][51] No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. In 1976, that Court ruled that, under appropriate circumstances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking place in three states: Texas, Virginia, and Oklahoma.[52] Meanwhile, several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws. In 2014, the country had the fifth-highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq.[53]

The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world.[54] At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults.[55] At year end 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders. About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision at yearend 2012, the lowest rate observed since 1997.[56] The prison population has quadrupled since 1980,[57] and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period.[58] However, the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013[59] and the rate for pre-trial/remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012.[60] The country's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies.[61] According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses.[62] The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate.[63][64] In 2008, Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate,[65] and Maine the lowest.[66]

Økonomi

Hovedartikel: USA's økonomi.
Se også Se også: USA's økonomiske historie.
Economic indicators
Nominal GDP $18.45 trillion (Q2 2016) [67]
Real GDP growth 1.4% (Q2 2016) [67]
2.6% (2015) [68]
CPI inflation 1.1% (August 2016) [69]
Employment-to-population ratio 59.7% (August 2016) [70]
Unemployment 4.9% (August 2016) [71]
Labor force participation rate 62.8% (August 2016) [72]
Total public debt $19.808 trillion (October 25, 2016) [73]
Household net worth $89.063 trillion (Q2 2016) [74]
United States export treemap (2011): The U.S. is the world's second-largest exporter.

The United States has a capitalist mixed economy[75] which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity.[76] According to the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP).[77]

The US's nominal GDP is estimated to be $17.528 trillion Skabelon:As of[78] From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the G7.[79] The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP.[77] The U.S. dollar is the world's primary reserve currency.[80]

The United States is the largest importer of goods and second-largest exporter, though exports per capita are relatively low. In 2010, the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion.[81] Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners.[82] In 2010, oil was the largest import commodity, while transportation equipment was the country's largest export.[81] Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt.[83] The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities, including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve, who hold the majority of the debt.[84][85][86][87][fn 2]

In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy, with federal government activity accounting for 4.3% and state and local government activity (including federal transfers) the remaining 9.3%.[90] The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1.[91] While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8% of GDP, the United States remains an industrial power.[92] The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade; by net income it is manufacturing.[93] In the franchising business model, McDonald's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world. Coca-Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world.[94]

Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field.[95] The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world, as well as its second-largest importer.[96] It is the world's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy, as well as liquid natural gas, sulfur, phosphates, and salt. The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium, copper, lead, magnesium, zinc, titanium and others.[97][98]

Agriculture accounts for just under 1% of GDP,[92] yet the United States is the world's top producer of corn[99] and soybeans.[100] The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts, oats, rye, wheat, rice, cotton, corn, barley, hay, sunflowers, and oilseeds. In addition, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provides livestock statistics regarding beef, poultry, pork, and dairy products. The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food, representing half of the world's biotech crops.[101]

Consumer spending comprises 68% of the U.S. economy in 2015.[102] In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people. With 21.2 million people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with 16.4 million people. About 12% of workers are unionized, compared to 30% in Western Europe.[103] The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers.[104] The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well. It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to.[105]

The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation[106] and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right, with the others being Papua New Guinea, Suriname and Liberia.[107] While federal law currently does not require sick leave, it is a common benefit for government workers and full-time employees at corporations.[108] 74% of full-time American workers get paid sick leave, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, although only 24% of part-time workers get the same benefits.[108] In 2009, the United States had the third-highest workforce productivity per person in the world, behind Luxembourg and Norway. It was fourth in productivity per hour, behind those two countries and the Netherlands.[109]

The 2008–2012 global recession significantly affected the United States, with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office.[110] It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices. There remains a record proportion of long-term unemployed, continued decreasing household income, and tax and federal budget increases.[111][112][113]

Indkomst, fattigdom and rigdom

A tract housing development in San Jose, California.

Skabelon:Further information

Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations, and in 2007 had the second-highest median household income.[114][115] According to the Census Bureau, median household income was $53,657 in 2014.[116] Despite accounting for only 4.4% of the global population, Americans collectively possess 41.6% of the world's total wealth,[117] and Americans make up roughly half of the world's population of millionaires.[118] The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013.[119] Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents, and more than every EU nation.[120] For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI).[121]

There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s.[122] However, the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance.[123] While inflation-adjusted ("real") household income had been increasing almost every year from 1947 to 1999, it has since been flat on balance and has even decreased recently.[124] According to Congressional Research Service, during this same period, immigration to the United States increased, while the lower 90% of tax filers incomes became stagnant, and eventually decreasing since 2000.[125] The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent, which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has significantly affected income inequality,[126] leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations.[127] The post-recession income gains have been very uneven, with the top 1 percent capturing 95 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2012.[128] The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate.[129]Skabelon:Disputed inline[130]

United States' families median net worth source: Fed Survey of Consumer Finances[131]
in 2013 dollars 1998 2013 change
All families $102,500 $81,200 -20.8%
Bottom 20% of incomes $8,300 $6,100 -26.5%
2nd lowest 20% of incomes $47,400 $22,400 -52.7%
Middle 20% of incomes $76,300 $61,700 -19.1%
Top 10% $646,600 $1,130,700 +74.9%

Wealth, like income and taxes, is highly concentrated; the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom half claim only 2%.[132] Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world. Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value.[133] Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007, household wealth was down $14 trillion, but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels.[134][135] At the end of 2014, household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion,[136] down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008.[137]

There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.[138] In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food-insecure households, about 35% more than 2007 levels, though only 1.1% of U.S. children, or 845,000, saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year, and most cases were not chronic.[139] According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau, one in five young adults lives in poverty today, up from one in seven in 1980.[140]

Infrastruktur

Transport

Hovedartikel: USA's transportsystem.
Billede af Interstate Highway System der strækker sig over 75.440 km.[141]

Menneskelig transport er domineret af automobiler, der operer på et netværk af 6.4 millioner km offentlige veje,[142] heraf en af verdens længste motorvejsnet på 91700 km.[143] Med verdens andet største marked for biler har USA den højeste køretøj ejerskabsrate på 765 per 1000 amerikanere.[144] [145] Omkring 40% af personkøretøjerne er vans, SUV'er, eller lette lastbiler.[146] Den gennemsnitlige amerikanske voksen bruger hver dag 55 minutter med at køre og rejser 47 kilometer.[147]

Kort der viser hastighederne for jernbanenettets strækninger i USA.[148]

Massetransport udgør 9% af alle arbejdsmæssige ture.[149][150] Godstransport på skinner er omfattende, selvom et relativt lille antal passagerer (omkring 31 millioner årligt) benytter intercitytog til transport, til dels pga. den lave befolkningstæthed i meste af USA.[151][152] Men Amtraks, det nationale jernbanenet, passagertal steg med næsten 37% fra 2000 til 2010.[153] Desuden har investeringer i letbaner været stigende i de seneste år.[154] Brugen af cykler arbejdsmæssig pendling er minimal.[155]

Den civile luftfartsbranche er udelukkende ejet af private og har gennemgået omfattende dereguleringer siden 1978, imens de fleste større lufthavne er offentligt ejede.[156] De tre største flyselskaber i verden målt på antal passagerer er amerikanske. American Airlines Group er nummer et og blev i 2013 skabt efter en fusion mellem AMR Corporation og US Airways Group.[157] 16 af verdens 50 travleste passagerlufthavne ligger i USA, heriblandt den travleste Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, og den fjerde travleste O'Hare International Airport i Chicago.[158]

Energi

Uddybende Uddybende artikel: USA's energipolitik
USA's eltransmissionsnet består af omkring 300.000 km elinfrastruktur drevet af 500 virksomheder. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) fører tilsyn med dem alle.

USA's energiforbrug ligger årligt på omkring 29.000 terawatttimer.[159] Energiforbrug per indbygger er på 7.8 ton (7076 kg) af olieækvivalenter årligt, verdens 10. højeste rate. I 2005 kom 40% af denne energi fra råolie, 23% fra kul og 22% fra naturgas. Den restende del kom fra atomkraft og vedvarende energikilder.[160] USA er verdens største forbruger af råolie.[161]

Atomkraft har i årtier spillet en begrænset rolle i forhold til andre udviklede lande, delvist pga. af ændringen i offentlighedens opfattelse i kølvandet af ulykken på Three Mile Island. I blev adskillige ansøgninger om nye atomkraftværker sendt afsted.[162] USA har 27% af verdens kulreserver,[163] og er verdens største producent af naturgas og råolie.[164]

Vandforsyning og vandbehandling

Hovedartikel: Vandforsyning og vandbehandling i USA .

Problemer vedrørerende vandforsyningen i USA er tørker i den vestlige del, vandknaphed, forurening, manglende investeringer, bekymringer om at vandprisen er til at betale for de fattige og en arbejdsstyrke, der hurtigt går på pension. Global opvarmning vil medføre forøget variation i nedbør og nedbørsintensitet, hvilket muligvis vil føre til mere voldsomme tørker og oversvømmelser med mulige alvorlige konsekvenser for vandforsyningen og forurening fra overfyldte kloaker.[165][166][fn 3]

Kultur

Litteratur, filosofi og kunst

Uddybende Uddybende artikler: Amerikansk litteratur, Amerikansk filosofi, Arkitektur i USA, USA's billedkunst og Amerikansk klassisk musik
Mark Twain, American author and humorist.

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe. Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century. Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century's second half; Emily Dickinson, virtually unknown during her lifetime, is now recognized as an essential American poet.[169] A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character—such as Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851), Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby (1925) and Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)—may be dubbed the "Great American Novel".[170]

Twelve U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, most recently Bob Dylan in 2016. William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century.[171] Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States. The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches, as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth, Thomas Pynchon, and Don DeLillo.[172]

The transcendentalists, led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, established the first major American philosophical movement. After the Civil War, Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism. In the 20th century, the work of W. V. O. Quine and Richard Rorty, and later Noam Chomsky, brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia. John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy. Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia. Chicago school economists like Milton Friedman, James M. Buchanan, and Thomas Sowell have affected various fields in social and political philosophy.[173][174]

In the visual arts, the Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the tradition of European naturalism. The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[175] Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new, individualistic styles. Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank Gehry.[176]

Fil:Times Square 1-2.JPG
Times Square in New York City, the hub of the Broadway theater district[177]

One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P. T. Barnum, who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841. The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s. In the 20th century, the modern musical form emerged on Broadway; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards. Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams, Edward Albee, and August Wilson.[178]

Though little known at the time, Charles Ives's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition, while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition. Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music. Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance, while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th-century ballet. Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography, with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, and Ansel Adams.[179]

Film

Hovedartikel: USA's filmbranche.
The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles, California

Hollywood, a northern district of Los Angeles, California, is one of the leaders in motion picture production.[180] The world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894, using Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope.[181] The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film, also in New York, and the United States was in the forefront of sound film's development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization.[182]

Director D. W. Griffith, American's top filmmaker during the silent film period, was central to the development of film grammar, and producer/entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising.[183] Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West and history, and, like others such as John Huston, broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting, with great influence on subsequent directors. The industry enjoyed its golden years, in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early sound period until the early 1960s,[184] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures.[185][186] In the 1970s, film directors such as Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital component in what became known as "New Hollywood" or the "Hollywood Renaissance",[187] grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.[188] Since, directors such as Steven Spielberg, George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown for their blockbuster films, often characterized by high production costs, and in return, high earnings at the box office, with Cameron's Avatar (2009) earning more than $2 billion.[189]

Notable films topping the American Film Institute's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941), which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time,[190][191] Casablanca (1942), The Godfather (1972), Gone with the Wind (1939), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), The Wizard of Oz (1939), The Graduate (1967), On the Waterfront (1954), Schindler's List (1993), Singin' in the Rain (1952), It's a Wonderful Life (1946) and Sunset Boulevard (1950).[192] The Academy Awards, popularly known as the Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929,[193] and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944.[194]

Medierne

Hovedartikel: USA's medier.
The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City

The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and Fox. The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.[195] Americans listen to radio programming, also largely commercial, on average just over two-and-a-half hours a day.[196]

In 1998, the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations. In addition, there are 1,460 public radio stations. Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds, subscriptions and corporate underwriting. Much public-radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR (formerly National Public Radio). NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967; its television counterpart, PBS, was also created by the same legislation. (NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other.) Skabelon:As of, there are 15,433 licensed full-power radio stations in the US according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[197]

Well-known newspapers are The New York Times, USA Today and The Wall Street Journal. Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service, such as the Associated Press or Reuters, for their national and world coverage. With very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned, either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by small chains that own a handful of papers; or in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families. Major cities often have "alternative weeklies" to complement the mainstream daily papers, for example, New York City's The Village Voice or Los Angeles' LA Weekly, to name two of the best-known. Major cities may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries, and papers for local ethnic and social groups. Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century. In 1938, Superman, the comic book superhero of DC Comics, developed into an American icon.[198] Aside from web portals and search engines, the most popular websites are Facebook, YouTube, Wikipedia, Yahoo.com, eBay, Amazon and Twitter.[199]

More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish, the second most widely spoken mother tongue behind English.[200][201]

Videnskab og teknologi

Hovedartikler: Videnskab og teknologi i USA og USA's forsknings- og udviklingspolitik.
Astronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15's landing module and lunar rover in 1971. The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the Space Race.

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid 20th century. Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century. This technology, along with the establishment of a machine tool industry, enabled the U.S. to have large scale manufacturing of sewing machines, bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing. Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor saving techniques created the system called mass production.[202]

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone. Thomas Edison's research laboratory, one of the first of its kind, developed the phonograph, the first long-lasting light bulb, and the first viable movie camera.[203] The latter lead to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line. The Wright brothers, in 1903, made the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight.[204]

The rise of Nazism in the 1930s led many European scientists, including Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, and John von Neumann, to immigrate to the United States.[205] During World War II, the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the Atomic Age, while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry, materials science, and aeronautics.[206][207]

The invention of the transistor in the 1950s, a key active component in practically all modern electronics, led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry.[208][209][210] This in turn led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as in Silicon Valley in California. Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems, Apple Computer, IBM, Microsoft, and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer. The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements, and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet.[211]

These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use.[212] Skabelon:As of, 83.8% of American households owned at least one computer, and 73.3% had high-speed Internet service.[213] 91% of Americans also own a mobile phone Skabelon:As of.[214] The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet.[215]

In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector.[216] The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.[217]

Noter

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