Yiɣi chaŋ yɛligu maŋamaŋa puuni

Longquan celadon

Diyila Dagbani Wikipedia
Longquan celadon
ceramic technique, tradition
Yaɣ sheliChinese ceramics Mali niŋ
Japan zuliya (yuli kana) sabbu niりゆうせんかま Mali niŋ
TiŋaChina Mali niŋ
Tiŋgbaŋ yaɣili calinli28°4′30″N 119°7′15″E Mali niŋ
Tingbani shɛli din yinaChina Mali niŋ
Intangible cultural heritage statusRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Mali niŋ
Described at URLhttps://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00205, https://ich.unesco.org/fr/RL/00205, https://ich.unesco.org/es/RL/00205 Mali niŋ
Map
Flask, Yuan dynasty, 1271-1368
Vase with unglazed medallions, here using moulds and a resist technique, 14th century.[1]
Group of 13th-century vessels

Longquan celadon (龍泉青瓷) nyɛla Chinese kalo balishɛli, ka Westpolo bɛ booni li celadon bee "greenware", bɛ pili li la malibu 950 zaŋ chaŋ 1550. Kilns maa daa tooi zooi ka di be la "Lishui prefecture" din be southwestern Zhejiang tiŋgbani yaɣili China south polo, n-ti pahiFujian tiŋgbani yaɣili north polo. 500 kilns ka bɛ tooi bɔ n-nya,[2] ka di zuɣu che ka Longquan celadon nyɛ taarihi puuni kalonima malibu sheei din galisi pam China. "Longquan-type" n tooi nyɛ yuli n-ti li, lala waliginsim ŋɔ ni, bee "southern celadon",[3]kamani kilns kalinli ni daa lahi zooi China north polo ban maani Yaozhou ware bee Northern Celadon wares. Di ŋmani taba yaɣa pam, amaa ka leei mali waliginsim shɛŋa ni "Longquan-type celadon", ka di malibu daa kuli du zuɣusaa ka lahi sheei tiŋgbani ni saha bihi zuɣu ni.[4]

Celadonmali taarihi waɣinli Longquan mini luɣ'shɛŋa din ŋmani li, amaa zaŋ kana Northern Song (960–1127) saha ka di malibu pam pam pili, ni di tiŋ'zuɣu yihi labisi Hangzhou,din miri Longquan, Southern Song (1127–1279) ni piligi naai nyaaŋa, dini tooi nyɛ dini n daa su di yɛligibu pam mini di malibu viɛnyɛla ni maani. D zaa daa kuli nyɛla din duri zuɣusaa Yuan (1271–1368) ni Ming (1368–1644) ni daa kuli pili saha shɛli. Longquan celadons daa nyɛla China bomma ni nyamna nɛma din duri tiŋ'duya yaa sheei n gari yuun pihinu ka tiŋsi pam daa tɔɣisi li, di bahi bahindi Korea mini Japan. Di kpila saha shɛli "blue and white porcelain" ni kana ti deei li Jingdezhen.[5][6][7]

Longquan celadons daa pahi la "celadon wares" viɛli shɛŋa bɛ ni mali China, ka di ʒi taɣibu nima na. Bɛ daa maani la kalonima maa ka di mali koma balibu, ka di yaa jɛndi "olive-green", amaa ka daa lahi tirisi chaŋ "greenish blues" ni (bɛ ni daa nya ka salo yu shɛli,amaa ka di dii bi yoli) n-ti pahi zaɣ'tankpaɣu. Lala ko'balibu ŋɔ zaa yimi na "glaze" maa ni; saha shɛŋa di yaɣ'shɛli din be gbunni maa bɛ bi taɣiri di kom maa ka di leei nachiinsi n-ti li, bɛ yihi wuhili buɣim ka di niŋ "terracotta brown". "Wares" peentibu niŋdi la tɔm; nachiinsi dihibu yirimi na kopu laasabu nahingbaŋ ni bee bɛ ni luɣi yaɣ'shɛŋ mini dizaan shɛŋa din be di puuni.

Technical aspects and decoration

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]

Longquan celadon ningbungbaŋ, nyɛla din mali balibu kamani zaɣ'timsili, "compact grey stoneware" zaŋ ti tabili "white porcellaneous material", amaa luɣ'shɛli bɛ yi ti nyɔli buɣim di leeri la "terracotta reddish brown". Din bɔŋɔ n waligiri Longquan ka chari Northern Celadons. Amaa, din bɔŋɔ ni tooi pa zaɣ'gansi shɛŋa bɛ ni mali ni binyɛra din nyɛ "whitish, porcellanous," di ni tooi n niŋ ka luɣ'shɛli bɛ ni nyo buɣim maa gba niŋ "translucent" di yi niŋ ka di bi timsa.[8] Western polo,bɛ tooi zaŋdi la zaɣ'gansi n niŋdi "stoneware",amaa bɛ ni tooi lahi boli shɛŋa "porcelain";[9] binyɛra din yina China nima sani nyɛla bɛ ni ni tooi lahi buɣisi shɛli "porcelain".[10]

Di ningbungbaŋ daa tooi zooi la zaɣ'tamnkpaɣu "potter's wheel," ni ka bɛ tooi laɣindi maani di zaɣ'kara luɣ'yini. Di ŋmaya nima ka bɛ daa mali n tumdi tuma, ka saha shŋa bɛni ka bɛ mali yaɣiri, n-ti tabili yaɣiri din dihiri nachiinsi.[11]

Di malila ko'balibu din mali waliginsim kamani "greyish" ni "blueish greens", ni zaɣ'dozim din ŋmani tankpaɣu.[12] Di lala kom ŋɔ yirimi na iron oxide shɛli bɛ ni nyo buɣim ni "reducing atmosphere", ka kom kam doli saha shɛli tulim ni kpe li. Longquan celadon daa nyori mi ni dragon kilns waɣinli, "brick tunnels rising up a slope", ka di mali garibu shɛhi zaɣ'bɔbigu (voya), ka duɣu maa maŋmaŋa yirina zuɣusaa steeji ni, din tuli chani saɣisiri ka doli taba. Saggars n daa toooi zooi ka bɛ mali n tumdi tuma, ni kilns din waɣa, kamali paai soya bee voya pia ni ayi, din daa naan tooi ti binyɛra kalinli 25,000 tuli saha yini. Di buɣim tulim daa nyɛla kamani 1,180 °C mini 1,280 °C,ka tulim din nyɛ kamani 1,250 °C tiri kala vakahili mini nuɣiso.[13][14][15] Nahingbaŋ din nyɛ zaɣ'ʒee maa yiririmi na saha shɛli buɣim maa yi kpeli n naai, di ni niŋ ka yaɣiri din kpe buɣum maa mini pɔhim din kpe kiln maa di laɣim taba maa, ka "iron" din bɛni maa leei ferrous oxide.[16] Bɛ tooi mali bɛ ni niŋdi shɛm pɔi ka daa naan yi pahi 1400 "splashes" "iron oxide" din yina gandimgandim; lala dina ŋɔ tiri la nahinggban tankpaɣu din daɣi.[17]

Chinese mini Japanese zaa malila bɛ ni buɣisiri di ko'balibu maa mini di viɛlim shɛm; Japanesedina shɛŋ nyɛla din ni tooi zaŋ dalim bee n gɔhi Japan dina. Bachi din nyɛ kinuta (砧青瓷) gbunni nyɛla "mallet", di yi pa shɛli "mallet vase" shɛli nyaaŋa, zaanimi n-tiri "blue-green" ko'shɛli niriba suhu ni yu pam lala Song saha maa, ka bɛ tooi booni Siliminsili ni, tenryūji piɛlli malila "a faint yellowish-green tone", ka yina Yuan mini Ming. Balishɛli din nyɛ shickikan yimi na Ming sunsuuni, kalo maa nachiinsi maa yi neei naau.[18] Celadons din pahi ni, Chinese sani nahingbaŋ ŋmali din zaŋ ti jade, n-nyɛ bɛ nini ni tiɣi shɛli Chinese art ni, di daa nyɛla din kpa talahi ka kalomaaniba bɔri ni bɛ pahirili saha shɛŋa.[19]

Di shɛŋa nahingbana kuli nyɛla soochi amaa ka leei viɛla. Kalo kara mini nachiinsi dihibu kuli nyɛla di kuli pahiri Yuan mali chana, ka di zaɣ'kari shɛŋa nyɛ 14th century malibu. Lala "mallet" ŋɔ daa nyɛla bɛ ni yuri shɛli Longquan,ka di mali bingburbirisi kamani ʒerisi bee binkɔb'shɛba.[20] Funerary vases, bɛ ni daa maani shɛli ka di mali jahi, gba daa nyɛla din mali binkɔbiri nahingbana, di daa tooi zoi la gbuɣima mini ʒerisi. Southern Chinesepolo bɛ daa mali li mi nm-pahiri bɛ kpiimba sɔɣibu kali ni.[21] "Longquan style" daa nyɛla parante din mali zimbihi ayi bee zaɣ'bɔbigu ka bɛ duɣiri kom di sunsuuni, di daa tooi lahi zooya ka bɛ mali li n niŋdi di gɔlinsi kamani yɛltɔɣa ni pun' yɛi shɛm 14th-century.[22][23][24][25]

Markets and later collecting

[mali niŋ | mali mi di yibu sheena n-niŋ]
"Blueish green" celadon with applied peony scroll design, Southern Song dynasty, 13th century AD

Kamani Northern Celadon, Longquan ware daa pa "imperial court" ni mali shɛli n kuri bukaata Song saha,[26] di mini bɛ daa mali Longquan kilns m-maani "official" Guan ware, Guan kilns ni daa naan ku tooi niŋ doli zalisi.[27] Daa din daa kpa talahi n-nyɛ literati bee scholar-gentleman. Wares dakulo kam zaŋ ku bukaata ni, sha shɛŋa bɛ daa mali li mi n sɔɣiri kpiimba. Nahingbaŋ bɔbigu,di bahi bahindi piligu saha dini, di daa chanimi n doli ancient ritual bronze nahingbana, bɛ ni daa nya ka shɛli lu n zahim adiini bukaata kubu, amaa di daa ka nachiinsi din nyɛ "bronze" maŋli maa dini. Din bɔŋɔ daa lahi nyɛla bɛ ni mali shɛli n duri tiŋ'duya, di yi daa kuli bi chani shɛli di daa chani South-East Asian tiŋgbana ni kamani Japan mini Korea.[28]

Japan nima n daa ʒiri li n kpɛri bɛ ya pam, ni "beach" din be Kamakura, bɛ ni daa maani Longquan luɣ'shɛli pam, daa mali 50,000 Longquan sherds, amaa di shɛŋ daa nyɛla din ŋmari voyage din yina China. Japan daa dii bi yuui ka pili Longquan wares tɔɣisi mali, ka na kuli nyɛ ban niŋdi li, pam pam mini belabela zaa.[29]

Di pam daa lahi nyɛla bɛ ni ʒiri shɛli n kpɛri Musulinsi adiini ni zooi luɣ'shɛŋa, ka bɛ ni laɣim shɛli pam zuŋɔ nyɛ kalinli 1,300 din yina Ottoman Emperors, di pam din pa be Topkapi Palace din be Istanbul.[30] Di dariza daa duu la zuɣusaa Middle East mini Europe bɛ ni daa baŋ ni pooʒini yi lu din ni di ŋmarimi bee ka di taɣi nahingbaŋ la.[31] Di shɛŋa lahi nyɛla din be East African teeku ni, n-ti pahi south Kenya mini Tanzania.[32]

Di bela n daa kpe Europe ka di nyɛla daabiligu n ʒili kpe bee Musulinsi adiini tinsi n-ti ba li.[33] Chinese kalo nima dibaa ata ko ka bɛ ni tooi sabi ni di kpe Europe pɔi ni 1500. Din bɔŋɔ nima puuni, tdin daŋ n-nyɛ Fonthill Vase (din pa nyɛ Dublin), din nyɛ qingbai porcelain, amaa dibaa ayi maa n-nyɛ Longquan celadon.[34] Yuuni 1487 Lorenzo de' Medici daa ti Longquan parante, Qaitbay n daa ti li, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. Katzenelnbogen ŋmani gba nyɛla "aristocratic German pilgrim" ni daa da shɛli Holy Land yuuni 1433/34.[35] Lala Longquan Warham ŋmani ŋɔ, nyɛla bɛ ni daa zaŋ shɛli n-ti New College, Oxford, William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury n daa ti li zaŋ chaŋ yuuni 1532 (bɛ ni pa paŋ shɛli n-ti Ashmolean Museum), di nyɛla din daa naan tooi kana nyaaŋ pɔi, kamani 1500, ka bɛ daa ti li bin tamdisi England.[36]

Southern Song Dynasty, 13th Century, Nantoyōsō Collection, Japan, with crackle.

Northern Song saha Dayao (大窯) kiln luɣ'shɛli din daa baɣi Longquan tiŋgbani ni daa maani la "wares" ni kilns konkɔba pishi ni ata; ni Jincun din miri li,nye bɛ ni daa nya ka shɛli nyɛ "kiln complexes" titali, ka maani "wares" gahinda.[37] Kalo maŋa malibu daa na kani zŋ na hali ni Southern Song (1127–1279), din nyaaŋa ka di tuɣi Yuan (1271–1368) mini Ming (1368–1644) saha.

Binsh`eɣu din daa yiɣisi zani Longquan celadon daa nyɛla "Northern Song court din kpalim zabili zaŋ chaŋ south, bɛ ni daa lahi ka bɛ ni yɛn niŋ shɛm north Jin-Song wars of the 1120s. "Southern Song court" palli daa be Hangzhou, ka baɣi Longquan.[38] Lala Northern Celadon kilns daa pili tiŋgbani ni shheebu Longquan malibu ni.[39] Longquan wares daa bɛ yirina Five Great Kilns shɛli ni, Chinese connoisseurs ni daa ti pu shɛli, ka di bi tooi zooi ka di be sabbu ni, amaa Qing dynasty tɔgisibu nyɛla bɛ ni daa mali shɛli.

Lahabali shɛli din kuli yirina Yuan labiri yirina, din dii bi zani tuhi, yari la niriba ayi yɛltɔɣa Zhang, ban zaa nyɛ Longquan kalo maaniba, m-pa shɛli ka yina Southern Song, amaa din bɔŋɔ dii bi neei dɔni. Kpɛma sani maa yimi na ni ware din gahim; di niŋ viɛnyɛla bee di bi niŋ lahabali din yina bahigu yɛliya ni di daa waligimi ni "crackled glaze", ka Ge ware (maɣina "kpɛma sani maa ware") tu ni di nyɛ lala balibu ŋɔ. Bia sani maa gba daa yimi na ni kalonima malibu din viɛla ka bɛ daa ti nya ka di nyɛ din gaŋdu Longquan ware ni.[40]

Southern Song saha daa nya din viɛla, ni din mali ko'balibu, ka lahi nyɛ din malibu yɛligira. Kalibu din nyɛ yuuni 1988 Chinese "archaeologist" ni gdaa kali shɛli piligu daa nyɛla 39 din yina Northern Song,ka 61 yina Southern Song, ka din gari 70 yina Yuan. Kɔbigu puuni vaabu 20th century daa nyɛla 23%, <10% ni <5%,ka di wuhiri mali yaɣi, ka din daa kpalim nyɛ kilns din daa mali kpɛŋ.[41]

Di zaɣi maŋ tali daa shee la tiŋa 14th century, amaa di tuuli malibu mini tiŋ'duya kpɛbu daa nyɛla din tiri tooni. Zaŋ chaŋ century maa sunsuuni Jingdezhen ware nyɛla bɛ ni daa maani shɛli "blue and white porcelain", ka lala "war" palli ŋɔ zani ti Longquan celadon dahi pam ni. Ko'kpɛɣu mini tɔbu nyɛla din che ka kilns shɛŋa kpihim zaa; kilns shɛŋa bɛ ni gbi n kurigi tooi zooi la ko'kpɛɣu ni zori ti luri shɛli. Amaa, hali "stoutly potted celadons" din yina Ming saha gba malila ban toɣisi di malibu Jingdezhen mini Japan. Daabiligu kopu din daa fim kom ni gba daa nyɛla bɛ ni nya shɛli Sinan County zaŋ du Korean teeku ni yuuni 1976, din lɔɣu daa mali gari 9,600 celadon zaɣi gansi din yina Yuan period,amaa ka di zaɣi maŋli maa. Di daa naan tooi nya Japan ka bɛ mali lala dina ŋɔ n-ti;di daa malila adiini binyɛra.[42] Di daa fim la yuuni 1323,[43] lahabali wuhiya ni bɛ na kuli maani la di tatabiti hali bɛ ni daa bi tɛhiri ni bɛ ni tooi mali li shɛm.[44]

Longquan celadon daa nyɛla din du zuɣusaa Ming dynasty piligu ha,di ni daa niŋ kiln shɛli sokam ni saɣiti ka bɛ maani li n-tiri kotu maa. Di fulaawaasi nima nachiinsi dihibu daa ŋmanila Jingdezhen nuɣiso mni zaɣ'piɛlli mini "court lacquerwork". Parante parilana daa bɛni ka di buɣi dibu tɔ pam. Zaŋ chaŋ 15th century sunsuuni kootu maa daa zaɣisi bɛ binyɛra deebu, ka kilnstiŋgbani ni dɔnibu lahi pili yaha.[45] Ming bahigu ha kilns bela ko n daa kpalim bɛni, ka bɛ tooi mali li m-maani binyɛra kamani "tiles" mini ko'duɣiri.[46]

Zaŋ kana 20th century tiŋ'bihi mini tiŋ'duya nima ban niŋ zaɣa mini baŋdiba chaŋla lala kiln yaɣa ŋɔ ti gbi ni. Ʒemana Chinese baŋdiba,tuuli kilnni daa be shɛli nyɛla bɛ ni daa na vihi shɛli tuuli, Chen Wanli n-daa vihi li yuuni 1928 mini yuuni 1934, din ni daa niŋ ka shɛba pun' gbi li yuuni 1916 nyaaŋa.[47]

  1. ↑ British Museum page
  2. ↑ Krahl and Harrison-Hall, 13; Gompertz, 158 has "over 200 kiln sites" showing the pace of Chinese archaeology in recent decades, and perhaps counting groups rather than individual kilns; Medley, 147, on their locations
  3. ↑ Medley, 146
  4. ↑ Medley, 115-118; Gompertz, 159, 98-125; for some reason one is typically capitalized and the other not.
  5. ↑ Medley, 147
  6. ↑ Gompertz, 22 quoted; Medley, 146 describes them as "stoneware and porcellanous ware".
  7. ↑ Vainker, 108 (quoted); Clunas, 284-285 refers to celadons as porcelain, but not consistently.
  8. ↑ Medley, 147; Grove: "The body of Longquan celadon is a light grey stoneware, sometimes reaching the quality of a pure white porcelain".
  9. ↑ Compare the text and captions at Clunas 284-285, fig. 250 is called "stoneware", fig. 251 (the Katzenelnbogen bowl) "porcelain". Both are Longquan celadon of 1400-50.
  10. ↑ For example Fang, Lili, Chinese Ceramics, 45-47, 2011, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 052118648X, 9780521186483, google books
  11. ↑ Medley, 148-152
  12. ↑ Valenstein, 101-102
  13. ↑ Medley, 147-148
  14. ↑ Valenstein, 99-100
  15. ↑ Medley, 147-148
  16. ↑ Gompertz, 164
  17. ↑ Medley, 152
  18. ↑ Gompertz, 149-150
  19. ↑ Medley, 150
  20. ↑ Gompertz, 156, 162; Grove
  21. ↑ Gompertz, 156; The British Museum says of the pair illustrated below: "These funerary urns are decorated with two ‘animals of the four directions’, called 'siling 四靈' in Chinese. The White Tiger of the West is pursuing a dog and the Green Dragon of the East is chasing a flaming pearl. The birds on the covers may allude to the Red Bird of the South; but the symbol of the north, a tortoise with a snake, is not present. In China, artists decorated coffins and tombs with these creatures from the Han dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) onwards. These jars stored provisions for the afterlife such as grain and are part of local southern burial practice."
  22. ↑ Medley, 148; Gompertz, 164-167
  23. ↑ Gompertz, 164
  24. ↑ Medley, 150-151
  25. ↑ British Museum example, 1991,0304.3; Clunas, 212 has this shrine with gilded figures.
  26. ↑ Vainker, 110-111, though see Valenstein, 99, and Clunas, 97, 100, 229, where court patronage is said to have ended with the reign of the Xuande Emperor (d. 1435); Krahl and Harrison-Hall, 44 say (of the Southern Song) "The Longquan kilns were non-official kilns whose workers nevertheless made ceramics for the imperial household ...", repeated by the British Museum
  27. ↑ Gompertz, 173; Vainker, 110-111; Rawson, 250
  28. ↑ Vainker, 110-112; Gompertz, 148, 171; Rawson, 250
  29. ↑ Gompertz, 170-171
  30. ↑ Gompertz, 26
  31. ↑ Gompertz, 26
  32. ↑ Gompertz, 147
  33. ↑ Massing, 132; Gompertz, 26
  34. ↑ Massing, 131-132
  35. ↑ Massing, 132; Clunas, 285
  36. ↑ Warham Bowl, Ashmolean; Gompertz, 26
  37. ↑ Valenstein, 99; Vainker, 108-109
  38. ↑ Rawson, 84; Vainker, 105; Grove; Gompertz, 156
  39. ↑ Gompertz, 125
  40. ↑ Gompertz, 155-158; Vainker, 108
  41. ↑ Deng, 61-62
  42. ↑ British Museum
  43. ↑ Rawson, 274
  44. ↑ Gompertz, 201; 어은영 (2007-04-14) (Korean). Internet Daily NewsHankuk. http://www.newshankuk.com/news/news_view.asp?articleno=s2007041419192607963. İstifadə tarixi: 2008-03-22.
  45. ↑ Clunas and Harrison-Hall, 97, 100
  46. ↑ Gompetz, 188-194
  47. ↑ Gompertz, 157-158
  • Clunas, Craig and Harrison-Hall, Jessica, Ming: 50 years that changed China, 2014, British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714124841
  • Deng, Gary, Maritime Sector, Institutions, and Sea Power of Premodern China, 1999, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313307121, 9780313307126
  • Gompertz, G.St.G.M., Chinese Celadon Wares, 1980 (2nd edn.), Faber & Faber, ISBN 0571180035
  • "Grove": Oxford Art Online, "China, §VIII, 3: Ceramics: Historical development", various authors
  • Krahl, Regina and Harrison-Hall, Jessica, Chinese Ceramics: Highlights of the Sir Percival David Collection, 2009, British Museum, ISBN 0714124540, 9780714124544
  • Massing, Jean Michel, in Levinson, Jay A. (ed), Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration, 1991, Yale UP/National Gallery of Art, ISBN 0300051670, google books
  • Medley, Margaret, The Chinese Potter: A Practical History of Chinese Ceramics, 3rd edition, 1989, Phaidon, ISBN 071482593X
  • Rawson, Jessica (ed). The British Museum Book of Chinese Art, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714124469
  • Vainker, S.J., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, 1991, British Museum Press, 9780714114705
  • Valenstein, S. (1998). A handbook of Chinese ceramics, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. ISBN 9780870995149 (fully online)
  • Regina Krahl, et al., Chinese Ceramics in the Topkapi Saray Museum, Istanbul, 3 vols, London, 1986

Tɛmplet:Chinese ceramics Tɛmplet:Song dynasty topics Coordinates: 28°04′30″N 119°07′15″E / 28.07500°N 119.12083°E / 28.07500; 119.12083

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