Gotthold Ephraim Lessings Sämmtliche Schriften Band 4 Zur Philosophie Und Kunst Fortsetzung Full Chapter Download PDF
Gotthold Ephraim Lessings Sämmtliche Schriften Band 4 Zur Philosophie Und Kunst Fortsetzung Full Chapter Download PDF
Gotthold Ephraim Lessings Sämmtliche Schriften Band 4 Zur Philosophie Und Kunst Fortsetzung Full Chapter Download PDF
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Gotthold Ephraim Lessing'S
sämmtliche Schriften.
B i e r 11 k Band.
Berlin.
In der Bossrschen Buchhandlung.
1 8 2 5.
Inhalt
philus Presbyter............................................. 3
XV. Rettung des Lemnius in acht Briefen.............. 6f>
XVL Rettung des Co-chläus, aber nur in einer
Kleinigkeit ............................................. 106
XVIT. Rettung des Hieronymus Cardanus. . . 12's
XVHI. Rettung des Inepti Religtosi und seines
ungenannten Verfassers............................................ tos
XIX. Rettungen des Horaz. ........................... r>8
Anhang.
(Aus Lefsing's Nachlaß.)
T. Über die Elpistiker. ...................................... 2G1
II. Über eine zeitige Aufgabe: Wird durch die Bemü
hung kaltblütiger Philosophen und Lucianischer
Geister gegen das, was sie Enthusiasmus und
IV
Seile
Schwärmerei nennen, mehr Böses als Gutes ge
stiftet? Und in welchen Schranken müssen sich die
Antiplatoniker halten, um nützlich zu seyn? . . . 286
Lheophilus Presbyter.
1 7 7 4.
Vorbericht,
I.
Gelehrte nnd Künstler gehen einmüthig vor, (a)
daß die Ölmalerei eine neuere Erfindung sey, welche
nicht eher, als in der ersten Hälfte des fünfzehnten
Jahrhunderts, in Ausübung gebracht worden.
Auch geben sie fast eben so einmüthig vor, (b)
daß man diese neuere Erfindung einem Niederländi
schen Maler, Namens Johann von Eyck, oder
wie er nach, dem Orte, wo er meistens lebte und
arbeitete, genannt wird, Johann von Brügge,
zu danken habe.
Und worauf gründet sich dieses Dorgeben? Was
hat es für historische Beweise? Finden sich Zeug
nisse zeitverwandtcr Schriftsteller? Oder hat der
Erfinder feilst, auf seinen ersten Werken dieser Art,
der Nachkommenschaft die Versicherung davon über
liefert; so wie es die Erfinder der Druckerei zu
thun, die Vorsicht gehabt? Und wo find diese
Werke, diese unwidersprechlichen Belege?
Auf alle -diese Fragen weiß ich mir nichts zu
antworten; so angelegen ich mir es auch seit ge
raumer Zeit seyn lassen, darauf antworten zu können.
So viele der neuesten nnd gründlichsten Schriftsteller
das Nämliche versichern, so viele weisen mich alle,
6
II.
Aber wer ist dieser Theophilus? Und was
ist dieses für ein noch rmgedruLtes Werk von ihm?
Es ist eben derselbe Mönch, oder wie er sich
sell st nennt, Presbyter, dieses Namens, aus der
mittlern 3 it; es ist dessen nämliches lateinisches
Werk, welches Feller unter den Handschriften der
Pauliner Bibliothek zu Leipzig fand, und als eine
der ersten Kostbarkeiten dieser Bibliothek in seinem
Verzeichnisse von 1685, unter dem Titel, de colo-
ribus et de arte colorandi viträ, anzeigte, (h)
Eß ist das nämliche "Werk, welches einer von
den Verfassern der Actor. Erudin einige Jahre dar
auf, bei Gelegenheit des Ciampirri, etwas näher
bekannt machte, um damit zu beweisen, daß Antonio
Neri nicht der erste sey, welcher von der Glas
macherkunst geschrieben habe, (i)
Es wird vermuthlich eben der Schriftsteller, und
eben das Werk seyn, welches aus der Bibliothek
des Abts Stgot in die Kcnigl. Bibliothek zu Paris
gekommen, wo es gegenwärtig die t)74lste Hand-
schrift ist, und den Titel fuhrt: Tbeophili Über
de omni seien, tia picturae artig, (k)
Bei den neueren Littcratoren finde ich dieses
Theophilus und seines Werks nicht gedacht; selbst
beim FabriciuH nicht. Wohl aber bei den älteren.
Gesner brachte bei, daß einer, Namens Theo-
pH ilus, ein sehr schönes Werk von der Glasmacher-
12
IV,
Es wurde sehr überflüssig seyn, mehrere Zeug
nisse für das Alter der Ölfarben aus unsrer Hand
schrift anzuführen, Ein einziges, in welchem die
Ölfarben auch nur beiläufig genannt wären, würde
meine Behauptung hinlänglich erhärten: und zwan
zig , wenn sie mich noch ausdrücklicher wären, als
die drei angeführten, würden nicht mehr Kraft ha
ben , als das einzige.
Anstatt dessen erlaube man mir vielmehr, ein
zweites Exempel daraus hier einzuschalten, wie ge
neigt man gewesen, neueren Malern, nach dem
Eimabue, Erfindungrn beizulegen, die längst
vor ihnen gemacht waren.
V.
Ich schließe und kehre zu dem Manne zurück,
der nunmehr nothwendig von seinem bisherigen Ruhme
so vieles verliert.
Aber auch alles? Wenn Johann von Eyck
die Ölmalerei nicht erfunden hat, sollte er sich nicht
wenigstens etwa so besonders darum verdient gemacht
haben, daß man dieses Verdienst der ersten Erfin
dung gleich schätzen, und endlich gar damit vermen
gen tonnen?
24
Anmerkungen.
Um den Leser weder durch Anführungen, nod; durch
Nebendinge zu unterbrechen, habe ich diese Anmer
kungen hinten Nachfolgen zu lassen, für gut -befunden.
Sie dienen auch überhaupt weniger für den, der sid)
bloß von der Sache unterrichten will, als für den, der
sich einer eigenen Prüfung derselben unterziehen wollte.
(a)
-------- geben einmüthig vor.] Denn ich kenne
nur zwei Männer, die sich von-dieser Einmüthigkeit
einigermaßen ausschließen, indem sie das Alterthum
27
der Ölmalerei zwar nicht ausdrücklich behaupten, die
Neuheit derselben zwar nicht ausdrücklich läugnen,
aber doch auch jenes eben so wenig schlechterdings
läugnen, als diese schlechterdings behaupten möchten.
Sie stehen nur an; sie halten ihre Stimme nur zu
rück. Und diese zwei Männer sind — ich zweifle,
ob sie beide noch jemals zusammen genannt wor
den; ich zweifle, ob man sie bei einem andern
Anlasse sobald wieder zusammen nennen dürfte —
unser Litterator Jac. Fr. Reimmann und der
Graf von Eaylus.
Reimmann, bereits im Jahre 1709, in seiner
Litterär - Historie der Deutschen, einem Werke, das
wenigstens aus sehr gelehrten Fragen besteht, wenn
auch schon die Antworten nicht immer sehr gelehrt
seyn sollten (Th.II. S.287.), ertheilte auf die Frage:
Wer hat die Kunst, die Ölfarben zu bereiten,
und mit denselben auf Leinwand zu malen,
zuerst erfunden? in dem ihm eigenen pedantisch
galanten Style, folgende Antwort: „Das sollen
nach dem Bericht des Antoris der Baumeister-
Acaclemie tlt der Durchl. Welt Cap. I. discursu 3.
p. 65. der Johannes und Hubertus van Eyck, Ge
orüder aus Flandern, um das Jahr Christi, 1410
zum erstenmal erfunden haben, welches ich aber
dem geneigten Leser zur reifen Untersuchung, und
dem Urheber dieser Meinung zu seiner Verantwor
tung und deutlichen Erklärung überlassen will. Denn
ich vor mein pmiculkr gestehe ganz gern, daß ich
2*
28
H. spinulosus v. Sieb. (Fig. 219). Hab. North Sea, Arctic Ocean, and Baltic, in
from two to fifty fathoms.
Halicryptus casts its cuticle in May and September; it becomes loose first at the
hinder end, and the split between it and the skin grows forward until the animal lies
free in a cuticular mantle. After some days this is split, and the animal frees itself
from it; the cast-off cuticle includes for a short distance the lining of the mouth, the
anus, and the two generative pores.
Fig. 220.—A, Bonellia viridis Rol., ♀ ; B, B. fuliginosa. Both nat. size. a, Grooved
proboscis; b, mouth; c, ventral hooks; d, anus.
The body of the female Bonellia viridis, one of the best known species of Echiurids,
is shaped like a small sausage, and is usually about 2 inches long. The proboscis
arises from the anterior end, and is extremely extensible. At the distal end the
proboscis splits into two short arms, which are often recurved; along the whole
ventral surface runs a groove lined with cilia, which by the approximation of its
edges can be converted into a tube. At the bottom of the proboscis the groove
opens into the mouth. Echiurus; Thalassema, and the female Hamingia have short
proboscides, which do not bifurcate but otherwise resemble those of the female
Bonellia.
Fig. 221.—View of a female Bonellia viridis Rol., opened along the left side, × 2. a,
Proboscis cut short; b, a bristle passed through the mouth into the pharynx; c,
convoluted intestine; d, anal tufts or vesicles; e, ventral nerve-cord; f, ovary
borne on ventral vessel running parallel with e; g, position of anus; h, points to
position of external opening of nephridium; i, nephridium. This line is on a level
with the internal funnel-shaped opening.
The green colour of B. viridis is due to a special pigment, "Bonellein," which at one
time was thought to be identical with chlorophyll. A similar green colour is found in
Hamingia arctica, Thalassema baronii, and the larvae of many forms.
A short distance behind the mouth, on the ventral surface, the female Bonellia and
both sexes of Thalassema and Echiurus bear two incurved stout chitinous hooks;
these gave the name Gephyrea Armata to the above-mentioned genera. In addition
to these, Echiurus has a row of chitinous bristles surrounding the posterior end of
the body; the row is single in E. unicinctus, double in E. pallasii. These bristles are
formed, like the hooks on the introvert of the Sipunculoidea, by epidermal cells;
those of B. minor and of the posterior rings in Echiurus are said to arise each from a
single cell, just as the bristles do in Chaetopods.
The skin consists of very much the same layers as does that of Sipunculus; the
cuticle is thin, the epidermis is modified into numerous glandular cells, papillae, and
pits, from which the bristles arise. A third layer of oblique or circular fibres is usually
found inside the longitudinal muscle-layer. The proboscis is solid, and contains
much connective-tissue and numerous muscle-fibres running in all directions; the
ventral groove is ciliated.
The alimentary canal in the Echiuroidea consists of a long thin-walled tube with
numerous convolutions; it is not coiled as in Sipunculids, but the loops are
irregularly arranged, and are supported by numerous fine muscular strands which
run from the skin. There is a ciliated groove running along one side of the intestine,
as in the Sipunculids. The anus is terminal. The most striking peculiarity of the
alimentary canal of the Echiurids is the existence of a collateral intestine or "siphon."
This is a narrow tube which arises from the main canal not very far from the mouth,
and re-enters it again lower down. A similar structure occurs in some Echinids, and
in the Capitelliformia (pp. 272, 305). Its function is not certainly known.
The "brown tubes" or nephridia vary in number in the Echiurids. In the female
Bonellia there is but one; in B. viridis the right, in B. minor the left usually persists. In
shape, colour, contractility, and minute structure they closely resemble those of
Sipunculus. Hamingia is said to have a pair of brown tubes; Echiurus has two pairs,
except E. chilensis, which has three; their internal openings are produced into long
coiled slits in some genera. Thalassema gigas has one pair; Th. neptuni, Th.
baronii, Th. formosulum, and Th. exilii, two; whilst Th. vegrande, Th. moebii, Th.
erythrogrammon, Th. caudex, and Th. sorbillans have three pairs.
The nervous system consists of a ventral cord lying in the body-cavity, as in the
Sipunculoidea, but attached to the skin, and of a circumoesophageal ring. With the
growth of the proboscis this ring is drawn out, and the two branches run along the
sides of the proboscis and unite at the tip. There is no specialisation of brain, nor
are any special sense organs present, but the ventral cord gives off paired nerves at
regular intervals, which, uniting dorsally, form rings in the skin in some and probably
in all species.
The genital glands are, like those of the Sipunculoidea, formed by a special
development of the cells lining the body-cavity. These cells are massed together
along the wall of the ventral blood-vessel. In Echiurus and in Thalassema the cells
break off and float in the body-cavity, developing into ova and spermatozoa. In
Bonellia each cell does not become an egg, but a mass of cells breaks off, one of
which increases in size at the expense of the others and forms the ovum. The
mature sexual cells leave the body through the nephridia.
Fig. 222.—An adult male Bonellia viridis Rol. The original was 1.5 mm. long. The
nervous system is not shown. (After Selenka.). a, Generative pore with
spermatozoa coming out; b, anterior blind end of intestine attached to the
parenchymatous tissue by muscular strands; c, green wandering cells containing
chlorophyll; d, parenchymatous connective-tissue; e, epidermis; i, intestine; j, vas
deferens; l, internal opening of vas deferens; m, the left anal vesicle; n,
spermatozoa in the body-cavity.
Bonellia and Hamingia present very interesting cases of sexual dimorphism. In both
genera the female is an animal of considerable size with the normal structure of the
Echiuroidea, but the male (Fig. 222) is a microscopic Planarian-like animal, which
lives in the mouth and in the nephridia of the female. Both in Bonellia[486] and in
Hamingia the male is provided with a pair of hook-like ventral bristles; these are
wanting in the female Hamingia. The surface of the male is ciliated, and the skin
contains circular and longitudinal muscle-fibres. The body-cavity is developed, but
does not reach to either end of the body. The alimentary canal is closed, neither
mouth nor anus existing; it is supported by regularly arranged dorso-ventral muscle
strands. A nerve-ring and a ventral cord exist. There are also two rudimentary
organs corresponding with the anal vesicles of the female, and a single nephridium
which acts as a duct for the spermatozoa; the latter arise from modified cells lining
the body-cavity.
In both sexes the larvae develop to a certain stage without showing any trace of
sexual differentiation, but after this stage, the development of the male is to a
certain extent arrested; in some respects, indeed, it undergoes retrogressive
changes. At this time it is found clinging to the proboscis of the female, thence it
makes its way to the mouth, where it undergoes its final change; and then creeping
out, finds its way into the nephridium of the female, and spends the rest of its life
there in a special recess cut off by a fold from the excretory part of this organ. In
Hamingia, however, Lankester, who first described the male, did not find any in the
nephridia, but found five specimens, each 1⁄12 inch long, within the dilated pharynx
of the female.
Development.—In Bonellia and Hamingia it seems probable that the ova are
fertilised in the nephridium of the female; in the other genera they are fertilised in
the water after leaving the body of the mother.
In Thalassema and Echiurus the growth of the embryo results in the formation of a
typical Trochosphere larva, a type widely spread in the animal kingdom, being found
in the Chaetopoda (Fig. 145, A), Polyzoa (p. 510), and Mollusca. The large prae-
oral lobe persists in the Echiuroidea as the proboscis; the mouth is ventral in
position, with usually a ring of cilia encircling the body in front of and behind it; the
anus is posterior and terminal. A pair of larval excretory organs are present, and a
special nervous aggregation of cells at the apex of the prae-oral lobe is usually
indicated by the presence of a bunch of long cilia.
The anal vesicles arise quite late in the development; when they have acquired their
openings into the body-cavity, they seem to take in water. In Thalassema, as
described by Conn, this is accompanied by remarkable changes, amounting almost
to a metamorphosis. The body increases in bulk fourfold, the cilia of the prae-oral
ring disappear, and the animal now moves only by means of its proboscis; the
pigment is absorbed, and all traces of segmentation disappear. A similar intaking of
water is described by Spengel in Bonellia. In this genus the larva, which is coloured
bright green, and has two brown eye-spots, is not such a typical Trochosphere as is
that of Echiurus and Thalassema.
Fig. 223.—Echiurus pallasii Guér. × ½. a, Mouth at the end of the grooved proboscis;
b, ventral hooks; c, anus.
Greef mentions eight species of Thalassema and Rietsch thirteen; three of these,
however, Th. grohmanni, Th. lessonii, and Th. pelzelnii, were not seen by either
author, and their description is taken from Diesing. There is some reason for
thinking that the two first-named species are identical with Th. neptuni. Conn has
established a new species for the specimens whose embryology he worked out at
Beaufort, Virginia, and Selenka described a new species from the Challenger
material.
With the exception of the three doubtful species mentioned above, the list of species
of Thalassema is as follows:—
Th. erythrogrammon Max Müller. Red Sea and East Indies (Billiton).
Th. caudex Lampert. Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
Bonellia.—Proboscis very extensible and bifurcated at the end. The body and
proboscis are coloured a bright green. Two ventral hook-like bristles, but no peri-
anal ring. A single nephridium. The above applies to the female; the males are
degenerate, and live in the nephridium or pharynx of the female.
This genus was first described by Koren and Danielssen as H. arctica. Two
specimens were afterwards described by Horst as H. glacialis. Later Lankester
described two other specimens; he was the first to find the male in the pharynx of
the female. He is of the opinion that all three descriptions apply to the same
species, and for this the original name H. arctica must be retained.
Hamingia arctica K. and D. Two hundred miles north of North Cape and in the
Hardanger Fjord.
Saccosoma.—No proboscis. The body is flask-shaped. The mouth and anus are
terminal. The ovary is anterior, and there is only one nephridium. No bristles.
Our knowledge of this remarkable Gephyrean is very incomplete, but such as it is, it
is due to the careful investigations of Koren and Danielssen, who had only a single
specimen at their disposition.
Habits of the Echiuroidea.—As a rule the members of this group conceal their
bodies in clefts and fissures of rocks and stones, keeping up communication with
the outer world by means of their proboscis. Rietsch[488] describes a specimen of
Bonellia minor, which he placed in an aquarium, exploring with its proboscis the
nature of the bottom; when the animal had found a convenient crevice, it fixed its
proboscis in it by means of the bifurcated end, and by its contraction drew the body
up, and entered the hole, proboscis first. It then turned round, and during this
operation doubtless the ventral hooks came into play; and then stretching out its
proboscis, it began to explore the neighbourhood. The proboscis is evidently very
sensitive, and in addition to being a locomotor organ, it is also used for the
prehension of food. If cut off near the mouth, the animal does not long survive, but if
a considerable portion is left the scar heals, and the lost part is probably
regenerated. In captivity the animals frequently change their place of residence.
Eisig some years ago described the great extensibility of the proboscis of B. viridis
when confined in the tanks of the Zoological Station at Naples. When contracted the
proboscis was but a few inches long, but at times it was extended till it reached the
length of 1½ metre, shining through the water as a transparent green thread. The
body of the Bonellia was hidden under stones, but the proboscis could be seen
seizing between its two ends the bodies of certain Ascidians which covered the
inside of the tank, tearing them off the walls, and conveying them to the mouth along
its grooved ventral surface.
The food of the Echiuroidea consists of organic matter, in the main of animal nature,
but the group differs from the Sipunculoidea in not eating sand.
Rietsch describes Thalassema neptuni as being more active in its movements and
less sedentary than B. minor. The proboscis is still the chief organ of locomotion,
but the trunk plays a greater part in the movements of the animal than it does in the
last-named species. Th. neptuni is found in cavities of stones or in the chambers
worn out by the Mollusc Gastrochaena; when withdrawn from its house the body is
found to be covered by a thick layer of tenacious viscid mucus.
Fig. 224.—Thalassema neptuni Gaert. × 2. A, The animal lying on its
ventral surface. B, Ventral view of the anterior end, showing the
grooved proboscis ending behind in the mouth, and the ventral
hooks.
To sum up, it seems probable that the Echiuroidea are derived from
the Chaetopoda, and that their nearest ally in this group is
Sternaspis; and that the Sipunculoidea are allied to the Echiuroidea,
but have further departed from the Annelid stock, and have lost even
those traces of affinity with the parent group which have been
preserved in the development of Echiurus and Thalassema.
CHAPTER XVI
PHORONIS
HISTORY—HABITS—STRUCTURE—REPRODUCTION—LARVA—
METAMORPHOSIS—LIST OF SPECIES AND LOCALITIES—SYSTEMATIC
POSITION.
What little we know about the habits of Phoronis is in the main due to
the observations of Cori,[492] who studied Ph. psammophila at Faro,
an inlet of the sea near Messina. The least disturbance causes the
animal to withdraw its head with lightning rapidity into the tube, from
which after a time it re-emerges very slowly, and does not expand its
tentacular crown until its body is completely extended. Cori states
that not unfrequently individuals are found either without the crown of
tentacles or with the latter in process of regeneration. These may
have been bitten off by fish, etc.; but, on the other hand, van
Beneden describes in Crepina gracilis (Ph. hippocrepia) the throwing
off and regeneration of the crown of tentacles; and Cori confirms his
observation, at any rate as far as concerns those individuals kept in
captivity, and whose surroundings were presumably somewhat
unfavourable. He further observed the interesting fact that the cast-
off crown of tentacles continued to live, and suggests that possibly it
may develop a new body, in which case the phenomenon would be
an interesting case of binary fission producing two new animals.