Neural Modularity Helps Organisms Evolve to Learn New Skills without Forgetting Old Skills
Fig 4
The addition of a cost for network connections, which is present only in the P&CC treatment, significantly increases performance and modularity.
Modularity is measured via a widely used approximation of the standard Q modularity score [23, 57, 65, 67] (Methods). For each treatment, the median from 100 independent evolution experiments is shown ± 95% bootstrapped confidence intervals of the median (Methods). Asterisks below each plot indicate statistically significant differences at p < 0.01 according to the Mann-Whitney U test, which is the default statistical test throughout this paper unless otherwise specified.