Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Dietary Polyphenols
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Classification
1.2. Background of Polyphenol Research
1.3. Interest in the Actions of Intestinal Microbiota
2. Hydrolysis and Absorption of Polyphenols in the Stomach and Small Intestine
2.1. Stability of Polyphenols in the Stomach
2.2. Intestinal Absorption of Sugar-Bound Polyphenols
2.3. Intestinal Absorption of Monomeric Epicatechin and Its Related Monomeric Flavan-3-ols
2.4. Intestinal Absorption of Oligomeric Procyanidins
2.5. Hydrolysis of Tannins in the Digestive Tract
3. Decomposition and Metabolism by Intestinal Bacteria
3.1. Flavonoid Quercetin
3.2. Proanthocyanidin
3.3. Anthocyanidins
3.4. Curcumin
3.5. Resveratrol
3.6. Ellagitannin
4. Physiological Functions Mediated by Intestinal Microbiota
4.1. Bioavailability and Action of Polyphenol Catabolites
4.2. Action of Polyphenols on Gut Microbiota
5. Future Directions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Subjects (Gender; Age; BMI) | Detected Compounds | Cmax1 (M) | Tmax1 (hours) | Cmax2 (M) | Tmax2 (hours) | AUC0-last (M·h) | T1/2 (h) | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood orange juice (71 mg cyanidin glucosides) | Healthy men & women; 20–24; 21–31 | Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 0.0019 | 0.5 | 0.007 ac | 116 | |||
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 0.492 | 2 | 11 ac | ||||||
Cranberry juice cocktail (188.5 mg phenolics) | Healthy nonsmoking men & postmenopausal women; 50–70; 18.5–29.9 | Quercetin | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 7.8 | 9.9 bc | 117 | |
Epicatechin | 0.082 | 2.6 | 0.079 | 8.1 | 0.586 bc | ||||
Myricetin | 0.068 | 1.7 | 0.05 | 7.8 | 0.319 bc | ||||
Isorhamnetin | 0.099 | 0.5 | 0.153 | 7.3 | 0.267 bc | ||||
Peonidin glycosides | 0.00017–0.0021 | 0.9–4.7 | 0.00038–0.0053 bc | ||||||
Cyanidin glycosides | 0.00019–0.00073 | 1.7–3.3 | 0.000092–0.0033 bc | ||||||
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid | 10 | 8.8 | 91 bc | ||||||
4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid | 12 | 0.7 | 11 | 6.1 | 16 bc | ||||
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 7.2 | 9.9 bc | ||||
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | 0.613 | 1.5 | 0.783 | 7.8 | 2.3 bc | ||||
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | 0.083 | 8.4 | 0.348 bc | ||||||
[2-14C](−)-Epicatechin (207 mmoles) | Healthy men; 31 ± 3; 24.5 ± 3.3 | Epicatechin conjugates g | 1.223 | 1 | 4.943 b | 1.9 | 50 | ||
5-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone | 0.272 d | 6.4 | 7.595 bd | 6.3 | |||||
0.177 e | 6.1 | 3.237 be | 4.4 | ||||||
0.039 f | 5.5 | 1.017 bf | 6.4 | ||||||
5-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-4-hydroxyvaleric acid | 0.056 d | 5.9 | 1.492 bd | 7.6 | |||||
5-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-4-hydroxyvaleric acid | 0.054 e | 4.9 | 0.835 be | 6.5 | |||||
Pomegranate juice (318 mg of punicalagin; 12 mg of ellagic acid) | Healthy men & women; 32.6 ± 10.2; 21.3 ± 1.4 | Ellagic acid | 0.06 | 0.98 | 0.17 a | 0.71 | 107 | ||
Pomegranate juice (857 mg of gallic acid equivalent) | Healthy men & women; 29.7 ± 8.3; 24.1 ± 3.6 | Ellagic acid | 0.06 | 0.65 | 0.14 a | 1.14 | 120 |
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Kawabata, K.; Yoshioka, Y.; Terao, J. Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Dietary Polyphenols. Molecules 2019, 24, 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020370
Kawabata K, Yoshioka Y, Terao J. Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Dietary Polyphenols. Molecules. 2019; 24(2):370. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020370
Chicago/Turabian StyleKawabata, Kyuichi, Yasukiyo Yoshioka, and Junji Terao. 2019. "Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Dietary Polyphenols" Molecules 24, no. 2: 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020370
APA StyleKawabata, K., Yoshioka, Y., & Terao, J. (2019). Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Dietary Polyphenols. Molecules, 24(2), 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020370