Water Quality Variability and Related Factors along the Yangtze River Using Landsat-8
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data
2.2.1. Remote Sensing Data
2.2.2. Data Preprocessing
2.2.3. In-Situ Observations
2.2.4. Meteorological Data
2.2.5. Other Data
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Characteristics for Water Quality Retrieval
- (A)
- Common standard characteristics
- (B)
- Characteristics based on color space transformation
- (C)
- Characteristics based on coordinate system transformation
- (D)
- Characteristics based on directional cosines
2.3.2. Regression Modeling Validation
2.3.3. Regression Modeling Validation
2.4. Fitting Function of the Water Quality Parameters Times Series
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Regression Analysis
3.2. Spatial-Temporal Variations of Water Quality Parameters
3.2.1. Monthly and Annual Variations
3.2.2. Seasonal Variations of Water Quality Parameters for the Yangtze River Sections
3.3. Relationship Between Water Quality and Other Factors
3.3.1. Hydrological and Meteorological Factors
3.3.2. Human Factors
- (A)
- Land use
- (B)
- Sewage Discharge
- (C)
- Cargo handling capacity
4. Discussion
4.1. Water Quality Retrieval
4.2. Factors Related to Water Quality
4.2.1. Hydrological and Meteorological Factors
4.2.2. Human Factors
4.3. Wider Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Water Quality Parameters | Characteristic | Regression Equations | MAPE | RMSE | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chl-a | 26.89% | 0.529 | 0.95 | ||
TN | 4.52% | 0.092 mg/L | 0.80 | ||
TP | 6.13% | 0.008 mg/L | 0.87 |
Section | Water Quality Parameters | Annual Variation Amplitude and Phase | Half-Year Variation Amplitude and Phase | Constant Term | Maximum/Minimum Month in a Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yichang | Chl | −7.5, 1.47 | 1.7, 1.49 | 3.61 | July, January |
TN | , | July, January | |||
TP | , 1.0 | July, January | |||
Chenglingji | Chl | −1.01, 1.9 | 6.7, 1.9 | 3.71 | August, February |
TN | , 1.5 | August, February | |||
TP | July, January | ||||
Chizhou | Chl | −7.3, 1.9 | 3.7, 2.2 | 4.5 | August, February |
TN | , −0.19 | June, December | |||
TP | , −0.18 | June, December | |||
Hankou | Chl | −1.6, 1.22 | 4.1, 1.8 | 4.9 | August, February |
TN | May, November | ||||
TP | , −0.67 | May, November |
Chl | TP | TN | Water Level | Flow | Temperature | Precipitation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chl | 1.00 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.43 |
TP | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.72 | 0.66 |
TN | 0.67 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.47 |
Water level | 0.68 | 0.84 | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.79 | 0.67 |
Flow | 0.68 | 0.84 | 0.75 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.79 | 0.65 |
Temperature | 0.55 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.83 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.64 |
Precipitation | 0.43 | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.67 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 1.00 |
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He, Y.; Jin, S.; Shang, W. Water Quality Variability and Related Factors along the Yangtze River Using Landsat-8. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2241. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122241
He Y, Jin S, Shang W. Water Quality Variability and Related Factors along the Yangtze River Using Landsat-8. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(12):2241. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122241
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Yang, Shuanggen Jin, and Wei Shang. 2021. "Water Quality Variability and Related Factors along the Yangtze River Using Landsat-8" Remote Sensing 13, no. 12: 2241. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13122241