Spatial Variability of L-Band Brightness Temperature during Freeze/Thaw Events over a Prairie Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Soil Monitoring Network Measurements
2.2. Distributed L-Band Measurements
2.3. Snow Measurements
2.4. SMOS Observations
3. Results
3.1. Site Meteorology and Snow Measurements
3.2. Meter-Scale TB Spatial Variability
3.3. TB Relationships with Soil and Snow In Situ Measurements
3.4. SMOS Sub-Pixel Heterogeneity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plot | Land Cover Class | Stubble Height | SM Oct. | SM Apr. | εG Nov. | εG Dec. | εG Jan. | RMS (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NE25 | Crop | high | 0.19 | 0.22 | 7.31 | 7.34 | 6.32 | 0.062 |
NW07 | Pasture | - | 0.22 | 0.21 | 3.89 | 6.76 | 4.59 | 0.084 |
NW29 | Crop | low | 0.26 | 0.32 | 7.80 | 7.97 | 5.49 | 0.039 |
NE36 | Crop | high | 0.27 | 0.34 | 8.73 | 8.11 | 6.84 | 0.055 |
Plot18 | Crop | high | 0.24 | 0.19 | 10.05 | 10.03 | 8.62 | 0.040 |
SW31 | Crop | low | 0.18 | 0.35 | 6.43 | 6.52 | 6.10 | 0.020 |
Plot15 | Grass | - | 0.34 | 0.22 | 11.62 | 8.42 | 8.42 | 0.035 |
Date of Visit | Plot/Soil Conditions |
---|---|
19–20 October | Unfrozen soil—no snow |
10–12 November | Frozen soil—no snow |
9–10 December | Frozen soil—snow |
11–13 January | Frozen soil—snow |
12–13 April | Unfrozen soil—no snow |
Visits: Stubbles | # Meas. | Average (cm) | STDEV | CV | MIN (cm) | MAX (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
December–January–February: high stubble | 1444 | 12.0 | 6.4 | 0.53 | 0.1 | 42.9 |
December–January–February: Low stubble | 1144 | 8.6 | 5.4 | 0.63 | 0.2 | 33.6 |
December: high stubble | 1018 | 10.4 | 5.1 | 0.49 | 0.1 | 25.5 |
January: high stubble | 319 | 13.8 | 6.0 | 0.43 | 2.6 | 33.1 |
February: high stubble | 107 | 21.9 | 8.6 | 0.39 | 1.7 | 42.9 |
December: Low stubble | 733 | 8.0 | 4.6 | 0.56 | 0.2 | 23.8 |
January: Low stubble | 383 | 9.8 | 6.6 | 0.67 | 1.3 | 33.6 |
February: Low stubble | 102 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 0.61 | 0.6 | 13.9 |
Months | Parameters | 30° | 40° | 50° | 60° | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H | V | H | V | H | V | H | V | |||||
October | TB-SMOS-TB-Rad | 5.3 | 1.9 | −4.7 | 2.1 | 9.1 | 1.7 | 10.4 | 1.9 | |||
TB-SMOS-TB-Rad-W | 3.2 | −7.1 | −5.9 | −3.8 | 11.8 | 4.5 | 22.1 | 22.5 | ||||
σRad-σRad-W | 0.7 | −0.4 | 4.9 | −0.4 | 6.4 | 0.0 | 10.4 | 1.3 | ||||
November | TB-SMOS-TB-Rad | −1.6 | −1.1 | −6.5 | −0.9 | −0.7 | −0.3 | 0.7 | 0.6 | |||
TB-SMOS-TB-Rad-W | −2.3 | −4.7 | −11.7 | −2.0 | −7.7 | 3.7 | −2.1 | 17.0 | ||||
σRad-σRad-W | 2.5 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 7.7 | 0.3 | ||||
December | TB-SMOS-TB-Rad | −3.0 | −1.5 | −8.6 | −1.0 | −5.8 | −0.1 | −6.0 | 1.6 | |||
TB-SMOS-TB-Rad-W | −2.9 | −3.3 | −9.4 | −1.1 | −7.7 | 4.1 | −8.1 | 15.7 | ||||
σRad-σRad-W | 4.5 | 2.5 | 7.7 | 1.9 | 9.8 | 0.4 | 14.7 | 1.3 | ||||
January | TB-SMOS-TB-Rad | 2.2 | 0.4 | 10.2 | 0.2 | 3.2 | −0.5 | 2.4 | −1.6 | |||
TB-SMOS-TB-Rad-W | 2.9 | 1.3 | −2.3 | 4.0 | 8.2 | 9.5 | 12.6 | 20.7 | ||||
σRad-σRad-W | 1.9 | 0.7 | 4.2 | 0.6 | 4.5 | 0.8 | 5.1 | 1.3 | ||||
April | TB-SMOS-TB-Rad | 6.8 | 5.1 | 14.1 | 3.3 | 6.4 | 1.7 | 6.4 | 0.0 | |||
TB-SMOS-TB-Rad-W | −0.9 | −6.9 | −7.6 | −5.1 | 2.2 | −1.5 | 7.9 | 10.5 | ||||
σRad-σRad-W | 10.5 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 2.0 |
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Roy, A.; Toose, P.; Derksen, C.; Rowlandson, T.; Berg, A.; Lemmetyinen, J.; Royer, A.; Tetlock, E.; Helgason, W.; Sonnentag, O. Spatial Variability of L-Band Brightness Temperature during Freeze/Thaw Events over a Prairie Environment. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090894
Roy A, Toose P, Derksen C, Rowlandson T, Berg A, Lemmetyinen J, Royer A, Tetlock E, Helgason W, Sonnentag O. Spatial Variability of L-Band Brightness Temperature during Freeze/Thaw Events over a Prairie Environment. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9(9):894. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090894
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoy, Alexandre, Peter Toose, Chris Derksen, Tracy Rowlandson, Aaron Berg, Juha Lemmetyinen, Alain Royer, Erica Tetlock, Warren Helgason, and Oliver Sonnentag. 2017. "Spatial Variability of L-Band Brightness Temperature during Freeze/Thaw Events over a Prairie Environment" Remote Sensing 9, no. 9: 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090894