Multimodal Classification of Parkinson’s Disease in Home Environments with Resiliency to Missing Modalities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- We propose MCPD-Net, a multimodal deep learning model that jointly learns representations from silhouette and accelerometer data.
- We introduce a loss function to allow our model to handle missing modalities.
- We quantitatively and qualitatively demonstrate the effectiveness of our model when dealing with missing modalities, which, for example, due to cost or privacy reasons, is a common occurrence in deployments.
- We evaluate our proposed model on a data set that includes subjects with and without PD, empirically demonstrating its ability to predict if a subject has Parkinson’s Disease based on a common activity of daily living.
2. Related Works
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
4.1. Data Set
4.2. Implementation Details
4.3. Experimental Results
4.4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Precision | Recall | -Score | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Silhouette (Sil) | CNN | 0.17 | 0.40 | 0.24 |
VAE | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.47 | |
RF | 0.46 | 0.39 | 0.41 | |
LSTM | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.41 | |
Accelerometer (Acl) | CNN | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.44 |
VAE | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.44 | |
RF | 0.59 | 0.45 | 0.43 | |
LSTM | 0.58 | 0.47 | 0.42 | |
MCPD-Net | 0.71 | 0.77 | 0.66 |
Precision | Recall | -Score | |
---|---|---|---|
CaloriNet [28] | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0.50 |
AE without | 0.69 | 0.56 | 0.58 |
AE with | 0.69 | 0.58 | 0.61 |
VAE without | 0.61 | 0.67 | 0.58 |
MCPD-Net (VAE with LD) | 0.71 | 0.77 | 0.66 |
Precision | Recall | F1-Score | |
---|---|---|---|
(a) Missing Sil (Only Using Acl) | |||
Acl VAE (unimodal) | 0.69 | 0.66 | 0.58 |
AE with (multimodal) | 0.61 | 0.40 | 0.46 |
VAE without (multimodal) | 0.63 | 0.62 | 0.57 |
MCPD-Net | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.64 |
(b) Missing Acl (only Using Sil) | |||
Sil VAE (unimodal) | 0.57 | 0.63 | 0.59 |
AE with (multimodal) | 0.67 | 0.42 | 0.48 |
VAE without (multimodal) | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.55 |
MCPD-Net | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 |
Precision | Recall | F1-Score | |
---|---|---|---|
(a) Missing Sil (Only Using Acl) | |||
Acl VAE (unimodal) | 0.63 | 0.55 | 0.44 |
AE with (multimodal) | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.20 |
VAE without (multimodal) | 0.63 | 0.56 | 0.55 |
MCPD-Net | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.62 |
(b) Missing Acl (only Using Sil) | |||
Sil VAE (unimodal) | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.47 |
AE with (multimodal) | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.23 |
VAE without (multimodal) | 0.56 | 0.54 | 0.46 |
MCPD-Net | 0.60 | 0.49 | 0.51 |
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Heidarivincheh, F.; McConville, R.; Morgan, C.; McNaney, R.; Masullo, A.; Mirmehdi, M.; Whone, A.L.; Craddock, I. Multimodal Classification of Parkinson’s Disease in Home Environments with Resiliency to Missing Modalities. Sensors 2021, 21, 4133. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124133
Heidarivincheh F, McConville R, Morgan C, McNaney R, Masullo A, Mirmehdi M, Whone AL, Craddock I. Multimodal Classification of Parkinson’s Disease in Home Environments with Resiliency to Missing Modalities. Sensors. 2021; 21(12):4133. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124133
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeidarivincheh, Farnoosh, Ryan McConville, Catherine Morgan, Roisin McNaney, Alessandro Masullo, Majid Mirmehdi, Alan L. Whone, and Ian Craddock. 2021. "Multimodal Classification of Parkinson’s Disease in Home Environments with Resiliency to Missing Modalities" Sensors 21, no. 12: 4133. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124133
APA StyleHeidarivincheh, F., McConville, R., Morgan, C., McNaney, R., Masullo, A., Mirmehdi, M., Whone, A. L., & Craddock, I. (2021). Multimodal Classification of Parkinson’s Disease in Home Environments with Resiliency to Missing Modalities. Sensors, 21(12), 4133. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124133